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Introducción: Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis (KR) es una enterobacteria asociada con formación de granulomatosis crónica. Cuando este microorganismo afecta el tracto respiratorio se denomina escleroma, afectando principalmente la cavidad nasal; puede comprometer nasofaringe, laringe, tráquea y bronquios. Caso clínico: paciente femenina con antecedente de laringotraqueítis crónica con diagnóstico de estenosis traqueal y aislamiento en cultivos de Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp rhinoscleromatis multisensible, sin compromiso nasosinusal o extralaríngeo. Discusión: el escleroma puede afectar todo el tracto respiratorio y se deben tener presentes factores de riesgo asociados, como condiciones de hacinamiento, inmunosupresión y sexo femenino. El pilar del tratamiento es médico, basado en antibióticos; adicionalmente, se reserva manejo quirúrgico en la etapa esclerótica, donde hay ausencia del fenómeno inflamatorio. Conclusión: el escleroma es una patología rara con una evolución crónica y compromiso principalmente en cavidad nasal, que requiere alta sospecha diagnóstica para realizar manejo oportuno.
Introduction: Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis (KR) is an enterobacterium associated with the formation of chronic granulomatosis. When this microorganism affects the respiratory tract, it is called scleroma, the nasal cavity is the main one affected; additionally, it can involve nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Clinical case: female patient with a history of chronic laryngotracheitis, with diagnosis of tra-cheal stenosis and isolation in cultures of multisensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp rhinoscleromatis, without nasosinusal or extralaryngeal involvement. Discussion: scleroma can affect the entire respiratory tract, so associated risk factors should be taken into account, mainly overcrowding, immunosuppression, and female sex, in whom it is more common. The mainstay of treatment is medical, based on antibio-tics; additionally, surgical management is reserved for sclerotic stage, when there is no inflammatory phenomenon. Conclusion: scleroma is a rare pathology, with a chronic evolution, with involvement mainly in the nasal cavity, which requires a high diagnostic suspicion for its timely management.
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Humanos , Masculino , FemeninoRESUMEN
Introducción: la infección por COVID-19 afecta el tracto aerodigestivo superior a través de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 (ECA2) y/o la proteasa transmembrana serina 2 (TMPRSS2). Sus manifestaciones agudas y secuelas han sido muy variadas y no todas están relacionadas con la intubación orotraqueal. El objetivo es describir las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y los hallazgos endoscópicos de los pacientes con síntomas laringofaríngeos posteriores a una infección por SARS-CoV-2 evaluados en el Hospital Militar Central y Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael entre marzo de 2020 y marzo de 2022. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional de corte transversal con datos sociodemográficos, comorbilidades, necesidad de intubación orotraqueal, variedad de síntomas y sus hallazgos endoscópicos. Resultados: se recolectaron datos de 118 pacientes; la edad media fue de 51 años ± 14,4. El síntoma más frecuente fue la disfonía (69,5 %), seguido de la disnea (39,8 %). El 58,9 % requirió intubación orotraqueal y, de estos, la manifestación más frecuente fue disfonía por tensión muscular (DTM) y estenosis subglótica-traqueal. En el 41,1 % restante su hallazgo más frecuente fue la laringitis irritativa. Conclusiones: la COVID-19 tiene múltiples manifestaciones laringofaríngeas en relación con su mecanismo de infección e invasión en los tejidos de esta zona, de tipo inflamatorio y estructural, y no todos están relacionados con la intubación.
Introduction: COVID 19 infection affects the upper aerodigestive tract through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and/or Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Its acute manifestations and sequelae have been very varied, and not all of them are related to orotracheal intubation. The objective is to describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the endoscopic findings of patients with laryngopharyngeal symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection evaluated at the Hospital Militar Central and Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael between March 2020 and March 2022. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study, obtaining sociodemographic data, comorbidities, need for orotracheal intubation, variety of symptoms and their endoscopic findings. Results: 118 patients were collected; the mean age was 51 years ± 14.4. The most frequent symptom was dysphonia (69.5%), followed by dyspnea (39.8%). 58.9% required orotracheal intubation and of these the most frequent manifestation was muscular tension dysphonia (MTD) and subglottictracheal stenosis. In the remaining 41.1%, the most frequent finding was irritative laryngitis. Conclusions: COVID-19 has multiple laryngopharyngeal manifestations in relation to its mechanism of infection and invasion in the tissues of this area, as an inflammatory and structural type, and not all of them are related to intubation.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , COVID-19 , Laringe , Estenosis Traqueal , Trastornos de Deglución , Laringitis , Laringoestenosis , DisfoníaRESUMEN
Introducción: la intubación orotraqueal en pediatría aumenta la supervivencia en patologías graves; sin embargo, una consecuencia es el desarrollo de estenosis subglótica cuya población tiene más riesgo de desarrollarla por diferencias anatómicas con los adultos. La incidencia de estenosis subglótica posterior a intubación orotraqueal ha disminuido en el tiempo según lo reportado en la literatura. En este estudio se evaluó la prevalencia de la patología en nuestra población y su objetivo fue describir las características clínicas, demográficas y diagnósticas en población pediátrica, diagnosticados con estenosis subglótica en el Hospital San Vicente Fundación, posterior a intubación orotraqueal y evaluar la prevalencia del diagnóstico en el período mencionado. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo mediante revisión de historias clínicas de pacientes con códigos CIE 10 de estenosis laríngea o subglótica secundaria a procedimientos y con código CUPS de intubación orotraqueal; se realiza un análisis descriptivo según la distribución de las variables. Resultados: la prevalencia de estenosis subglótica fue del 13 %. La mayoría fueron hombres, la causa principal de intubación fueron las infecciones respiratorias inferiores, principalmente bronquiolitis; las comorbilidades fueron prematuridad, trastorno de deglución y síndrome bronco-obstructivo. Hubo una mediana 19 días de intubación y las estenosis de bajo grado se diagnosticaron más frecuente. Conclusiones: la estenosis subglótica es una complicación de la intubación orotraqueal pediátrica, en este estudio con una prevalencia del 13 %. Los pacientes que desarrollan esta patología requieren la realización de uno o más procedimientos para obtener una vía aérea permeable con estancias hospitalarias prolongadas.
Introduction: Pediatric orotracheal intubation has increased survival rates in severe illnesses; however, one of the consequences maybe the development of subglottic stenosis. This population is at a higher risk of developing it due to anatomical diffe-rences compared to adults. The incidence of subglottic stenosis following orotracheal intubation has decreased over time as reported in the literature. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of this condition in our population and describe the clinical, demographic, and diagnostic characteristics in the pediatric population diagnosed with subglottic stenosis following orotracheal intubation at the San Vicente Fun-dación Hospital. Additionally, it aimed to evaluate the prevalence of this diagnosis during the mentioned period. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing medical records of patients with ICD-10 codes for laryn-geal stenosis and for subglottic stenosis secondary to procedures. Also, the patients with the procedure code for orotracheal intubation were identified. A descriptive analysis was performed based on the distribution of variables. Results: The preva-lence of subglottic stenosis was 13%. There was a majority of male cases, and the primary cause of intubation was lower respiratory tract infection, mainly bronchio-litis. The most frequent comorbidities included prematurity, swallowing disorders, and broncho-obstructive syndrome. Median duration of intubation was 19 days, and lower-grade stenosis was more commonly encountered. Conclusions: Subglottic ste-nosis is a complication of pediatric orotracheal intubation, with a prevalence of 13% in this study. Patients who develop this condition require one or more procedures to establish a patent airway and often experience prolonged hospital stays.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , ColombiaRESUMEN
Abstract Introduction Iatrogenic bilateral vocal fold immobility (BVFI) often arises from posterior glottic stenosis (PGS) after endotracheal intubation, whereby posterior commissure mucosal disruption leads to fibrosis and ankylosis of the cricoarytenoid joints. Sequelae can be devastating, resulting in dyspnea, stridor, and death due to asphyxiation. Objectives We sought to review features associated with PGS to better understand how to prevent this condition. A secondary aim is to analyze factors correlating to tracheostomy dependence. Methods Charts from January 2010 to November 2020 were retrospectively reviewed, and adult patients with the diagnosis of BVFI after intubation were included. Data on comorbidities, duration of intubation, laryngoscopy, and decannulation status was analyzed. Results Out of the 68 patients included in the present study, 60.3% were male, and the mean duration of intubation 14.3 ± 8.5 days. A total of 94% of the patients were intubated for at least 7 days, diabetic, and/or obese. Although association with prolonged intubation >7 days was not significant (p = 0.064), complete BVFI on fiberoptic exam (n = 47) was significantly associated with tracheostomy dependence both in the entire cohort (p = 0.036) and in the 56 patients with tracheostomy (p = 0.0086). Patients without cardiovascular disease (CVD) were less likely to be tracheostomy dependent compared with those with CVD (odds ratio [OR]: 0.23 [0.053-0.79]; p = 0.028). Conclusions We identified duration of intubation, DM, and obesity as potential risk factors for PGS. Complete immobility and CVD were significantly associated with tracheostomy dependence. Our findings may have important implications for earlier tracheostomy in high-risk intubated patients, as well as for closer monitoring of disease progression and earlier intervention in those predisposed to tracheostomy dependence.
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Introduction Iatrogenic bilateral vocal fold immobility (BVFI) often arises from posterior glottic stenosis (PGS) after endotracheal intubation, whereby posterior commissure mucosal disruption leads to fibrosis and ankylosis of the cricoarytenoid joints. Sequelae can be devastating, resulting in dyspnea, stridor, and death due to asphyxiation. Objectives We sought to review features associated with PGS to better understand how to prevent this condition. A secondary aim is to analyze factors correlating to tracheostomy dependence. Methods Charts from January 2010 to November 2020 were retrospectively reviewed, and adult patients with the diagnosis of BVFI after intubation were included. Data on comorbidities, duration of intubation, laryngoscopy, and decannulation status was analyzed. Results Out of the 68 patients included in the present study, 60.3% were male, and the mean duration of intubation 14.3 ± 8.5 days. A total of 94% of the patients were intubated for at least 7 days, diabetic, and/or obese. Although association with prolonged intubation >7 days was not significant ( p = 0.064), complete BVFI on fiberoptic exam ( n = 47) was significantly associated with tracheostomy dependence both in the entire cohort ( p = 0.036) and in the 56 patients with tracheostomy ( p = 0.0086). Patients without cardiovascular disease (CVD) were less likely to be tracheostomy dependent compared with those with CVD (odds ratio [OR]: 0.23 [0.053-0.79]; p = 0.028). Conclusions We identified duration of intubation, DM, and obesity as potential risk factors for PGS. Complete immobility and CVD were significantly associated with tracheostomy dependence. Our findings may have important implications for earlier tracheostomy in high-risk intubated patients, as well as for closer monitoring of disease progression and earlier intervention in those predisposed to tracheostomy dependence.
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ABSTRACT Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is rare and affect mainly men between the fourth and sixth decades of life. The clinic is characterized to be nonspecific and the main complaints or findings related to this disease are: cervical mass, aural dysfunction, and headache. The basis of treatment is radiotherapy that involves a wide field of irradiation of normal tissues, which usually generates sequelae with direct implications for quality of life. We report a case of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy that evolved, after 8 years, into supraglottic stenosis. We emphasize the relevance of clinical follow-up after radiotherapy, particularly due to the late sequelae and the relevance of using radiotherapy devices with a more focal cancer field, in order to minimize complications.
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INTRODUCTION. Airway abnormalities are rare but potentially fatal. Stridor is a res-piratory noise with greater predominance in the inspiratory phase. OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the etiology of stridor, determine its comorbidities and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Retrospective cross-sectional study. Population of 110 and sample of 33 data from the Medical Records of neonatal or infant patients who presented stri-dor at the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital of Quito-Ecuador, from january 2009 to december 2020. RESULTS. The 51,51% (17; 33) of cases were men. The age of the first consultation for stridor was within the first month in 18,00% (6; 33) and 40,00% (13; 33) at 3 months. The most frequent congenital laryngeal patholo-gy was: laryngomalacia 81,82% (27; 33), followed by subglottic stenosis 9,09% (3; 33), bilateral chordal paralysis 6,06% (2; 33) and tracheal stenosis 3,03% (1; 33). The 51,51% (17; 33) presented comorbidities of causes: neurological, pulmonary and genetic among the main ones. Mortality was 18,20% (6; 33) related to the severity of comorbidities, except one secondary to tracheal stenosis. CONCLUSION. Laryn-gomalacia and subglottic stenosis were the predominant pathologies with congenital stridor. The comorbidities that occurred were neurological, pulmonary, genetic and caused mortality within 90 days after diagnosis.
INTRODUCCIÓN. Las anomalías de la vía aérea son poco frecuentes, pero potencialmente mortales. El estridor es un ruido respiratorio con mayor predominio en la fase inspiratoria. OBJETIVO. Evaluar la etiología del estridor, determinar sus comorbilidades y la mortalidad. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio transversal retrospectivo. Población de 110 y muestra de 33 datos de Historias Clínicas de pacientes neonatos o lactantes que presentaron estridor en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín de Quito - Ecuador, de enero 2009 a diciembre 2020. RESULTADOS. El 51,51% (17; 33) de casos fueron hombres. La edad de la primera consulta por estridor fue dentro del primer mes en el 18,00% (6; 33) y del 40,00% (13; 33) a los 3 meses. La patología congénita laríngea más frecuente fue: laringomalacia 81,82% (27; 33), seguida de estenosis subglótica 9,09% (3; 33), parálisis cordal bila-teral 6,06% (2; 33) y estenosis traqueal 3,03% (1; 33). El 51,51% (17; 33) presentaron comorbilidades de causas: neurológica, pulmonar y genética entre las principales. La mortalidad fue 18,20% (6; 33) relacionada con la severidad de las comorbilidades, excepto una secundaria a estenosis traqueal. CONCLUSIÓN. La laringomalacia y la estenosis subglótica fueron las patologías que predominaron con estridor congénito. Las comorbilidades que se presentaron fueron neurológica, pulmonar, genética y causaron mortalidad dentro de los 90 días posteriores al diagnóstico.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Anomalías Congénitas , Pliegues Vocales , Ruidos Respiratorios , Laringoestenosis , Laringomalacia/congénito , Neonatología , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño , Estenosis Traqueal , Cianosis , Remodelación de las Vías Aéreas (Respiratorias)RESUMEN
RESUMEN Fundamento: el incremento del número de casos con estenosis laringotraqueal constituye una preocupación en el presente y futuro de la práctica médica. Objetivo: caracterizar la estenosis laringotraqueal. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de tipo analítico longitudinal retrospectivo, con el objetivo decaracterizar la estenosis laringotraqueal en el Hospital Militar Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Dr. Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja de la provincia Camagüey, desde enero de 2014 a enero de 2019.El universo estuvo compuesto por 12 pacientes con diagnóstico de estenosis laringotraqueal. Resultados: en el estudio el promedio de edad fue de 40,6 años, en cuanto al sexo hubo igualdad para ambos, la principal causa de estenosis laringotraqueal fue postintubación, la localización de la estenosis más frecuente fue la subglótica. La severidad de la estenosis fue proporcional a los días de permanencia de la ventilación artificial. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaron un grado III de la estenosis según la clasificación de Cotton. Conclusiones: las estenosis laringotraqueales constituyen una complicación cuyas causas más frecuentes son evitables. Los traumatismos externos y con mayor frecuencia son los traumas endógenos por intubación y en su mayoría pueden ser eludibles. La epidemiología ejerce poca influencia en la aparición de la estenosis, el tiempo de permanencia del tubo, fue un factor asociado a el mayor número de enfermos.
ABSTRACT Background: the increase in the number of cases with laryngeal-tracheal stenosis is a concern in the present and future of medical practice. Objective: to characterize laryngeal-tracheal stenosis. Methods: a retrospective longitudinal analytical study was carried out, with the objective of characterizing the laryngeal-tracheal stenosis at the Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja Teaching and Surgical Clinical Military Hospital of Camagüey from January 2014 to January 2019.The universe was composed by 12 patients diagnosed with laryngeal-tracheal stenosis. Results: in the study the average age was 40.6 years, in terms of gender there was equality for both, the main cause of laryngeal-tracheal stenosis was post-intubation, the location of the most frequent stenosis was subglottic. The severity of the stenosis was proportional to the days of permanence of artificial ventilation. The majority of patients presented grade III stenosis according to Cotton's classification. Conclusions: laryngeal-tracheal stenosis is a complication whose most frequent causes are avoidable. External trauma and most often endogenous trauma by intubation are the most frequent and can be eludedmostly. The epidemiology exerts little influence on the appearance of stenosis, the length of time of the tube, was a factor associated with the greater number of patients.
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Objetivo: Analizar los hallazgos de las laringobroncoscopias rígidas realiza-das en la población pediátrica del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI) entre abril de 2005 a enero de 2015. Diseño: Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo. Metodología: Revisión de historias clínicas de 147 niños llevados a laringobroncoscopia rígida diagnóstica en HUSI entre abril de 2005 a enero de 2015. Resultados: En el tiempo establecido para el estudio fueron llevados a broncoscopia rígida diagnóstica 147 pacientes pertenecientes a la población pediá-trica del Hospital. La media de edad fue de 3.5 años. Se exploraron 61 pacientes de género femenino (41%) y 86 masculinos (59%). El diagnóstico preoperatorio más frecuente que se correlacionó con el diagnóstico postoperatorio fue estenosis subglótica. Otras patologías encontradas con frecuencia fueron la papilomatosis laríngea, cuerpos extraños en vía aérea, entre otros. Conclusiones: La laringo-broncoscopia rígida es una herramienta valiosa para el diagnóstico preciso y la clasificación de la severidad de la patología de las vías respiratorias en los niños, ya que permite la elección del tratamiento óptimo y un seguimiento postoperatorio comparativo. Es un procedimiento relativamente seguro, pero requiere un conjun-to especial de habilidades y capacitación del cirujano, el anestesiólogo y el equipo quirúrgico. Nuestra serie muestra las patologías postoperatorias más prevalentes y el nivel de correlación con la sospecha preoperatoria.
Objective: To analyze the findings of rigid laryngobronchoscopies performed in the pediatric population of San Ignacio University Hospital (HUSI), in Bogota, Co-lombia, from April 2005 to January 2015. Design: Retrospective descriptive study. Methods: Review of medical records of 147 children who underwent diagnostic rigid laryngobronchoscopy in HUSI from April 2005 to January 2015. Results: At the time set for the retrospective study, diagnostic rigid laryngobronchoscopies was perfor-med in 147 pediatric patients. The mean age was 3,5 years. 61 female (41%) and 86 male (59%) patients were explored. The most common preoperative diagnosis was subglottic stenosis which correlated with the most frequent postoperative diagno-sis. Other conditions were often found, such as respiratory recurrent papillomatosis, airway foreign bodies, among others. Conclusions: Rigid laryngobronchoscopy is a valuable tool for the accurate diagnosis and classification of severity of airway pathology in children, allowing the choice of optimal treatment and comparative postoperative follow up. It is a relatively safe procedure, but requires a special set of skills and training from the surgeon, the anesthetist and the operative room team.
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Humanos , Broncoscopía , Laringoscopía , Enfermedades Respiratorias , LaringoestenosisRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Wheezing and stridor are a frequent reason for consultation, as well as the diagnosis of asthma. Any cases of asthma with failed clinical response to treatment should undergo additional testing leading to differential diagnoses. The case herein presented emphasizes the importance of having a knowledgeable surgical team that interprets lung function tests correctly. This is a case of a 13-year-old girl who underwent corrective surgery of a right tympanic perforation, with a history of difficult to control exercise-induced asthma. At the time of intubation, Cotton's grade III laryngeal stenosis was identified that required intervention prior to the scheduled procedure. Emphasis shall be placed on the importance of interdis ciplinary work when evaluating these patients.
RESUMEN Las sibilancias y el estridor son un motivo de consulta frecuente, así como el diagnóstico de asma. Los casos de asma sin respuesta clínica al tratamiento deben ser estudiados con prue bas adicionales para realizar diagnósticos diferenciales. Presentamos un caso clínico que resalta la importancia de que todo el equipo quirúrgico conozca e interprete correctamente las pruebas de función pulmonar. Presentamos el caso de una adolescente de 13 años llevada a cirugía para corrección de una perforación timpánica derecha, con antecedente de asma inducida por ejerci cio de difícil control. Al momento de la intubación se encontró una estenosis laríngea grado m de Cotton que fue necesario intervenir antes de realizar la cirugía programada. Resaltamos la importancia del trabajo interdisciplinario en la evaluación de estos pacientes.
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HumanosRESUMEN
The objective of this study is to determine the incidence of post-extubation acute laryngeal lesions in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and potential risk factors. Children, aged 28 days to 5 years, admitted to the PICU who required endotracheal intubation for at least 24 h were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were a previous intubation, history of laryngeal disease, current or past tracheostomy, the presence of craniofacial malformations and patients considered on palliative care. All patients underwent flexible fiber-optic laryngoscopy (FFL) not later than 8 h after extubation. A blinded researcher identified and classified laryngeal lesions based on recorded media. 231 children were enrolled between November 2005 and December 2015. At FFL examination, 102 children (44.15%) presented moderate to severe laryngeal lesions. On a multivariable analysis, we found that for each additional day with repositioning of the endotracheal tube, there was an increase of 7.3% (RR 95% CI 1.012-1.137; P = 0.018) on the baseline risk of developing moderate to severe acute laryngeal lesions. Furthermore, for each additional dose of sedation per day of intubation, there was also an increase of 3.5% on the same baseline risk (RR 95% CI 1.001-1.070; P = 0.041). The amount of tube repositioning episodes and the need for extra doses of sedation (as a proxy for possible agitation) were found to be associated with acute laryngeal lesions. Adequate sedation and minimized tube repositioning should be pursued to possibly prevent the development of post-extubation airway compromise.
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Hipnóticos y Sedantes/uso terapéutico , Intubación Intratraqueal , Enfermedades de la Laringe , Laringe , Ajuste de Prótesis/efectos adversos , Brasil/epidemiología , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Enfermedad Iatrogénica/epidemiología , Enfermedad Iatrogénica/prevención & control , Lactante , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico/estadística & datos numéricos , Intubación Intratraqueal/efectos adversos , Intubación Intratraqueal/instrumentación , Intubación Intratraqueal/métodos , Enfermedades de la Laringe/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Laringe/epidemiología , Enfermedades de la Laringe/etiología , Laringoscopía/métodos , Laringe/diagnóstico por imagen , Laringe/lesiones , Masculino , Respiración Artificial/métodos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
La granulomatosis de Wegener es una vasculitis granulomatosa necrotizante de origen autoinmune que afecta, principalmente, a la vía aérea superior e inferior y los riñones. Es muy rara en los niños y adolescentes. Cuando se inicia a edad temprana, se asocia, con frecuencia, a estenosis subglótica. La estenosis subglótica es una manifestación potencialmente fatal de la granulomatosis de Wegener. Su diagnóstico requiere un alto grado de sospecha porque puede desarrollarse en ausencia de otros signos de actividad y, en ocasiones, es la manifestación inicial de la enfermedad. Se confirma mediante la visualización endoscópica de la lesión. El tratamiento es complejo; requiere, a menudo, de repetidas intervenciones, debido a reestenosis. Presentamos a una paciente de 13 años de edad con estenosis subglótica secundaria a granulomatosis de Wegener. Describimos las manifestaciones clínicas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta rara causa de dificultad respiratoria en la población pediátrica.
Wegener's granulomatosis is a necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of autoimmune origin that primarily affects the upper and lower airways and kidneys. It is very rare in children and adolescents. When started at a young age it is often associated with subglottic stenosis. Subglottic stenosis is a potentially fatal manifestation of Wegener's granulomatosis. Its diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion since it might develop in the absence of other signs of activity. Occasionally, subglottic stenosis may present as the initial manifestation of the disease. Diagnosis is confirmed by endoscopic visualization of the lesion. The treatment is complex, and it often requires repeated interventions due to restenosis. We present a 13-year-old patient with subglottic stenosis secondary to Wegener's granulomatosis. We describe the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of this rare cause of respiratory distress in the pediatric population.
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Humanos , Femenino , Adolescente , Granulomatosis con Poliangitis/diagnóstico , Granulomatosis con Poliangitis/complicaciones , Laringoestenosis/etiologíaRESUMEN
Wegener's granulomatosis is a necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of autoimmune origin that primarily affects the upper and lower airways and kidneys. It is very rare in children and adolescents. When started at a young age it is often associated with subglottic stenosis. Subglottic stenosis is a potentially fatal manifestation of Wegener's granulomatosis. Its diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion since it might develop in the absence of other signs of activity. Occasionally, subglottic stenosis may present as the initial manifestation of the disease. Diagnosis is confirmed by endoscopic visualization of the lesion. The treatment is complex, and it often requires repeated interventions due to restenosis. We present a 13-year-old patient with subglottic stenosis secondary to Wegener's granulomatosis. We describe the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of this rare cause of respiratory distress in the pediatric population.
La granulomatosis de Wegener es una vasculitis granulomatosa necrotizante de origen autoinmune que afecta, principalmente, a la vía aérea superior e inferior y los riñones. Es muy rara en los niños y adolescentes. Cuando se inicia a edad temprana, se asocia, con frecuencia, a estenosis subglótica. La estenosis subglótica es una manifestación potencialmente fatal de la granulomatosis de Wegener. Su diagnóstico requiere un alto grado de sospecha porque puede desarrollarse en ausencia de otros signos de actividad y, en ocasiones, es la manifestación inicial de la enfermedad. Se confirma mediante la visualización endoscópica de la lesión. El tratamiento es complejo; requiere, a menudo, de repetidas intervenciones, debido a reestenosis. Presentamos a una paciente de 13 años de edad con estenosis subglótica secundaria a granulomatosis de Wegener. Describimos las manifestaciones clínicas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta rara causa de dificultad respiratoria en la población pediátrica.
Asunto(s)
Granulomatosis con Poliangitis/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Femenino , Granulomatosis con Poliangitis/complicaciones , Humanos , Laringoestenosis/etiologíaRESUMEN
Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento, características clínicas y demográficas de la papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente en nuestra población durante 2006-2012. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo, basado en la revisión de historias clínicas en 3 centros hospitalarios de Bogotá, con diagnóstico de papiloma entre 2006 y 2012. Resultados: Se incluyeron 100 pacientes entre 2 meses a 83 años; el 78% hombres. 18 niños (PJ) (10 niños: 55,6%, 8 niñas: 44.4%) con edad de 8,9+/-4,6 años; 82 adultos (PA) (68 hombres: 82,9%, 14 mujeres: 17,1%) con edad de 45,6+/-15,9 años. La edad de diagnóstico en el grupo juvenil fue 6,01+/- 4,6 años siendo el menor de 2 meses de vida y en el grupo adulto de 40,9+/-17,2 años. 7% (2 niños, 5 adultos) requirieron más de 10 intervenciones considerándose como formas de presentación agresiva. El compromiso bilateral de las cuerdas vocales fue el más frecuente (65%), seguido por lesiones en la comisura anterior (52%) y comisura posterior (25%). 3% requirieron traqueostomía; 8% tuvieron diseminación extralaríngea; 25% alguna forma de estenosis laríngea Todos presentaron compromiso de la comisura anterior. 21% presentaron una lesión premaligna/maligna relacionada con PRR. Al momento del corte del estudio no se registraron paciente sin enfermedad ni casos fatales. Conclusiones: La PRR tiene un comportamiento y diseminación impredecibles, su sospecha es vital para su diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos; se debe considerar el riesgo de estenosis por la enfermedad o por el tratamiento. La asociación entre papiloma y lesión premaligna/ maligna fue mayor que la documentada en la literatura.
Objective: To describe the behavior, clinical and demographic characteristics of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in our population during 2006 to 2012. Methods: An observational descriptive study was performed based on review of medical records in 3 hospitals in Bogotá with diagnosis of papilloma confirmed by histology between 2006 and 2012. Results: We included 100 patients aged from 2 months to 83 years; 78% men. 18 children (PJ) (10 children: 55.6%, 8 girls: 44.4%) aged 4.6+/-8.9 years old. 82 adults (PA) (68 men: 82.9%, 14 women: 17.1%) aged 15.9 +/- 45.6 years old. The age of diagnosis in the youth group was 6.01 +/- 4.6, being the youngest a child 2 months old and in the adult group 40.9 +/- 17.2 years old. 7% (2 children, 5 adults) required more than 10 interventions which was considered as aggressive forms of presentation. Bilateral involvement of the vocal cords was the most frequent (65%), followed by injuries of the anterior commissure (52%) and posterior commissure (25%). 3% required tracheostomy; 8% had extralaryngeal dissemination; 25% had some type of laryngeal stenosis. Everybody had involvement of the anterior commissure. 21% had a premalignant / malignant lesion related to RRP. At the ending of the study there were no patients without this disease and any fatality was reported. Conclusions: RRP has an unpredictable behavior, to suspect this disease is vital for diagnosis and treatment early; the risk of stenosis because of the disease or treatment should be considered. The association between papilloma and premalignant / malignant lesion was higher than documented in the literature.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Papiloma , Neoplasias del Sistema Respiratorio , Traqueostomía , Laringoestenosis , Neoplasias LaríngeasRESUMEN
La estenosis subglótica es una de las causas más frecuentes de obstrucción de la vía aérea en pediatría. El 90% son secundarias a la intubación endotraqueal. El diagnóstico se sustenta en la clínica del paciente, la evaluación radiológica, la laringoscopía flexible y la endoscopía rígida de la vía aérea bajo anestesia general. Debe sospecharse en niños con dificultad respiratoria posextubación. La conducta terapéutica dependerá de la gravedad de la estenosis subglótica y de la sintomatología del paciente. Describimos nuestra experiencia en cuanto a las etiologías de las estenosis subglóticas, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la evolución de pacientes con esta patología.(AU)
Subglottic stenosis is among the most common causes of airway obstruction in children, 90% of which resulting from endotracheal intubation. The diagnosis is based on the patients clinical, radiologic evaluation, flexible laryngoscopy and rigid airway endoscopy under general anesthesia. It must be suspected in children with respiratory distress after extubation. The therapeutic approach depends on the severity of the subglottic stenosis and the patients symptoms. We describe our experience with the subglottic stenosis etiologies, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of patients with this condition.(AU)
RESUMEN
La estenosis subglótica es una de las causas más frecuentes de obstrucción de la vía aérea en pediatría. El 90% son secundarias a la intubación endotraqueal. El diagnóstico se sustenta en la clínica del paciente, la evaluación radiológica, la laringoscopía flexible y la endoscopía rígida de la vía aérea bajo anestesia general. Debe sospecharse en niños con dificultad respiratoria posextubación. La conducta terapéutica dependerá de la gravedad de la estenosis subglótica y de la sintomatología del paciente. Describimos nuestra experiencia en cuanto a las etiologías de las estenosis subglóticas, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la evolución de pacientes con esta patología.
Subglottic stenosis is among the most common causes of airway obstruction in children, 90% of which resulting from endotracheal intubation. The diagnosis is based on the patient's clinical, radiologic evaluation, flexible laryngoscopy and rigid airway endoscopy under general anesthesia. It must be suspected in children with respiratory distress after extubation. The therapeutic approach depends on the severity of the subglottic stenosis and the patient's symptoms. We describe our experience with the subglottic stenosis etiologies, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of patients with this condition.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Lactante , Preescolar , Laringoestenosis/diagnóstico , Laringoestenosis/terapia , Constricción Patológica , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The treatment of subglottic stenosis in children remains a challenge for the otorhinolaryngologist, and may involve both endoscopic and open surgery. OBJECTIVE: To report the experience of two tertiary facilities in the treatment of acquired subglottic stenosis in children with balloon laryngoplasty, and to identify predictive factors for success of the technique and its complications. METHODS: Descriptive, prospective study of children diagnosed with acquired subglottic stenosis and submitted to balloon laryngoplasty as primary treatment. RESULTS: Balloon laryngoplasty was performed in 37 children with an average age of 22.5 months; 24 presented chronic subglottic stenosis and 13 acute subglottic stenosis. Success rates were 100% for acute subglottic stenosis and 32% for chronic subglottic stenosis. Success was significantly associated with acute stenosis, initial grade of stenosis, children of a smaller age, and the absence of tracheostomy. Transitory dysphagia was the only complication observed in three children. CONCLUSION: Balloon laryngoplasty may be considered the first line of treatment for acquired subglottic stenosis. In acute cases, the success rate is 100%, and although the results are less promising in chronic cases, complications are not significant and the possibility of open surgery remains without prejudice.
Asunto(s)
Laringoplastia/métodos , Laringoestenosis/cirugía , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Intubación Intratraqueal/efectos adversos , Laringoestenosis/etiología , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The treatment of subglottic stenosis in children remains a challenge for the otorhinolaryngologist, and may involve both endoscopic and open surgery. OBJECTIVE: To report the experience of two tertiary facilities in the treatment of acquired subglottic stenosis in children with balloon laryngoplasty, and to identify predictive factors for success of the technique and its complications. METHODS: Descriptive, prospective study of children diagnosed with acquired subglottic stenosis and submitted to balloon laryngoplasty as primary treatment. RESULTS: Balloon laryngoplasty was performed in 37 children with an average age of 22.5 months; 24 presented chronic subglottic stenosis and 13 acute subglottic stenosis. Success rates were 100% for acute subglottic stenosis and 32% for chronic subglottic stenosis. Success was significantly associated with acute stenosis, initial grade of stenosis, children of a smaller age, and the absence of tracheostomy. Transitory dysphagia was the only complication observed in three children. CONCLUSION: Balloon laryngoplasty may be considered the first line of treatment for acquired subglottic stenosis. In acute cases, the success rate is 100%, and although the results are less promising in chronic cases, complications are not significant and the possibility of open surgery remains without prejudice. .
INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento das estenoses subglóticas em crianças ainda representa um desafio para o otorrinolaringologista, e pode envolver tanto procedimentos endoscópicos quanto cirurgias reconstrutivas abertas. OBJETIVO: Apresentar a experiência de dois serviços terciários no manejo das estenoses subglóticas adquiridas em crianças, através da laringoplastia com balão e identificar fatores preditivos de sucesso e as complicações. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo prospectivo de crianças com estenose subglótica adquirida submetidas à laringoplastia com balão como tratamento primário. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas 37 crianças (média de idade 22,5 meses): 24 crianças portadoras de estenose subglótica crônica e 13 de estenose subglótica aguda. A taxa de sucesso do tratamento foi de 100% para os casos agudos e 32% para os casos crônicos. O sucesso do tratamento teve correlação significativa com: tempo de evolução da estenose, grau inicial da estenose, menor idade das crianças e a ausência de traqueostomia prévia. Disfagia transitória foi a única complicação observada em três pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: A laringoplastia com balão pode ser considerada como primeira linha de tratamento nas estenoses subglóticas. Nos casos agudos a taxa de sucesso é de 100% e o ganho, mesmo que parcial nos casos crônicos, é insento de complicações significativas e não traz prejuízo para cirurgias reconstrutivas posteriores. .
Asunto(s)
Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Laringoplastia/métodos , Laringoestenosis/cirugía , Intubación Intratraqueal/efectos adversos , Laringoestenosis/etiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Introdução: Nas últimas décadas, a reconstrução da via aérea tornou-se o tratamento de escolha para estenose subglótica (ESG) na criança, realizada em único ou múltiplos estágios. Há indícios na literatura de que a cirurgia em um só tempo é mais efetiva. Objetivo: Avaliar o índice de sucesso da laringotraqueoplastia (LTP) e ressecção cricotraqueal (RCT) em único estágio nos pacientes tratados no nosso hospital. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de crianças submetidas à reconstrução laringotraqueal. Resultados: Foram incluídos 24 pacientes. As causas da ESG foram pós-intubação endotraqueal em 91,6% e congênita em 8,3%. Diagnosticamos ESG grau 4 em 1 paciente (4%), grau 3 em 16 (66,6%), grau 2 em 4 (16,6%), grau 3 associada com estenose glótica em 1 (4%), grau 3 associada com estenose traqueal em 1 (4%). Foram realizadas 26 LTP e 3 RCT. O índice de decanulação foi de 66% nos pacientes submetidos à RCT e de 85,7% nos pacientes submetidos à LTP; o índice total de decanulação foi de 83,3%. Todos apresentaram febre persistente no pós-operatório, que cessou após a extubação. Conclusão: Nossa série mostrou índice de decanulação de 83,3%...
Introduction: In recent decades, airway reconstruction has become the treatment of choice for subglottic stenosis (SGS) in children, which is performed in either single or multiple stages. However, there is evidence in the literature that single-stage surgery is more effective. Objective: To evaluate the success rate of single-stage laryngotracheoplasty (LTP) and cricotracheal resection (CTR) in patients that were treated in our hospital. Materials and Method: We performed a retrospective study of children undergoing laryngotracheal reconstruction. Results: Twenty-four children were included. The etiology of SGS was postintubation in 91.6% and congenital in 8.3%. One patient (4.2%) had grade 4 SGS, 17 (70.8%) presented with grade 3 SGS, 4 (16.6%) had grade 2 SGS, 1 (4.2%) had grade 3 SGS associated with glottic stenosis, and 1 (4.2%) had grade 3 SGS with tracheal stenosis. We performed 26 LTPs and 3 CTRs. Decannulation rates were 66% in the CTR procedures and 85.7% in the LTP procedures; the overall decannulation rate was 83.3%. All children presented with fever in the postoperative period, but were afebrile after the tube was removed. Conclusion: Our series showed a decannulation rate of 83.3%...
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Laringoscopía , Laringoestenosis/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Otorrinolaringológicos/métodos , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/métodos , Traqueostomía , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: In recent decades, airway reconstruction has become the treatment of choice for subglottic stenosis (SGS) in children, which is performed in either single or multiple stages. However, there is evidence in the literature that single-stage surgery is more effective. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the success rate of single-stage laryngotracheoplasty (LTP) and cricotracheal resection (CTR) in patients that were treated in our hospital. MATERIALS AND METHOD: We performed a retrospective study of children undergoing laryngotracheal reconstruction. RESULTS: Twenty-four children were included. The etiology of SGS was postintubation in 91.6% and congenital in 8.3%. One patient (4.2%) had grade 4 SGS, 17 (70.8%) presented with grade 3 SGS, 4 (16.6%) had grade 2 SGS, 1 (4.2%) had grade 3 SGS associated with glottic stenosis, and 1 (4.2%) had grade 3 SGS with tracheal stenosis. We performed 26 LTPs and 3 CTRs. Decannulation rates were 66% in the CTR procedures and 85.7% in the LTP procedures; the overall decannulation rate was 83.3%. All children presented with fever in the postoperative period, but were afebrile after the tube was removed. CONCLUSION: Our series showed a decannulation rate of 83.3%.