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OBJECTIVE: Translate and validate the Beginner's Intelligibility Test (BIT) speech intelligibility assessment instrument into Brazilian Portuguese. METHOD: Study developed in two stages: 1st translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Beginner's Intelligibility Test instrument into Brazilian Portuguese; 2nd application of the instrument. The second stage of the study involved 20 children using cochlear implants, aged between 4 and 11 years old, enrolled in the Cochlear Implant Program at Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. All data collection procedures were video, and audio recorded for analysis by judges. After orthographic transcription of each sentence repeated by the child, the judge was asked to score the participant's speech intelligibility and classify it according to criteria established in the literature. RESULTS: The translation stage took place for the four lists and 40 sentences of the Beginner's Intelligibility Test (BIT) instrument into Brazilian Portuguese, the semantic, idiomatic, experimental and conceptual equivalences were considered, and it took place without any difficulties identified by the translators. The terms used in the Portuguese language were similar and those that presented differences among the translators did not bring significant divergences to its understanding. In the inter-evaluator analysis, there was reliability between the classification and the score obtained. Different judges evaluated the same children and a concordance was observed in classification and scoring. CONCLUSIONS: Face validity of the BIT was confirmed through the understanding of each sentence of the four lists by the majority of children using cochlear implants participating in the pre-test phase. The content validity among experts was unanimous for the four lists of sentences. The Brazilian Portuguese adapted version maintained the semantic, idiomatic, conceptual, and cultural equivalence, according to the evaluation of the expert committee. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 02.

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Abstract Introduction Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is a controversial pathology with many surgical options. Objectives To compare pharyngoplasty and retropharyngeal fat grafting and to build a prognostic tool to achieve perfect speech. Methods Retrospective observational cohort study of 114 patients operated for VPI from 1982 to 2019 in a single tertiary center. The instrumental assessment was made using an aerophonoscope and nasofibroscopy. The variables sex, age, genetic syndromes, and type of diagnosis were analyzed with logistic regression model adjusted with propensity score. To generalize results and to build a surgical predictive tool, a marginal analysis concludes the study. Results Among the patients (median [range] age 7 [4-48]), 63 (55.26%) underwent pharyngoplasty and 51 (44.74%) graft. The graft group had no complication, but it had a failure rate of 7.84%. The pharyngoplasty group had no failure, but one patient had postoperative obstructive sleep apnea. The marginal analysis demonstrated that age lower than 7 years, cleft lip and palate, absence of syndrome, and intermittent VPI were important predictive factors of good result regardless of surgical technique. Conclusions Without a statistical demonstration of the superiority of pharyngoplasty over graft, and in the uncertainty of literature background, our perfect-speech patient profile represents an important tool for a postoperative forecast of results in which, like in the Master Mind game, every feature has to be considered not individually but as a pattern of characteristics whose association contributes to the outcome.

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Introduction Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is a controversial pathology with many surgical options. Objective To compare pharyngoplasty and retropharyngeal fat grafting and to build a prognostic tool to achieve perfect speech. Methods Retrospective observational cohort study of 114 patients operated for VPI from 1982 to 2019 in a single tertiary center. The instrumental assessment was made using an aerophonoscope and nasofibroscopy. The variables sex, age, genetic syndromes, and type of diagnosis were analyzed with logistic regression model adjusted with propensity score. To generalize results and to build a surgical predictive tool, a marginal analysis concludes the study. Results Among the patients (median [range] age 7 [4-48]), 63 (55.26%) underwent pharyngoplasty and 51 (44.74%) graft. The graft group had no complication, but it had a failure rate of 7.84%. The pharyngoplasty group had no failure, but one patient had postoperative obstructive sleep apnea. The marginal analysis demonstrated that age lower than 7 years, cleft lip and palate, absence of syndrome, and intermittent VPI were important predictive factors of good result regardless of surgical technique. Conclusions Without a statistical demonstration of the superiority of pharyngoplasty over graft, and in the uncertainty of literature background, our perfect-speech patient profile represents an important tool for a postoperative forecast of results in which, like in the Master Mind game, every feature has to be considered not individually but as a pattern of characteristics whose association contributes to the outcome.

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Abstract Objective: Translate and validate the Beginner's Intelligibility Test (BIT) speech intelligibility assessment instrument into Brazilian Portuguese. Method: Study developed in two stages: 1st translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Beginner's Intelligibility Test instrument into Brazilian Portuguese; 2nd application of the instrument. The second stage of the study involved 20 children using cochlear implants, aged between 4 and 11 years old, enrolled in the Cochlear Implant Program at Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. All data collection procedures were video, and audio recorded for analysis by judges. After orthographic transcription of each sentence repeated by the child, the judge was asked to score the participant's speech intelligibility and classify it according to criteria established in the literature. Results: The translation stage took place for the four lists and 40 sentences of the Beginner's Intelligibility Test (BIT) instrument into Brazilian Portuguese, the semantic, idiomatic, experimental and conceptual equivalences were considered, and it took place without any difficulties identified by the translators. The terms used in the Portuguese language were similar and those that presented differences among the translators did not bring significant divergences to its understanding. In the inter-evaluator analysis, there was reliability between the classification and the score obtained. Different judges evaluated the same children and a concordance was observed in classification and scoring. Conclusions: Face validity of the BIT was confirmed through the understanding of each sentence of the four lists by the majority of children using cochlear implants participating in the pretest phase. The content validity among experts was unanimous for the four lists of sentences. The Brazilian Portuguese adapted version maintained the semantic, idiomatic, conceptual, and cultural equivalence, according to the evaluation of the expert committee. Evidence level: 02.

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RESUMO Objetivo identificar estudos a respeito dos parâmetros e dos tipos de avaliação utilizados para avaliar a disartria na esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA). Estratégia de pesquisa estudo de revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus e Cochrane, por meios dos descritores, em português e em inglês, "Avaliação AND Disartria AND Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica". Critérios de seleção os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos que abordavam estudos sobre avaliação da disartria na ELA, nas línguas inglesa, espanhola e portuguesa, disponíveis na íntegra, no período de 2015 a 2022. Resultados do total de 38 estudos, apenas 3 usaram um único tipo de avaliação da disartria. A maior parte dos estudos utilizou mais de um tipo de avaliação variando de 2 a 4. Foram 3 os tipos de avaliação mais utilizados, com o intuito de avaliar o grau de inteligibilidade de fala: avaliação perceptivo-auditiva (31 estudos), avaliação acústica (18 estudos) e avaliação do movimento (27 estudos). Conclusão a avaliação da disartria na ELA é realizada por diferentes procedimentos e com vários parâmetros de análise, em especial pela avaliação perceptivo-auditiva e do movimento.

ABSTRACT Purpose to identify studies regarding the parameters and types of assessment used to evaluate dysarthria in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Research strategy an integrative literature review study was conducted on the LILACS, SciELO, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, and Cochrane databases using the descriptors "Assessment AND Dysarthria AND Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis" in both Portuguese and English. Selection criteria the inclusion criteria consisted of articles that addressed studies on dysarthria assessment in ALS, written in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, which should be available in full, and published from 2015 to 2022. Results: out of the total of 38 studies, only 3 used a single type of dysarthria assessment. Most studies employed more than one type of assessment, ranging from 2 to 4 types. Three assessment types were predominantly used to assess the degree of speech intelligibility: auditoryperceptual assessment (31 studies), acoustic assessment (18 studies), and movement assessment (27 studies). Conclusion dysarthria assessment in ALS is conducted through various procedures and with multiple analysis parameters, notably through auditory-perceptual and movement assessments.

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Objectives. This study aimed to compare speech intelligibility in noise with and without hearing protection devices (HPDs). Methods. Fifty-one workers were distributed into three groups: noise-induced hearing loss group (NIHLG), normally hearing noise-exposed group (NG) and normally hearing non-exposed to noise group (CG). A free field system was used to emit monosyllables (65, 70 and 75 dB) and pink noise in different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) (0, -5, -10 and -15). Results. In situations with HPDs, all groups showed a decrease in the percentage of correct responses with an increase in noise level. The HPD had little effect on speech intelligibility in the NIHLG and NG. Considering the effect caused by the HPD on speech intelligibility, it was observed that the group with the greatest loss was the CG for SNRs of -5, -10 and -15. Conclusion. Although speech intelligibility is influenced by the hearing threshold, the noise level and SNR are crucial for good speech intelligibility, either with or without an HPD. It is highlighted that the NG had worse results when compared with the CG, which may indicate changes in the auditory pathway resulting from continuous noise exposure, even in the absence of changes in the audiometric thresholds.

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RESUMO Objetivo caracterizar a produção da fala de crianças e adolescentes usuários de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual (AASI) ou implante coclear (IC) de um programa de reabilitação auditiva. Métodos estudo observacional transversal. Foram analisadas amostras de fala de 15 participantes de um programa de reabilitação auditiva, que consistiam na prova de fonologia do ABFW (ABFW - Teste de Linguagem Infantil nas Áreas de Fonologia, Vocabulário, Fluência e Pragmática) e na fala espontânea, adaptada do Protocolo de Avaliação de Voz do Deficiente Auditivo. Foi aplicado o teste de Wilcoxon para comparar os índices de Porcentagem de Consoantes Corretas (PCC) e Porcentagem de Consoantes Corretas revisado (PCC-r) das provas de fonologia e o teste de Mann-Whitney para comparar os referidos índices, em relação aos graus de inteligibilidade da fala espontânea. Também foi analisada a variabilidade de produção dos fonemas das provas de fonologia. Resultados verificou-se desvio leve nos índices de PCC e PCC-r para as provas de fonologia, com escores superiores para o PCC-r. Os participantes com médias maiores que 85% alcançaram inteligibilidade "Boa" e participantes com médias entre 85% e 50% apresentaram inteligibilidade "Regular/Insuficiente". Os usuários de AASI não produziram adequadamente os fonemas /s/, /z/, /Ʒ/ /ɲ/, /l, /ʎ/, arquifonema /S/ e arquifonema /R/ e os usuários de IC, os fonemas /ʎ/ e arquifonema /R/. Conclusão o grupo estudado apresentou desvio leve nos índices de PCC e PCC-r, com médias superiores, quando considerada a distorção como acerto. Participantes com inteligibilidade "Boa" apresentaram maiores escores de PCC e PCC-r. Usuários de AASI não produziram fonemas fricativos adequadamente. Foram observadas produções com variação linguística social e regional.

ABSTRACT Purpose To characterize the speech production of children and adolescents from an auditory rehabilitation program who use hearing aids (HA) or cochlear implant (CI). Methods Cross-sectional observational study. Speech samples from 15 participants of a hearing rehabilitation program were analyzed through the phonology test of the ABFW Test and spontaneous conversation, which were adapted from the Protocol for the Evaluation of Voice in Subjects with Hearing Impairment. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC) and the Percentage of Consonants Correct-revised (PCC-r) indexes of the phonology test, and the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare these indexes to the degrees of intelligibility of spontaneous conversation. The variability of production of the phonemes of the phonology tests was also analyzed. Results There was a mild deviation in the PCC and PCC-r indexes for the phonology tests, with higher scores for the PCC-r. Participants with averages greater than 85% achieved "Good" intelligibility, and participants with averages between 85% and 50% had "Regular/Insufficient" intelligibility. The HA users did not properly produce the phonemes /s/, /z/, /Ʒ/ /ɲ/, /l, /ʎ/, the archiphoneme /S/, and the archiphoneme /R/. The CI users did not properly produce the phonemes /ʎ/ and the archiphoneme /R/. Conclusion The group had a mild deviation in the PCC and PCC-r indexes, with higher means when the distortion was considered correct. Participants with "Good" intelligibility had higher PCC and PCC-r scores. HA users did not produce fricative phonemes properly. There were productions with a social and regional linguistic variation.

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The present study investigated the sensitivity and specificity of the English Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS) and the ICS-Jamaican Creole (ICS-JC) translation with bilingual preschool-aged Jamaican children. Participants in this study were 262 English-Jamaican Creole simultaneous bilingual children (aged 3;3 to 6;3, M = 4;11, SD = 7.8). The ICS and ICS-JC were administered to parents in auditory form, rather than written form. Although recent evidence has demonstrated the validity and reliability of the ICS as an assessment tool in various languages, further data are needed to determine diagnostic accuracy of the ICS and ICS-JC in Jamaican children. The sensitivity and specificity of both tools were high in this cohort of children, indicating that in the Jamaican context, these versions of the ICS could be used as screening tools to identify children who require further assessment of speech sound disorders. A cut-off score of 4.12 was used for both tools to achieve high sensitivity (0.84) and specificity (0.70) values for the ICS, as well as high sensitivity (0.84) and specificity (0.71) for the ICS-JC. The results of this study also demonstrate that administration of the auditory ICS is a valid way of collecting parent reports about children's speech intelligibility, which has implications for use of the ICS in languages with no written form or with parents who have a low level of literacy in the languages they use. This investigation is relevant not only to this underserved population but broadens knowledge of research-based tools for working with bilingual children.

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RESUMO Objetivos Revisar sistematicamente os protocolos e/ou avaliações que contribuem para o diagnóstico de apraxia de fala na infância (AFI) e classificá-los de acordo com a dimensão clínica avaliada. Estratégia de pesquisa Estudo de revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados MEDLINE (acessado via PubMed), LILACS, Scopus e SciELO, com os descritores Apraxias, Childhood apraxia of speech, Evaluation, Assessment, Validation Studies, Evaluation Studies, Language Therapy, Rehabilitation of Speech and Language Disorders, Child e Child, Preschool. Critérios de seleção A busca nas bases de dados foi conduzida por três pesquisadores independentes. Foram incluídos estudos que avaliavam, de forma clara, sujeitos com suspeita ou diagnóstico de AFI. Os revisores realizaram a coleta de dados no que diz respeito às características metodológicas, intervenções e desfechos dos estudos, por meio de planilhas previamente elaboradas especificamente para o presente estudo. O dado principal coletado foi referente aos procedimentos de avaliação da AFI para crianças. Resultados A maior parte dos estudos (14 dos 21 incluídos) realizou a associação entre a avaliação de habilidades motoras e/ou articulatórias e segmentais. Cinco realizaram avaliação de todos os aspectos elencados: motor e/ou articulatória, segmental e suprassegmental e dois realizaram apenas avaliação motora e/ou articulatória. A idade dos sujeitos variou de 3 a 12 anos. Conclusão A maioria das pesquisas considerou a associação entre habilidades motoras e/ou articulatórias e segmentais para avaliação da apraxia de fala na infância. Sugere-se a realização de mais estudos, a fim de buscar evidências de validade.

ABSTRACT Purpose Systematically review the protocols and/or assessments that contribute to the diagnosis of CAS and classify them according to the clinical dimension evaluated Research strategy Study of systematic literature review in the databases MEDLINE (accessed via PubMed), LILACS, Scopus and SciELO with the descriptors Apraxias, Childhood apraxia of speech, Evaluation, Assessment, Validation Studies, Evaluation Studies, Language Therapy, Rehabilitation of Speech and Language Disorders, Child and Child, Preschool. Selection criteria The search for scientific articles in the databases was conducted by three independent researchers. Studies that clearly assessed subjects with suspected or diagnosed PIA were included. The reviewers performed data collection with regard to methodological characteristics, interventions and study outcomes using standardized forms. The main data collected was related to the assessment procedures of CAS. Results Most studies (14 of the 21 included) made an association between the assessment of motor and/or articulatory and segmental skills. Five performed an evaluation of all listed aspects: motor and/or articulatory, segmental and suprasegmental; and two underwent only motor and/or articulatory assessment. The age of the subjects in the present study ranged from 3 to 12 years. Conclusion The assessment of CAS generally involves the association between the assessment of motor and/or articulatory and segmental skills. It is suggested that further studies in order to evidence validity for the assessment of CAS.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze speech perception in normally hearing adults when listening in silence and with different types of noise. Methods: 40 individuals of both sexes, aged 18 to 45 years, participated in the study. Speech perception was assessed with the Lists of Sentences in Portuguese test, without a competing noise and with speech-spectrum, babble, and cocktail party noise. A mixed-effects linear regression model and the 95% confidence interval were used. Results: the subjects' performance was worse in the three types of noise than in silence. When comparing the types of noise, differences were found in all combinations (speech-spectrum X babble, speech-spectrum X cocktail party, and babble X cocktail party), with a worse performance in babble, noise, followed by cocktail party. Conclusion: all noises negatively influenced speech perception, with a worse performance in babble, followed by cocktail party and speech-spectrum.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a percepção da fala em adultos normo-ouvintes na situação de escuta no silêncio e com diferentes tipos de ruídos. Métodos: participaram 40 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, de 18 a 45 anos. Foi realizada a avaliação da percepção de fala com o teste Lista de Sentenças para o Português, sem ruído competitivo e com os ruídos: espectro de fala, babble e cocktail party. Foi utilizado modelo de regressão linear com efeitos mistos e adotado intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: houve pior desempenho dos indivíduos com todos os ruídos em comparação a situação de escuta no silêncio. Na comparação entre os tipos de ruídos, também foi constatado diferença em todas as combinações (espectro de fala X babble, espectro de fala X cocktail party e babble X cocktail party), com pior desempenho dos indivíduos com os ruídos babble e cocktail party, respectivamente. Conclusão: todos os ruídos influenciaram negativamente a percepção de fala, com pior desempenho quando utilizado o ruído babble, seguido pelo cocktail party e espectro de fala.

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Objetivo: investigar o impacto da deformidade bucal oncológica na comunicação oral e na qualidade de vida de adultos e idosos. Métodos: estudo observacional descritivo, transversal, com abordagem mista. Amostra de 41 pacientes, submetidos à cirurgia para retirada do câncer bucal, resultando em mutilação e inteligibilidade verbal. Instrumentos: Questionário sociodemográfico; Índice de Desvantagem Vocal; Questionário Qualidade de Vida da Universidade de Washington; Roteiro Semiestruturado para análise no software Iramuteq®.Resultado: a mutilação predominou em região de palato. Avaliação vocal mostrou o sexo masculino com pior qualidade de vida, expressivamente escala Social, enquanto, o feminino, escala Física. A análise lexical mostrou necessidades, frustrações e expectativas. Conclusão: o estudo revelou a vergonha, o medo, o isolamento social e, ao mesmo tempo, a esperança de voltar a, pelo menos, poder falar e ser compreendido pelas outras pessoas através do uso da prótese

Objective: to investigate the impact of oral cancer deformity on oral communication and the quality of life of adults and the elderly. Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional observational study with a mixed approach. Sample of 41 patients undergoing surgery to remove oral cancer, resulting in mutilation and verbal intelligibility. Instruments: Sociodemographic questionnaire; Voice Handicap Index; University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire; Semi-structured script for analysis in the Iramuteq® software. Result: mutilation predominated in the palate region. Vocal assessment showed the male sex with worse quality of life, significantly on the Social scale, while the female, Physical scale. Lexical analysis showed needs, frustrations and expectations. Conclusion:the study revealed shame, fear, social isolation and, at the same time, the hope of returning to at least being able to talk and be understood by other people through the use of the prosthesis

Objetivo: investigar el impacto de la deformidad del cáncer oral en la comunicación oral y la calidad de vida de adultos y ancianos. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo, transversal con enfoque mixto. Muestra de 41 pacientes sometidos a cirugía para extirpar el cáncer oral, lo que resulta en mutilación e inteligibilidad verbal. Instrumentos: cuestionario sociodemográfico; Índice de discapacidad de voz; Cuestionario de calidad de vida de la Universidad de Washington; Guión semiestructurado para análisis en el software Iramuteq®. Resultado: la mutilación predominó en la región del paladar. La evaluación vocal mostró el sexo masculino con peor calidad de vida, significativamente en la escala social, mientras que la hembra, la escala física. El análisis léxico mostró necesidades, frustraciones y expectativas. Conclusión: el estudio reveló vergüenza, miedo, aislamiento social y, al mismo tiempo, la esperanza de volver al menos a poder hablar y ser entendido por otras personas mediante el uso de la prótesis

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INTRODUCTION: Emotion facilitates word recognition under adverse acoustic conditions. We use an auditory emotional paradigm to evaluate the ability to distinguish words from irrelevant random stimuli, elucidating its neural correlates. Secondarily, we evaluate the impact of schizotypy traits on this capacity. METHODS: 25 participants, undertook an fMRI task, indicating whether they recognized words, through a response box. 20 audio files of emotionally negative words and 20 neutral words were presented. Word intelligibility was manipulated merging the audio files with white noise at varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), resulting in 3 levels (high, medium, and low). We measured schizotypy with the O-LIFE scale. RESULTS: A 2x3 factorial ANOVA was performed with emotion (neutral or negative) and intelligibility (high, medium, and low) as factors. There was an interaction between emotion and intelligibility [F(2,44) = 23.89,p<0.001]. Post hoc t-test demonstrated that, in medium and low intelligibility, negative words were more recognized than neutral ones. Negative words minus neutral, activated the right anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC), and right orbitofrontal cortex (rOFC). Low compared to high intelligibility, activated the left medial temporal gyrus (lMTG), left supramarginal gyrus (lSMG), and left angular gyrus (lAG). Medium compared with high intelligibility, activated the left temporal pole (lTP) and the lMTG. There were correlations between schizotypy and rACC, lMTG, and rOFC activations. DISCUSSION: Negative emotional salience improves intelligibility, possibly by recruiting selective attention. Less intelligible stimuli activated temporo-parietal regions related to speech processing in adverse acoustic conditions, while emotionally negative stimuli activated areas associated with emotional processing (rACC and rOFC) and selective attention (rDLPFC). High schizotypy correlated with greater responses in rACC, lMTG, and rOFC, during low intelligibility. Irrelevant emotionally salient stimuli would capture automatic attention activating rACC and rOFC, enhancing speech comprehension through additional recruitment of lMTG, which could derive in false word recognition.

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Introdução: A audiometria convencional não é suficientemente confiável para prever a compreensão de uma pessoa num ambiente ruidoso e, desta forma, inserir testes de fala no ruído na rotina clínica audiológica pode ser uma ferramenta útil para detectar possíveis problemas da função auditiva central. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre testes de fala no ruído disponíveis para uso na clínica audiológica. Método: Busca de publicações sem delimitação temporal nos bancos de dados Lilacs, PubMed, Medline, IBCS e SciELO, utilizando-se como descritores: teste de fala no ruído, percepção auditiva, testes de discriminação auditiva, distúrbios auditivos, padronização, desenvolvimento, validação, testes do limiar de recepção da fala, percepção auditiva e perda auditiva. Não houve exclusão por período de publicação. Os artigos foram pesquisados nos meses de junho e julho de 2017. Resultados: Foram localizados um total de 1200 artigos e 39 foram inseridos nesta revisão integrativa por satisfazerem os critérios de inclusão. Nos artigos selecionados, foram localizados 25 materiais diferentes que utilizaram para avaliação de fala no ruído: sílabas, palavras, sentenças, dígitos e associação de palavras e tonalidade e palavras e sentenças. Os tipos de ruídos empregados foram: espectro de fala, ruído tipo babble, ruído branco e ruído estacionário e tais materiais foram desenvolvidos para uso em adultos e/ou crianças e sujeitos com e/ou sem perda auditiva. Conclusão: Todos os autores relataram a importância de inserir testes de fala no ruído na rotina clínica, já que só a audiometria convencional não prevê a compreensão de fala em ambiente ruidoso.

Introduction: Conventional audiometry is not reliable enough to predict a person's understanding in a noisy environment, so inserting speech noise tests into the audiological clinical routine can be a useful tool for detecting possible central auditory function problems. Objective: To conduct an integrative literature review on noise speech tests available for use in the audiological clinic. Method: Search for publications without temporal delimitation in the Lilacs, PubMed, Medline, IBCS and SciELO databases, using the following keywords: Noise speech test, auditory perception, auditory discrimination tests, hearing disorders, standardization, development, validation, speech reception threshold tests, hearing perception and hearing loss. There was no exclusion by publication period. The articles were searched in June and July 2017. Results: A total of 1200 articles were found and 39 were included in this integrative review because they met the inclusion criteria. In the selected articles, 25 different materials were used to evaluate speech in noise: syllables, words, sentences, digits and association of words and tone and words and sentences. The types of noise used were: speech spectrum, babble noise, white noise and stationary noise and these materials were developed for use in adults and / or children and subjects with and / or without hearing loss. Conclusion: All authors reported the importance of inserting speech tests in noise into the clinical routine, since only conventional audiometry does not predict speech comprehension in noisy environment.

Introducción: La audiometría convencional no es confiable para predecir la comprensión de una persona en entorno ruidoso, por lo que insertar pruebas de ruido del habla en la rutina audiológica puede ser una herramienta útil para detectar posibles problemas de la función auditiva central. Objetivo: realizar una revisión integral de literatura sobre las pruebas de ruido en el habla disponibles para su uso en la clínica audiológica. Método: Búsqueda de publicaciones sin delimitación temporal en las bases de datos Lilacs, PubMed, Medline, IBCS y SciELO, utilizando las palabras clave: prueba de ruido, percepción auditiva, pruebas de discriminación auditiva, trastornos auditivos, estandarización, desarrollo, validación , pruebas de umbral de recepción del habla, percepción auditiva y pérdida auditiva. No hubo exclusión por período de publicación. Se buscaron los artículos en junio y julio de 2017. Resultados: se encontraron un total de 1200 artículos y se incluyeron 39 en esta revisión porque cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. En los artículos seleccionados, se utilizaron 25 materiales diferentes para evaluar el habla en ruido: sílabas, palabras, oraciones, dígitos y asociación de palabras y tonos y oraciones. Tipos de ruido utilizados: espectro del habla, ruido de balbuceo, ruido blanco y ruido estacionario, y estos materiales se desarrollaron para su uso en adultos y/o niños y sujetos con y/o sin pérdida auditiva. Conclusión: Todos los autores informaron la importancia de insertar pruebas de habla en ruido en la rutina clínica, ya que solo la audiometría convencional no predice la comprensión del habla en entornos ruidosos.

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RESUMO Objetivo Estabelecer relações entre o desempenho em tarefa de reconhecimento de palavras com e sem sentido e grau e configuração da perda auditiva, utilizando valores de Índices de Inteligibilidade de Fala (SII) como indicadores, em crianças com deficiência auditiva. Método Foram estabelecidos os SII para sons de entradas de 55 e 65 Decibéis Nível de Pressão Sonora (dBNPS) de dez crianças com perda auditiva neurossensorial usuárias de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual bilateralmente que têm a linguagem oral como principal modalidade de comunicação. As crianças foram submetidas à tarefa de repetição de palavras com e sem sentido em duas ou três diferentes intensidades. As emissões foram analisadas de acordo com o Protocolo Word Association for Syllable Perception (WASP). Na análise dos dados, o SII foi comparado com os resultados obtidos em cada critério de análise. Resultados Para o desempenho em palavras, houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois tipos de estímulo em 55dBNPS. Para o desempenho em consoantes e ponto de articulação, houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os tipos de estímulos em 65 e 55dBNPS e também entre as intensidades de 65 e 55 dBNPS nas palavras sem sentido. Conclusão De modo geral, não houve regularidade na relação entre capacidade auditiva e desempenho em tarefas de percepção da fala. Os resultados sugerem que o desempenho nas tarefas de reconhecimento de palavras sem sentido tem maior relação com o índice de inteligibilidade do que as palavras com sentido, possivelmente por limitar as estratégias de fechamento semântico pelo sujeito.

ABSTRACT Purpose To establish the relationship between the performance on word recognition tasks, using words with and without sense and degree, and the configuration of hearing loss, by using Speech Inteligibility Index (SII) values as indicators, in children with hearing loss. Methods SII were established for 55 and 65 Decibel of Sound Pressure Level (dB SPL) input sounds of ten children presenting bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), adapted with bilateral hearing aids, and who have oral language as the main mode of communication. The children were submitted to a word and nonsense-word repetition task of two or three intensity degrees. Their productions were analyzed according to the Word Association for Syllable Perception (WASP) Protocol. In the data analysis, the values of SII were compared with the results obtained in each analysis criterion. Results Pertaining to the words, there was statistically significant difference between the two types of stimuli in 55 dBSPL. As for the performance of consonants and point of articulation, there was a statistically significant difference between stimuli types in 65 and 55 dB SPL, and between intensities 65 and 55 dB SPL in nonsense words. Conclusion Overall, there was no regularity in the relationship between hearing ability and performance in speech perception tasks. The results suggest that performance in the nonsense words recognition tasks was more related to intelligibility index than to words with meaning, possibly because it limits semantic closure strategies by the subject.

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RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o ganho de percepção de fala na ausência e na presença de ruído competitivo; avaliar, após três meses de uso do implante coclear, se houve correlação entre a percepção de fala nas duas condições e correlacionar o tempo de privação auditiva e o lado implantado com a percepção de fala na ausência e na presença do ruído. Métodos Participaram deste ensaio clínico 12 indivíduos com perda auditiva de severa a profunda, submetidos à cirurgia de implante coclear. A percepção de fala foi avaliada através do teste Listas de Sentenças em Português, utilizando a direcionalidade Opti Omni, em situações de ausência e presença de ruído competitivo. Resultados A percepção de fala na ausência e na presença de ruído competitivo aumentou, em comparação com a percepção de fala pré-operatória com a utilização da direcionalidade Opti Omni e estes achados não tiveram associação com o tempo de privação auditiva ou o lado implantado. Conclusão Houve ganho na percepção de fala, tanto na ausência, como na presença do ruído competitivo, com forte correlação entre essas duas situações. Além disso, não houve associação entre tempo de privação auditiva sem o uso do aparelho de amplificação sonora individual ou o lado implantado com o desempenho na percepção de fala.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate speech perception improvement in the absence and presence of competing noise; to evaluate, after three months using a cochlear implant, whether there was a correlation between speech perception in these two conditions, and to correlate the time of hearing deprivation and the implanted side with speech perception in the absence and presence of noise. Methods Twelve individuals with severe-to-profound hearing loss who underwent cochlear implant surgery participated in this clinical trial. Speech perception was assessed using the Lists of Phrases in Portuguese test, using the Opti Omni directionality, in situations of absence and presence of competing noise. Results Speech perception with the use of Opti Omni directionality in the absence and presence of competing noise increased when compared with preoperative speech perception; these findings were not associated with hearing deprivation time or implanted side. Conclusion There was an improvement in speech perception both in the absence and presence of competing noise, with a strong correlation between these two situations. Besides, there was no association between time of hearing deprivation without the use of hearing aid, or the implanted side, with performance in speech perception.

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Introdução: A audição é um dos sentidos mais nobres, uma vez que sua principal função está ligada à aquisição e ao desenvolvimento da linguagem oral, essencial para a comunicação nas relações interpessoais e para o contato com o meio ambiente. O impacto de uma privação sensorial auditiva interfere na habilidade de interpretar sons de fala. Objetivo: Verificar se há correlação entre os valores do Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) e do Índice Percentual de Reconhecimento de fala (IPRF). Método: Foram avaliados os dados obtidos nos prontuários de 55 idosos de ambos os sexos com perda auditiva neurossensorial adquirida bilateral de grau moderado a severo, usuários de próteses auditivas acompanhados no serviço de saúde auditiva do Hospital São Paulo. Foram analisados os valores de SII obtidos na verificação dos AASI por meio do equipamento Verifit®Audioscan e os valores de IPRF para estímulos monossilábicos. Após a coleta dos dados os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística. Resultados: As perdas auditivas foram classificadas quanto ao grau. Os idosos foram caracterizados segundo a idade e gênero e os valores de SII e IPRF foram analisados por orelha (direita e esquerda). O IPRF médio foi de 72,56% na OD e de 73,85% na OE e o SII de 58,44% na OD e 59,73% na OE. Foram determinadas equações para classificação da perda auditiva conforme grupos e equações para determinação de valores de SII e IPRF, conforme cada orelha. Conclusão: Houve correlação fraca entre os valores de SII e o IPRF obtido com estímulos monossilábicos nos idosos com perda auditiva de grau moderado a severo.

Introduction: Hearing is one of the noblest senses, since its main function is linked to the acquisition and development of oral language, essential in interpersonal relations and with the environment. The impact of hearing sensory deprivation interferes with the ability to interpret speech sounds. Purpose: Check if there is a correlation between the values of Speech Inteligibility Index (SII) and Word Recognition (WR). Method: The data obtained in the records of 55 elderly of both sexes, with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss of moderate to severe, users of hearing aids accompanied in the auditory health service of Hospital São Paulo, were evaluated. The SII values obtained in the verification of the hearing aid gain in the Verifit ® Audioscan equipment and the IPRF values for monosyillabic stimuli were analysed. After data collection, the results were submitted to statistical analysis. Results: The hearing losses were classified as to the degree (moderate and severe). The values of SII and IPRF were characterized by ear (right and left). The mean of WR was 72,56% in the right ear and 73,85 % in the left ear. The mean of SII was 58,44 % in the right ear and 59,73 % in the left ear.There were certain equations for the classification of hearing loss according to groups and equations for determining the values of SII and IPRF, according to each ear. Conclusion: There was a weak correlation between the values of SII and of WR obtained with monosyllabic stimuli in the elderly with hearing loss of moderate to severe degree.

Introducción: La audición es uno de los sentidos más nobles, ya que su función principal está ligada a la adquisición y desarrollo del lenguaje oral, esencial en las relaciones interpersonales y en el medio ambiente. El impacto de la pérdida sensorial auditiva interfiere con la capacidad de interpretar los sonidos del habla. Objetivo: Verificar que existe correlación entre los valores de Indice de inteligibilidad de habla (SII) y Indice de reconocimiento de habla. Método: Los datos obtenidos en los registros de 55 ancianos de ambos sexos fueron evaluados con pérdida auditiva sensorineural bilateral de moderado a severo, usuarios de audífonos acompañados en el servicio de salud auditiva del hospital de São Paulo. Se analizaron los valores de SII obtenidos en la verificación de los ajustes de audifono en el equipo Audioscan Verifit ® y los valores IPRF para los estímulos monosilábicoy. Después de la recolección de datos los resultados se presentaron al análisis estadístico. Resultados: Las pérdidas auditivas se clasificaron en cuanto al grado (moderado y severo). Los valores de SII y IPRF se caracterizaron por el oído (derecha e izquierda). El Indice de reconocimiento de habla medio fue de 72,56% en la OD y de 73,85% en la OI y el SII de 58,44% en la OD y 59,73% en la OI. Había ciertas ecuaciones para la clasificación de la pérdida de oído según grupos y las ecuaciones para determinar los valores de SII y de IPRF, según cada oído. Conclusión: Había una correlación débil entre los valores de SII y el IPRF obtenido con los estímulos monosilábicoy en los ancianos con la pérdida de oído de moderate al grado severo.

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RESUMO Objetivo Comparar valores do índice de inteligibilidade de fala amplificado, para diferentes entradas de sinal de fala (75, 65 e 55 dBNPS), gerados no processo de verificação dos aparelhos de amplificação sonora, nos diferentes graus e configurações de perdas auditiva. Métodos Foram selecionadas 41 crianças com idades entre 3 e 80 meses, totalizando 78 orelhas (quatro orelhas foram excluídas). As perdas auditivas foram classificadas conforme grupos de audibilidade e intervalos do índice de inteligibilidade de fala. Foram analisados 234 valores do índice de inteligibilidade de fala para os estímulos de fala e estes foram também analisados, em relação aos grupos e intervalos de audibilidade. Resultados Os grupos de audibilidade se deslocaram entre os intervalos do índice de inteligibilidade de fala, indicando a variação, conforme o nível de apresentação do sinal de entrada. Duas equações foram geradas para prever valores do índice de inteligibilidade de fala a partir do valor deste índice para o sinal de entrada de 65. Conclusão Menores níveis de pressão sonora do estímulo de fala produzem menores índices de inteligibilidade de fala. Esta diferença é mais acentuada nos deficientes auditivos, que apresentam valores do índice de inteligibilidade de fala de 65 entre 36% e 55%.

ABSTRACT Purpose To compare aided speech intelligibility index (SII) values in different speech signal inputs (75, 65, and 55 dBNPS), generated from the verification process of hearing aids, under different hearing loss severities and configurations. Methods 41 children aged between three and 80 months old were selected, totalizing 78 ears (after exclusion of four ears). Hearing loss was classified according to audibility groups and SII intervals. Two hundred and thirty-four (234) SII values were analyzed as per speech stimulus and with regard to groups and audibility intervals. Results Movement of audibility groups along SII intervals was observed, which indicates variation associated with the input signal intensity, as well as with the distance between the sound source and the hearing aid microphone. Two equations were generated to predict SII values from input signal SII65. Conclusion Lower levels of speech stimulus sound pressure produce lower levels of speech intelligibility. This difference is more pronounced in hearing-impaired persons, who present SII values between 36 and 55%.

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Introdução: A audibilidade, medida pelo SII (Índice de Inteligibilidade de fala), tem se mostrado uma condição necessária para o desenvolvimento de linguagem, pois permite o acesso ao input linguístico. O desenvolvimento de vocabulário tem provado ser um bom indicador do desenvolvimento de linguagem. Objetivo: investigar as características audiológicas e de desenvolvimento de linguagem oral em crianças com deficiência auditiva usuárias de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual. Método: Foram avaliadas 65 crianças entre 6 e 17 anos, usuárias de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual, quanto ao desempenho de vocabulário receptivo (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - PPVT-4) e audibilidade (SII 65). Resultados: A audibilidade para sons de fala revelou que, 9% dos sujeitos tinham SII 65 menor que 37, 47% tinham SII 65 entre 38 e 57 e 43% maior que 58. A pontuação média de escore padrão no teste de vocabulário foi de 51,8 pontos. Ao relacionar a audibilidade com o vocabulário, a tendência linear de aumento no desempenho de vocabulário com o aumento da audibilidade não foi significativa. Conclusões: As características e heterogeneidade da população pareceram representar as diferentes condições dos sujeitos acompanhados em um serviço de saúde auditiva no Brasil. Para a população estudada, a audibilidade não determinou o desempenho do vocabulário, sendo condição necessária, mas não suficiente para o desenvolvimento e crescimento do vocabulário.

Introduction: Audibility, measured by SII, has been shown to be a necessary condition for language development, since it allows access to the linguistic input. Likewise, vocabulary development has been shown to be a good indicator of language development. Objective: To investigate the audiological characteristics and the development of oral language characteristics in hearing impaired children who are hearing aid users. Methods: Sixty-five children aged 6 to 17 years old, hearing aid users, and based in the state of São Paulo, were evaluated for their receptive vocabulary performance (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test ­ 4) and their relation to audibility (SII 65). Results: Audibility for speech sounds assessed by the SII values revealed that 9% of the subjects had SII scores lower than 37, 47% had SII scores between 38 and 57, and 43% scored greater than 58. The overall mean of the standard score values in the receptive vocabulary test was 51.8. When relating audibility (SII 65) with vocabulary, the linear tendency of (i) the increase vocabulary performance with (ii) the increase of audibility was not significant. Conclusions: The characteristics and heterogeneity of the studied population sample seemed to represent different conditions of the subjects attended in an auditory health service in Brazil. Within the population analyzed, audibility did not determine vocabulary performance, being a critical but not sufficient factor to ensure adequate vocabulary development and growth.

Introducción: La audibilidad, medida por SII(Índice de Inteligibilidad del Habla), ha demostrado ser una condición necesaria para el desarrollo del lenguaje, ya que permite el acceso al input lingüístico. El desarrollo del vocabulario ha demostrado ser un buen indicador del desarrollo del lenguaje. Objetivo: investigar las característicasaudiológicasy del desarrollo del lenguaje oral en niños con discapacidad auditiva,usuarios de audífonos. Método: Sesenta y cinco niños entre 6 y 17 años, usuarios de audífonos fueron evaluados por su desempeño en vocabulario receptivo (Peabody Picture VocabularyTest-PPV- 4) y su audibilidad (SII 65) . Resultados: La audibilidad para los sonidos del habla reveló que el 9% de los sujetos tenían SII65 inferiores a 37, el 47% tenían SII65 entre 38 y 57, y el 43% mayor de 58. El promedio de la puntuación estándar en la prueba de vocabulario fue de 51.8. Al relacionar la audibilidad con el vocabulario, la tendencia lineal de aumento en el rendimiento del vocabulario con el aumento de la audibilidad no fue significativa. Conclusión: las características y la heterogeneidad de la población estudiada parecieron representar las diferentes condiciones de los sujetos atendidos en un servicio de salud auditiva en Brasil. En la población analizada, la audibilidad no determinó el rendimiento del vocabulario, siendo condición necesaria pero no suficiente para el desarrollo y crecimiento del vocabulario.

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The information we obtain from how speakers sound-for example their accent-affects how we interpret the messages they convey. A clear example is foreign accented speech, where reduced intelligibility and speaker's social categorization (out-group member) affect memory and the credibility of the message (e.g., less trustworthiness). In the present study, we go one step further and ask whether evaluations of messages are also affected by regional accents-accents from a different region than the listener. In the current study, we report results from three experiments on immediate memory recognition and immediate credibility assessments as well as the illusory truth effect. These revealed no differences between messages conveyed in local-from the same region as the participant-and regional accents-from native speakers of a different country than the participants. Our results suggest that when the accent of a speaker has high intelligibility, social categorization by accent does not seem to negatively affect how we treat the speakers' messages.

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RESUMO Objetivo Investigar os efeitos dos processos cognitivos e do Índice de Inteligibilidade de Fala no reconhecimento de fala no ruído em idosos, com e sem alteração cognitiva, usuários de próteses auditivas. Métodos 34 idosos, de 64 a 87 anos, com perda auditiva neurossensorial simétrica de grau moderado, usuários de próteses auditivas, foram distribuídos em grupos de idosos sem (GA; n=21) e com (GB; n=13) evidências de alteração cognitiva. A fim de garantir que o ajuste das próteses auditivas estivesse adequado, realizou-se o mapeamento visível de fala amplificada e foram obtidos os indices de ínteligibilidade de fala. Os idosos foram submetidos a uma triagem cognitiva (10-CS) e ao teste Lista de Sentenças em Português. A avaliação constou da pesquisa do limiar de reconhecimento de sentenças no ruído. Esta pesquisa foi realizada em campo livre, na condição sem e com próteses auditivas. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes de Qui-Quadrado e Mann-Whitney. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Resultados Não houve diferença significativa entre os índices de inteligibilidade de fala obtidos em ambos os grupos, tanto na condição com próteses auditivas, como na condição sem as próteses. Verificou-se que os idosos com e sem alteração cognitiva apresentaram o mesmo acesso aos sons da fala (SII), nas duas condições. Observou-se que os idosos sem alteração cognitiva apresentaram menor relação sinal/ruído média, para o reconhecimento de 50% das sentenças na presença de ruído tanto na condição sem próteses auditivas como na condição com próteses, do que aqueles com alteração cognitiva. Conclusão Idosos com melhor cognição apresentaram melhor reconhecimento de fala em condições de escuta difícil.

ABSTRACT Purpose Investigate the effects of cognitive processes and Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) in sentence recognition in noise among elderly users of hearing aids with and without cognitive disorders. Methods Study participants were 34 older adults, aged 64-87 years, with bilateral moderate sensorineural hearing loss, users of hearing aids for over a year. The individuals were divided into two groups: GA - without cognitive impairment (n=21) and GB - with cognitive impairment (n=13). In order to verify the adequate amplification of the hearing aids, participants of both groups underwent Visible Speech Mapping and had their Speech Intelligibility Indexes obtained. Subsequently, they were submitted to cognitive screening (10-CS) and the Brazilian Portuguese Sentence List Test. Evaluation consisted of a search for speech perception thresholds in noise (S/N ratio). This search was performed in free-field conditions first without and then with the hearing aids. Data were statistically analyzed at a significance level of 5% using the Chi-squared and Mann-Whitney tests. Results No statistically significant differences were observed between the SII results obtained in both groups either with or without hearing aids. These results demonstrate that the older individuals in the GA and GB present the same access to speech sounds with and without hearing aids. Individuals in the GA presented lower S/N ratio under both conditions. Conclusion Older individuals with better cognition present greater speech recognition in the presence of competitive noise.

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