RESUMEN

Rape myths are beliefs, stereotypes, and attitudes usually false, widespread, and persistent about rape, victims, and perpetrators. They aim to deny and justify men's sexual assault against women. This study evaluates the mediating effect of modern rape myths on the relationship between gender system justification and attribution of blame to both victim and perpetrator in a fictional case of sexual violence. A total of 375 individuals residing in Chile, 255 women and 120 men, 19-81 years (M = 37.6 SD = 13.06) participated in the study. Results from a Structural Equation Model show that gender system justification is directly related to the attribution of blame to the victim, showing an indirect relationship throughout the modern rape myth. However, gender system justification and attribution of blame to the aggressor are indirectly related, being mediated by modern rape myths. The study of the relationship between the acceptance of modern rape myths, gender-specific system justification, and victim and aggressor blame for rape is a contribution to understanding beliefs justifying sexual violence against women.

Asunto(s)

Víctimas de Crimen , Violación , Delitos Sexuales , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Percepción Social , Actitud

RESUMEN

Resumen Introducción: Un creciente número de estudios han demostrado vínculos consistentes entre la teoría de la desvinculación moral de Bandura y los comportamientos disruptivos e inhumanos. Recientemente se han explorado las relaciones directas e indirectas de la desvinculación moral con el acoso escolar, el ciberacoso y otros comportamientos agresivos en niños(as) y adolescentes, lo cual amerita una revisión de los principales hallazgos. Objetivo: Revisar la literatura y evidencia empírica sobre el efecto de la desvinculación moral en la participación de niños(as) y adolescentes en el acoso escolar, el ciberacoso y otros comportamientos agresivos. Método: Se trató de un estudio de revisión documental. La búsqueda bibliográfica se efectuó en la Web of Science. Se incluyeron 45 estudios empíricos para el análisis. Resultados: Se encontró que la desvinculación moral y sus diferentes estrategias sociocognitivas tienen efectos directos e indirectos que predicen la participación de niños(as) y adolescente en el acoso escolar, el ciberacoso, comportamientos agresivos y antisociales. Adicionalmente, la empatía, las relaciones de amistad, la crianza, las tendencias prosociales, la ira y los rasgos insensibles-no emocionales son factores que, en conjunto, contribuyen al desarrollo, mantenimiento o disminución de conductas de acoso y ciberacoso. También se reportó que los hombres presentan una mayor tendencia que las mujeres al acoso escolar, el ciberacoso, la agresión y uso de la desvinculación moral. Conclusiones: Se señala la importancia de los procesos de cognición moral para el desarrollo de estrategias de intervención psicoeducativa y psicosocial destinadas a prevenir y reducir el acoso y ciberacoso en niños(as) y adolescentes.

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Abstract Introduction: A growing number of studies have demonstrated consistent links between Bandura's moral disengagement theory and disruptive and inhumane behaviors. The direct and indirect relation- ships of moral disengagement with bullying, cyberbullying, and other aggressive behaviors in children and adolescents have recently been explored, ensuring a review of key findings. Objective: To review the literature and empirical evidence on the effect of moral disengagement on children's and adolescents' engagement in bullying, cyberbullying, and other aggressive behaviors. Method: This was a documentary review study. The literature search was carried out in the Web of Science. Forty-five empirical studies were included for analysis. Results: Were found that moral disengagement and its different socio-cognitive strategies have direct and indirect effects that predict child and adolescent involvement in bullying, cyberbullying, aggressive and antisocial behaviors. Additionally, empathy, friendship relationships, parenting, prosocial tendencies, anger and callous-unemotional traits are factors that together contribute to the development, maintenance or decrease of bullying and cyberbullying behaviors. It was also reported that males present a greater tendency than females to bullying, cyberbullying, aggression, and use of moral disengagement. Conclusions: The importance of moral cognition processes for the development of psychoeducational and psychosocial intervention strategies aimed at preventing and reducing bullying and cyberbullying in children and adolescents is pointed out.

RESUMEN

In four studies, we tested the influence of type of purchase on autonomy support and the relationships between autonomy support, gratitude, and ease of justification. In each of the three studies, participants were randomly assigned to either the experiential purchase condition or the material purchase condition. In our fourth and last study, participants were assigned to an either autonomy supportive purchase condition or ordinary purchase condition. Results from study 1 showed a positive direct influence of experiential purchases on autonomy support and a direct and indirect significant relationship with gratitude. Results from study 2 with a sample of older consumers showed a positive influence of experiential purchases on autonomy support and a direct and indirect positive relationship with gratitude. In study 3, consumers who brought to mind an expensive experiential purchase reported higher autonomy support than participants who brought to mind an expensive material purchase and this experimental effect had an indirect positive relationship with gratitude and ease of justification. Last, consumers who brought to mind a purchase that truly reflected who they were reported higher levels of autonomy support than consumers who reported an ordinary purchase and this elicited autonomy had a positive relationship with gratitude. The implications of the results were discussed.

RESUMEN

Although system-justifying beliefs often mitigate perceptions of discrimination, status-based asymmetries in the ideological motivators of perceived discrimination are unknown. Because the content and societal implications of discrimination claims are status-dependant, social dominance orientation (SDO) should motivate perceptions of (reverse) discrimination among members of high-status groups, whereas system justification should motivate the minimization of perceived discrimination among the disadvantaged. We tested these hypotheses using multilevel regressions among a nationwide random sample of New Zealand Europeans (n = 29,169) and ethnic minorities (n = 5,118). As hypothesized, group-based dominance correlated positively with perceived (reverse) discrimination among ethnic-majority group members, whereas system justification correlated negatively with perceived discrimination among the disadvantaged. Furthermore, the proportion of minorities within the region strengthened the victimizing effects of SDO-Dominance, but not SDO-Egalitarianism, among the advantaged. Together, these results reveal status-based asymmetries in the motives underlying perceptions of discrimination and identify a key contextual moderator of this association.

Asunto(s)

Discriminación Percibida , Predominio Social , Etnicidad , Humanos , Grupos Minoritarios , Poblaciones Vulnerables

RESUMEN

Este artigo teve como objetivo analisar se a cor da pele do imigrante (negro ou branco) influencia as justificativas para a tomada de posição frente a uma situação de violência policial cuja vítima era um imigrante suspeito de tráfico de drogas. Participaram do estudo 300 estudantes universitários paraibanos. Os dados foram processados pelo software Iramuteq, por meio da classificação hierárquica descendente (CHD). Como resultado, na condição de imigrante branco, não foram verificados posicionamentos favoráveis à conduta policial. Já na condição de imigrante negro, houve discordância com a ação policial, todavia, houve também culpabilização do imigrante, por vezes utilizada como argumento para tentar justificar ou tolerar a abordagem policial. Assim, constatou-se a existência de um consenso desfavorável em relação à figura do imigrante negro, embasado em argumentos preconceituosos que costumam ser utilizados pela sociedade no intento de proteger os grupos majoritários e fomentar a manutenção da estrutura social, reforçando o preconceito racial e as desigualdades sociais.(AU)

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This article aimed to analyze if the immigrants' skin color (black or white) influences the justifications for the positioning in the face of police violence whose victim is an immigrant suspected of drug trafficking. A total of 300 university students from the state of Paraíba participated in the study. The data were processed by the IRAMUTEQ software, by descending hierarchical classification (DHC). As a result, in the condition of white immigrant, no favorable positions were verified for police conduct. In the condition of black immigrant, on the other hand, there was disagreement with the police action, however, blaming the immigrant also occurred, sometimes used as an argument to try to justify or tolerate the police approach. Thus, an unfavorable consensus regarding the figure of the black immigrant was found, based on prejudiced arguments usually used by society in an attempt to protect the majority groups and promote the maintenance of the social structure, reinforcing racial prejudice and social inequalities.(AU)

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Este artículo tuvo como objetivo analizar si el color de la piel del inmigrante (blanco o negro) influye en las justificaciones para tomar una posición frente a una situación de violencia policial cuya víctima era un inmigrante sospechoso de narcotráfico. 300 estudiantes de Paraíba participaron en el estudio. Los datos fueron procesados ​​por el software IRAMUTEQ, utilizando la clasificación jerárquica descendente (CHD). Como resultado, como inmigrante blanco, las posiciones favorables a la conducta policial no fueron verificadas. Sin embargo, como inmigrante negro, hubo desacuerdo con la acción policial, sin embargo, la presencia de culpar al inmigrante a veces se usaba como argumento para tratar de justificar o tolerar el enfoque policial. Por lo tanto, hubo un consenso desfavorable con respecto a la figura del inmigrante negro, basado en argumentos prejuiciosos que la sociedad suele utilizar en un intento de proteger a los grupos mayoritarios y promover el mantenimiento de la estructura social, reforzando los prejuicios raciales y las desigualdades sociales.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Conducta , Discurso , Grupos Raciales , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Psicología , Seguridad , Autoritarismo , Piel , Conducta Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , Estudiantes , Concienciación , Violencia , Negro o Afroamericano , Áreas de Pobreza , Policia , Color , Agresión , Causas Externas , Racismo , Marginación Social , Conducta Criminal , Respeto , Estructura Social , Población Blanca , Derechos Humanos

RESUMEN

Despite the ongoing shift in societal norms and gender-discriminatory practices toward more equality, many heterosexual women worldwide, including in many Western societies, choose to replace their birth surname with the family name of their spouse upon marriage. Previous research has demonstrated that the adherence to sexist ideologies (i.e., a system of discriminatory gender-based beliefs) among women is associated with their greater endorsement of practices and policies that maintain gender inequality. By integrating the ideas from the system justification theory and the ambivalent sexism theory, we proposed that the more women adhere to hostile and benevolent sexist beliefs, the more likely they would be to justify existing gender relations in society, which in turn, would positively predict their support for traditional, husband-centered marital surname change. We further argued that hostile (as compared to benevolent) sexism could act as a particularly strong direct predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We tested these possibilities across three cross-sectional studies conducted among women in Turkey (Study 1, N=118, self-identified feminist women; Study 2, N=131, female students) and the United States (Study 3, N=140, female students). Results of Studies 1 and 3 revealed that higher adherence to hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was associated with higher support for marital surname change indirectly through higher gender-based system justification. In Study 2, the hypothesized full mediation was not observed. Consistent with our predictions, in all three studies, hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was found to be a direct positive predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We discuss the role of dominant ideologies surrounding marriage and inegalitarian naming conventions in different cultures as obstacles to women's birth surname retention upon marriage.

RESUMEN

Resumen La violencia en el noviazgo es un fenómeno multifactorial que requiere de estudios que profundicen respecto a los efectos que tienen las creencias culturales en el comportamiento tanto del agresor como de la víctima. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la relación entre las creencias acerca de la violencia y la prevalencia de la violencia en el noviazgo. Para ello, se contó con una muestra de 420 estudiantes de dos universidades públicas mexicanas que respondieron el Inventario de creencias acerca de la violencia hacia la esposa, el Inventario de conflictos en las relaciones de noviazgo, y un cuestionario de información sociodemográfica. Los datos recolectados fueron examinados por medio de un análisis de correlación canónica, y los resultados mostraron que el modelo en general fue estadísticamente significativo (Wilks X = .654, F(20, 677.54) = 4.626,p < .05); que el tamaño del efecto del modelo general fue de .346, lo que indica que este explicó el 34.6 % de la varianza compartida por los dos conjuntos de variables; y que, específicamente en la primera función, el coeficiente de mayor magnitud fue el de la variable de justificación de la violencia (r2 s = 76.2; h 2 = 90.0), seguido por la del apoyo que se le puede brindar a la víctima (r2 s = 57.1; h2 = 94.5).

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Abstract Dating violence is a multifactorial phenomenon that requires in-depth studies regarding the effects that cultural beliefs have on the behavior of both the aggressor and the victim. With this in mind, the objective of this research was to determine the relationship between beliefs about violence and the prevalence of dating violence. To this end, a sample of 420 students from two Mexican public universities answered the Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Violence, the Inventory of Conflicts in Dating Relationships, and a sociodemographic information questionnaire. The data collected were examined through a canonical correlation analysis, and the results showed that the overall model was statistically significant (Wilks X = .654, F (20, 677.54) = 4.626, p < .05); that the effect size of the overall model was .346, indicating that it explained 34. 6 % of the variance shared by the two sets of variables; and that, specifically in the first function, the coefficient of greatest magnitude was that of the variable of justification of the violence (r2 s = 76.2; h2 = 90.0), followed by that of the support that can be given to the victim (r2 s = 57.1; h2 = 94.5).

RESUMEN

This study compares attitudes toward teen relationship (or dating) violence (TRV) between early and late adolescents in the province of Concepción, Chile. The sample consisted of 770 adolescents, aged between 11 and 19 with an average age of 14.8 years old, of which 389 were female (50.5%) and 381 were male (49.5%). An adapted version of the Scale of Attitudes Towards Intimate Violence was used. Results found greater justifying attitudes toward violence in early adolescents than in late adolescents, in 6 of 12 items of the scale, with a statistical significance of p ≤ .001 in 4 items and in the overall score, and p ≤ .05 in 2 items. In the comparison according to sex, male adolescents tended to justify violence more than female adolescents did in one item (p ≤ .001). In dating/no dating comparison, statistically significant differences were found in just 2 items, in favor of those who are not in a relationship (p ≤ .05). These results are analyzed and discussed in relation to previous literature. Finally, orientations to future interventions are proposed, and it is suggested that aspects related to sampling and possible modulating variables such as cognitive development and moral development be considered for future investigations.

Asunto(s)

Conducta del Adolescente , Violencia de Pareja , Adolescente , Adulto , Actitud , Niño , Chile , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Violencia , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

A clinical research question requires the concurrence of clinical experience and knowledge on methodology and statistics in that who formulates it. Initially, a research question should have a structure that clearly establishes what is that which is being sought (consequence or outcome), in whom (baseline status), and by action of what (maneuver). Subsequently, its reasoning must explore four aspects: feasibility and reasonableness of the questioning, lack of a prior answer, relevance of the answer to be obtained, and applicability. Once these aspects are satisfactorily covered, the question can be regarded as being "clinically relevant", which is different from being statistically significant, which refers to the probability of the result being driven by chance, which does not reflect the relevance of the question or the outcome. One should never forget that every maneuver entails adverse events that, when serious, discredit good results. It is imperative to have the possible answer estimated from within the structure of the question. The function of clinical research is to corroborate or reject a hypothesis, rather than to empirically test to find out what the outcome is.

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La formulación de una pregunta de investigación clínica requiere la concurrencia de experiencia clínica y conocimiento en metodología y estadística. Inicialmente, la pregunta de investigación debe contar con una estructura que deje claro qué se busca (consecuencia o desenlace), en quién (estado basal) y por acción de qué (maniobra). Posteriormente, su argumentación debe explorar cuatro aspectos: factibilidad y sensatez del cuestionamiento, ausencia de respuesta previa, relevancia de la respuesta a obtener y aplicabilidad. Una vez que estos aspectos han sido cubiertos en forma satisfactoria puede considerarse que la pregunta es "clínicamente relevante", que es diferente a significancia estadística (la probabilidad de que el resultado se deba al azar y que no refleja la relevancia de la pregunta ni de los resultados). Nunca se debe olvidar que toda maniobra conlleva eventos adversos, que cuando son graves demeritan los buenos resultados. Es imperativo estimar la posible respuesta desde la estructura de la pregunta; la función de la investigación clínica es corroborar o rechazar una hipótesis, no probar empíricamente para ver qué resulta.

Asunto(s)

Investigación Biomédica/métodos , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Proyectos de Investigación , Humanos

RESUMEN

Resumen La formulación de una pregunta de investigación clínica requiere la concurrencia de experiencia clínica y conocimiento en metodología y estadística. Inicialmente, la pregunta de investigación debe contar con una estructura que deje claro qué se busca (consecuencia o desenlace), en quién (estado basal) y por acción de qué (maniobra). Posteriormente, su argumentación debe explorar cuatro aspectos: factibilidad y sensatez del cuestionamiento, ausencia de respuesta previa, relevancia de la respuesta a obtener y aplicabilidad. Una vez que estos aspectos han sido cubiertos en forma satisfactoria puede considerarse que la pregunta es "clínicamente relevante", que es diferente a significancia estadística (la probabilidad de que el resultado se deba al azar y que no refleja la relevancia de la pregunta ni de los resultados). Nunca se debe olvidar que toda maniobra conlleva eventos adversos, que cuando son graves demeritan los buenos resultados. Es imperativo estimar la posible respuesta desde la estructura de la pregunta; la función de la investigación clínica es corroborar o rechazar una hipótesis, no probar empíricamente para ver qué resulta.

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Abstract A clinical research question requires the concurrence of clinical experience and knowledge on methodology and statistics in that who formulates it. Initially, a research question should have a structure that clearly establishes what is that which is being sought (consequence or outcome), in whom (baseline status), and by action of what (maneuver). Subsequently, its reasoning must explore four aspects: feasibility and reasonableness of the questioning, lack of a prior answer, relevance of the answer to be obtained, and applicability. Once these aspects are satisfactorily covered, the question can be regarded as being "clinically relevant", which is different from being statistically significant, which refers to the probability of the result being driven by chance, which does not reflect the relevance of the question or the outcome. One should never forget that every maneuver entails adverse events that, when serious, discredit good results. It is imperative to have the possible answer estimated from within the structure of the question. The function of clinical research is to corroborate or reject a hypothesis, rather than to empirically test to find out what the outcome is.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Proyectos de Investigación , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Investigación Biomédica/métodos

RESUMEN

Abstract Within the framework of the study of cultivation, the present research attempts to study the association between general TV consumption, particular TV news, and fear of crime. The analysis considers narrative transportation and system justification as psychological predictor variables; in addition, sex, level of crime in the area of residence, and social class as social covariates. Participants were 516 young (M = 20.5 years, SD = 4.7) Costa Ricans. A hierarchical regression analysis (stepwise) was conducted. Results indicated that people who experienced more narrative transportation, less system justification, women, and low social class, have higher levels of fear of crime. Results are discussed from the need to expand the cultivation hypothesis of fear of crime.

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Resumen En el marco de la teoría del cultivo, la presente investigación estudia la asociación entre el consumo general de televisión, noticias televisivas y el miedo al crimen. El análisis considera el transporte narrativo y la justificación del sistema como variables predictoras psicológicas; además, el sexo, el nivel de delincuencia en el área de residencia y la clase social como covariables sociales. Los participantes fueron 516 jóvenes costarricenses (M = 20.5 años, DE = 4.7). Se realizó un análisis de regresión jerárquica (stepwise). Los resultados indican que las personas que experimentaron más transporte narrativo, menos justificación del sistema, las mujeres y la clase social baja tienen mayores niveles de miedo al crimen. Se discuten los resultados a partir de la necesidad de ampliar la hipótesis de cultivo del miedo al crimen.

Asunto(s)

Noticias , Crimen/psicología , Medios de Comunicación de Masas/clasificación

RESUMEN

According to the palliative function of ideology hypothesis proposed by System Justification Theory, endorsing system-justifying beliefs is positively related to general psychological well-being, because this fulfils existential, epistemic, and relational needs. We discuss and address three main issues: (1) the role of societal inequality, (2) comparisons by social status, and (3) cross-sectional versus longitudinal research. We used a longitudinal survey of representative online samples (N = 5,901) from 18 countries. The results supported the main argument proposed by the theory, in that system justification was positively and significantly related to life satisfaction and negatively related to anxiety and depression. The pattern of results suggested that the palliative function of system justification is more homogeneously distributed across individual and collective measures of social status than proposed by the theory, because the function was unaffected either by society-level inequality or by individual-level social status. These results allow us to infer that one of the reasons for the high stability of social arrangements is located in the psychological domain of palliative effects.

Asunto(s)

Satisfacción Personal , Política , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad

RESUMEN

This study tests specific competing hypotheses from social dominance theory/realistic conflict theory (RCT) versus system justification theory about the role of social status. In particular, it examines whether system justification belief and effects are stronger among people with low socioeconomic status, and in less socially developed and unequal nations than among better-off people and countries. A cross-national survey was carried out in 19 nations from the Americas, Western and Eastern Europe, Asia, and Oceania using representative online samples ( N = 14,936, 50.15% women, Mage = 41.61 years). At the individual level, system justification beliefs, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, national identification, sociopolitical conservatism, sex, age, and social status were measured. At the national level, the human development index and the Gini index were used. Multilevel analyses performed indicated that results fit better with the social dominance/RCT approach, as system justification was higher in high-status and developed nations; further, associations between legitimizing ideologies and system justification were stronger among high-status people.

Asunto(s)

Predominio Social , Identificación Social , Teoría Social , Adulto , Conflicto Psicológico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Política , Medio Social , Factores Socioeconómicos

RESUMEN

Defino o "problema da significação perceptual" como juízos perceptuais significam a realidade. Ofereço quatro argumentos, questionando como as perspectivas internalista e externalista lidam com esta questão. O internalismo semântico não consegue justificar como: (i) experiências perceptuais são fenômenos semânticos, supervenientes a fenômenos sintáticos; (ii) o sujeito acessa o conteúdo de suas experiências perceptuais; e (iii) juízos perceptuais derivam de experiências perceptuais. O externalismo semântico não consegue justificar como: (iv) eventos epistemologicamente subjetivos, sob condições fenomenológicas específicas, derivam de processos causais ou funcionais; e (v) juízos perceptuais acerca de fatos empíricos distinguem-se de juízos perceptuais acerca de eventos epistemologicamente subjetivos. Internalismo e externalismo devem ser restritos a distintas e específicas dimensões da relação/processo perceptual, exceto a semântica.

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I define "the perceptual meaning problem" how our beliefs can signify empirical reality. Ioffer four arguments by which I criticize both internalism and externalism perspectives indealing with this issue. Semantic internalism cannot justify how: (i) perceptual experiencesare semantic phenomena, supervenient to syntactic phenomena; (ii) the subject accessesthe content of his own perceptual experiences; and (iii) perceptual beliefs derive fromperceptual experiences. Semantic externalism cannot justify how: (iv) epistemologicallysubjective events under specific phenomenological conditions derive from causal orfunctional processes; (v) perceptual beliefs of empirical facts distinguishes themselvesfrom perceptual beliefs of epistemologically subjective events. Internalism and externalismmust be restricted to specific and distinct dimensions of perceptual relation/process butthe semantic one.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Percepción , Procesos Mentales

RESUMEN

Defino o “problema da significação perceptual” como juízos perceptuais significam a realidade. Ofereço quatro argumentos, questionando como as perspectivas internalista e externalista lidam com esta questão. O internalismo semântico não consegue justificar como: (i) experiências perceptuais são fenômenos semânticos, supervenientes a fenômenos sintáticos; (ii) o sujeito acessa o conteúdo de suas experiências perceptuais; e (iii) juízos perceptuais derivam de experiências perceptuais. O externalismo semântico não consegue justificar como: (iv) eventos epistemologicamente subjetivos, sob condições fenomenológicas específicas, derivam de processos causais ou funcionais; e (v) juízos perceptuais acerca de fatos empíricos distinguem-se de juízos perceptuais acerca de eventos epistemologicamente subjetivos. Internalismo e externalismo devem ser restritos a distintas e específicas dimensões da relação/processo perceptual, exceto a semântica.

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I define “the perceptual meaning problem” how our beliefs can signify empirical reality. Ioffer four arguments by which I criticize both internalism and externalism perspectives indealing with this issue. Semantic internalism cannot justify how: (i) perceptual experiencesare semantic phenomena, supervenient to syntactic phenomena; (ii) the subject accessesthe content of his own perceptual experiences; and (iii) perceptual beliefs derive fromperceptual experiences. Semantic externalism cannot justify how: (iv) epistemologicallysubjective events under specific phenomenological conditions derive from causal orfunctional processes; (v) perceptual beliefs of empirical facts distinguishes themselvesfrom perceptual beliefs of epistemologically subjective events. Internalism and externalismmust be restricted to specific and distinct dimensions of perceptual relation/process butthe semantic one.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Percepción , Procesos Mentales

RESUMEN

Previous studies have demonstrated that justifying the social, economic, and political systems is associated with psychological well-being, which has been termed as the palliative function of ideology. However, little research has been conducted on gender stereotypes among children, comparing by socioeconomic status. This study aimed to fill this gap in the system justification literature. We present data from the Chilean version of the International Survey of Children Well-Being (ISCWeB), which was conducted in 2012. We found that the palliative function of gender stereotypes is present among this sample, being qualified by a socioeconomic status by hostile gender stereotype interaction. In other words, the effect on the psychological well-being was observed in low-status, but not in high-status students. These results extend the previous knowledge about the palliative function of the ideology, suggesting why the low-status members of a society actively engage in system justification.

RESUMEN

Those who adhere to system-justifying beliefs benefit from a palliative function that buffers negative effects on psychological wellbeing. This has been consistently observed for high-status groups, whereas for members of low-status groups, it remains rather unclear whether system justification exerts a positive or a negative effect. This study tested the palliative effect of system justification on symptoms of anxiety-depression in a gay men and lesbian sample (N = 467) in Chile. Results from moderated mediation analyses revealed that system justification beliefs buffer symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, system justification enhances anxious and depressive symptoms through internalized homonegativity; this mediation effect was significant for gay men. We pose that justifying the social order comprises two contradictory functions: system justification as a coping source and, otherwise, as a source of distress under conditions of in-group derogation, posing a threat to wellbeing among members of low-status groups (as observed in gay and lesbian individuals). Implications of the opposing effects and gender differences are further discussed in this study.

RESUMEN

Resumo A “nova” Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde projeta perspectivas e desafios para a arena política. É nesse locus que se estabelecem os acordos e os desacordos circunscritos às tomadas de decisão, as quais nortearão a sua implementação. Este estudo visou entender essas questões buscando refletir sobre a formação das arenas, contribuindo na construção de estratégias coerentes à política. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, fundamentado na teoria da justificação e seus mundos, conforme Boltanski e Thévenot. Os entrevistados foram atores envolvidos com a gestão dessa política. Na análise, verificou-se a presença dos mundos: cívico-visão e conceitos; por projetos-execução; e industrial-limites impostos. Estes mundos definem as arenas onde as perspectivas e os desafios apontados aparecem. As configurações advindas dos cruzamentos dos mundos esboçam arenas estabelecidas mediante seus interesses e características resultantes da construção de acordos. Ressaltam-se ainda grandezas dos mundos que podem configurar-se em controvérsias ou conflitos, principalmente entre as subcategorias presentes em mais de um mundo. A consciência crítica e o estabelecimento de um jogo político claro serão exigidos dos atores envolvidos para promover acordos e/ou desacordos relativos à nova política.

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Abstract The “new” National Health Promotion Policy opens up prospects and challenges for the political arena. This is the space where agreements and disagreements relating to decision-making, which will underpin its implementation, are established. This study sought to understand these questions, seeking to reflect upon the formation of arenas, in order to contribute with strategies coherent with the policy. It is a qualitative study, based on the theory of justification and its ‘polities’ according to Boltanski and Thévenot. Those interviewed were social actors involved with management of this policy. The analysis verified the presence of the polities such as: civic –vision and concepts; project –execution; and industrial – imposed limits. These polities define the arenas where the designated prospects and challenges appear. The configurations arising from the intersection points of these polities reveal arenas established through interests and issues resulting from agreements. It further highlights the grandeur of polities that may be found in controversies or conflicts, especially among the subcategories present in more than one polity. Critical awareness and the establishment of a clear political game are required of the social actors involved in promoting agreements and/or disagreements related to the new policy.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Política de Salud/tendencias , Promoción de la Salud/organización & administración , Promoción de la Salud/tendencias , Brasil

RESUMEN

The purpose of this paper is to develop some thoughts on philosophical issues surrounding evidence-based medicine (EBM), especially related to its epistemological dimensions. After considering the scope of several philosophical concepts that are relevant to the discussion, and drawing some distinctions among different aspects of EBM, we evaluate the status of EBM and suggest that EBM is mainly a meta-methodology. Then, we outline an evaluation of the thesis that EBM is a 'new paradigm' in the practice of medicine. We argue that EBM does not seem to have arisen in the way Kuhn imagined paradigms to arise but as a conscious, deliberate proposal, more as programme than as a reality. Furthermore, there is something paradoxical about appealing to evidence or to the best evidence as a way of promoting a new paradigm. For the proposal seems to assume that there is something that by its own virtue is the best evidence for a given time. But this idea would have been rejected by Kuhn. If EBM involves a genuine new alternative in the field of medicine and shows a way in which the discipline will endure henceforth, this indicates that it is not what Kuhn once called a 'paradigm' and even, paradoxically, it is good evidence that scientific paradigms do not exist, at least in medicine.

Asunto(s)

Medicina Basada en la Evidencia/organización & administración , Conocimiento , Filosofía Médica , Humanos , Proyectos de Investigación

RESUMEN

La teoría de la justificación del sistema señala que los individuos justifican y racionalizan los sistemas sociales a los que pertenecen, de manera que las decisiones políticas, sociales y económicas tienden a ser percibidas como justas y legítimas aunque estas los afecten y perjudiquen (Jost & Banaji, 1994). Este fenómeno ha sido estudiado principalmente desde la sociología con una perspectiva marxista, dando cuenta de cómo los grupos dominantes difunden ideas que justifican y mantienen las jerarquías sociales que promueven la desigualdad en la sociedad (Marx & Engels, 1846/1991). Desde esta perspectiva, los grupos dominados se encontrarían alienados, sin saber de la dominación de la que son objeto, dado que la toma de conciencia de su condición los llevaría a rebelarse (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). Si bien esta perspectiva ha gozado de un amplio consenso (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999), Jost (2007), desde la psicología política, la considera incompleta dado que la aceptación de ideas que justifican y mantienen las jerarquías sociales no necesariamente es una actividad consciente, realizada de forma activa y deliberada, sino que la misma puede ser producto de los beneficios psicológicos que ofrece al individuo, como la percepción de un mundo ordenado y controlable facilitando una reducción de la ansiedad (Jost & Hunyady, 2002). El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las diferencias teóricos conceptuales entre ambas perspectivas con el fin de generar aportes para la construcción de un diálogo interdisciplinario.

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The system justification theory states that individuals justify and rationalize the social systems to which they belong, so that the political, economic and social decission tend to be perceived as fair and legitimate although these may affect them and damaging (Jost & Banaji, 1994). This phenomenon has been studied mainly from a sociological approach with a marxist perspective, realizing how dominant groups disseminate ideas that justify and maintain social hierarchies that promote inequality in society (Marx & Engels, 1846/1991). From this perspective, the dominated groups would ind themselves alienated, unaware of domination of which they are subject, as awareness of their condition would lead to revolt (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). While this perspective has enjoyed a wide consensus (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999), Jost (2007), from political psychology approach, considered incomplete since the acceptance of ideas that justify and maintain social hierarchies is not necessarily a conscious activity, conducted actively and deliberate, but rather it may be the result of the psychological benefits offered by the individual, as the perception of an ordered and controllable facilitating a reduction in anxiety (Jost & Hunyady, 2002).The aim of this paper is to analyze the theoretical and conceptual differences between the two perspectives in order to generate contributions for the construction of an interdisciplinary dialogue.