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Misinformation can be broadly defined as false or inaccurate information created and spread with or without clear intent to cause harm. It travels fast and deep and persists despite debunking. It is well-documented that corrective messages and fact-checking efforts often fail to mitigate the effects or persistence of misinformation. In this article, we examine the persistence of misinformation as rooted in motivational and cognitive biases in information processing. While drawing on the frameworks of motivations that drive information seeking, sharing, and processing and various cognitive biases, we explicate mechanisms and processes that underlie the impact and persistence of misinformation. We conclude our article by discussing the potential utility of psychological inoculation as a prebunking strategy.

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Objective: To understand the current situation for social support and HPV vaccination behavior of female sex workers (FSWs) in entertainment venues and to explore the association between the support and HPV vaccination behavior. Methods: 923 FSWs in entertainment venues in a region of Guangxi were selected as survey respondents by using intentional sampling and employing a self-developed basic information questionnaire. The social support rating and the HPV vaccination behavior scales were analyzed to determine the current status of support and HPV vaccination behavior of FSWs in entertainment venues. In addition, the correlations between these parameters were analyzed. Results: The total score of social support of FSWs in entertainment venues was 35.13±8.10, and the score for HPV vaccination behavior was 30.08±5.73. There were significant differences between these two parameters for FSWs of different ages, monthly incomes and working hours (P < 0.05). Objective, subjective and social support were positively correlated with all dimensions of HPV vaccination behavior (r = 0.212~0.236, 0.245~0.334 and 0.113~0.152, respectively; P < 0.01 in all cases). Typical correlation analysis yielded a correlation between these three dimensions of social support as well as with two dimensions of HPV vaccination behavior (self-decision-making and self-efficacy) (r = 0.373; P < 0.01). Conclusion: Social support and HPV vaccination behavior of FSWs in entertainment venues initially low. However, as social support for FSWs was increased, their behavior towards HPV vaccination was elevated. Both subjective and objective support helped FSWs in entertainment venues their behavior to HPV vaccination and to maintain their physical and mental health.

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Porcine respiratory disease complex represents a major challenge for the swine industry, with swine influenza A virus (swIAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) being major contributors. Epidemiological studies have confirmed the co-circulation of these viruses in pig herds, making swIAV-PRRSV co-infections expected. A couple of in vivo co-infection studies have reported replication interferences between these two viruses. Herein, using a reductionist in vitro model, we investigated the potential mechanisms of these in vivo interferences. We first examined the impact of swIAV on porcine alveolar macrophages (AMs) and its effects on AMs co-infection by PRRSV. This was done either in monoculture or in co-culture with respiratory tracheal epithelial cells to represent the complexity of the interactions between the viruses and their respective target cells (epithelial cells for swIAV and AMs for PRRSV). AMs were obtained either from conventional or specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs. SwIAV replication was abortive in AMs, inducing cell death at high multiplicity of infections. In AMs from three out of four conventional animals, swIAV showed no impact on PRRSV replication. However, inhibition of PRRSV multiplication was observed in AMs from one animal, accompanied by an early increase in the expression of interferon (IFN)-I and IFN-stimulated genes. In AMs from six SPF pigs, swIAV inhibited PRRSV replication in all animals, with an early induction of antiviral genes. Co-culture experiments involving tracheal epithelial cells and AMs from either SPF or conventional pigs all showed swIAV-induced inhibition of PRRSV replication, together with early induction of antiviral genes. These findings highlight the complex interactions between swIAV and PRRSV in porcine AMs, and would suggest a role of host factors, such as sanitary status, in modulating viral propagation. Our co-culture experiments demonstrated that swIAV inhibits PRRSV replication more effectively in the presence of respiratory tracheal epithelial cells, suggesting a synergistic antiviral response between AMs and epithelial cells, consistent with in vivo experiments.

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Although microbial inoculation may be effective for sustainable crop production, detrimental aspects have been argued because of the potential of inoculated microorganisms to behave as invaders and negatively affect the microbial ecosystem. We herein compared the impact of rhizobial inoculation on the soil bacterial community with that of agricultural land-use changes using a 16S rRNA amplicon ana-lysis. Soybean plants were cultivated with and without five types of bradyrhizobial inoculants (Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens or Bradyrhizobium ottawaense) in experimental fields of Andosol, and the high nodule occupancy (35-72%) of bradyrhizobial inoculants was confirmed by nosZ PCR. However, bradyrhizobial inoculants did not significantly affect Shannon's diversity index (α-diversity) or shifts (ß-diversity) in the bacterial community in the soils. Moreover, the soil bacterial community was significantly affected by land-use types (conventional cropping, organic cropping, and original forest), where ß-diversity correlated with soil chemical properties (pH, carbon, and nitrogen contents). Therefore, the effects of bradyrhizobial inoculation on bacterial communities in bulk soil were minor, regardless of high nodule occupancy. We also observed a correlation between the relative abundance of bacterial classes (Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes) and land-use types or soil chemical properties. The impact of microbial inoculation on soil microbial ecosystems has been exami-ned to a limited extent, such as rhizosphere communities and viability. In the present study, we found that bacterial community shifts in soil were more strongly affected by land usage than by rhizobial inoculation. Therefore, the results obtained herein highlight the importance of assessing microbial inoculants in consideration of the entire land management system.

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The high content of recalcitrant lignocellulose in green waste (GW) makes composting and degradation challenging. Conventional GW composting typically employs single-strain microbial inoculants (MIs) with limited enzyme production capabilities, resulting in low composting efficiency and suboptimal compost product quality. In this study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (J1), Clonostachys rogersoniana (B2), and Streptomyces thermoviolaceus (J3) was utilized to optimize cultivation conditions and strain ratios based on enzyme activity indicators. The aim was to develop a potent three-strain lignocellulose-degrading MIs and test the hypothesis that its performance is superior to that of single-strain and two-strain MIs in terms of lignocellulose degradation and compost maturation. The results indicated that, the optimal treatment was T7, which was inoculated with a three-strain MIs composed of the spore suspensions of J1, B2, and J3 with a volume ratio of 3:3:2. Specifically, compared to the control (without MI), T7 increased the content of particle size between 0.25 and 2.00 mm and humic acid by 17% and 291%, respectively. Furthermore, T7 enhanced the degradation rates of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin by 197%, 145%, and 113%, respectively, and increased the activities of laccase, manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, and carboxymethyl cellulase by 605%, 269%, 180%, and 228%, respectively. Additionally, T7 increased the relative abundance of bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas) and fungi (e.g. Parascedosporium) that facilitated lignocellulose degradation, enhanced the alpha diversity index and promoted the formation of a microbial community structure characterized by prominent dominant species and greater diversity. Remarkably, the inoculation with the three-strain MI yielded high-quality compost within 32 days.

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This study demonstrates that the co-inoculation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Pichia fermentans and Staphylococcus saprophyticus accelerates catfish frame fish sauce fermentation. Over a 3-day period, significant changes occurred in physicochemical properties, microbial profiles, flavor compounds, and metabolomic spectra. Notable increases in acidity coupled with decreases in glucose underscored the robust environmental adaptability of the employed microorganisms. A reduction in total amino acids, alongside a rise in umami amino acids, suggested flavor enhancement. GC-MS analysis identified 40 key volatile compounds, with esters and aldehydes crucial for aroma development. UPLC-QTOF-MS-based untargeted analysis identified 934 metabolites, with 377 differential metabolites being vital (VIP > 1.5, P < 0.05), including amino acids, peptides, organic acids, nucleic acids, and fatty acids. Metabolites linked to amino acid metabolism, particularly phenylalanine and arginine, were associated with fermentation duration. These findings offer a theoretical basis for optimizing flavor and quality in fish sauces from fish by-products through accelerated fermentation.

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Microbial communities are undergoing unprecedented dispersion and amalgamation across diverse ecosystems, thereby exerting profound and pervasive influences on microbial assemblages and ecosystem dynamics. This review delves into the phenomenon of community coalescence, offering an ecological overview that outlines its four-step process and elucidates the intrinsic interconnections in the context of community assembly. We examine pivotal mechanisms driving community coalescence, with a particular emphasis on elucidating the fates of both source and resident microbial communities and the consequential impacts on the ecosystem. Finally, we proffer recommendations to guide researchers in this rapidly evolving domain, facilitating deeper insights into the ecological ramifications of microbial community coalescence.

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Background: Drought constitutes a major abiotic stress factor adversely affecting plant growth and productivity. Plant-microbe symbiotic associations have evolved regulatory mechanisms to adapt to environmental stress conditions. However, the interactive effects of different fungi on host growth and stress tolerance under drought conditions remain unclear. Objective: This study explored the effects of varying polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) concentrations (0%, 15%, 25%, and 35%) on the growth and physiological responses of two ectomycorrhizal fungi (Suillus granulatus (Sg) and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt)) and two dark septate endophytes (Pleotrichocladium opacum (Po) and Pseudopyrenochaeta sp. (Ps)) isolated from the root system of Pinus tabuliformis. Specifically, the study aimed to evaluate six inoculation treatments, including no inoculation (CK), single inoculations with Sg, Pt, Po, Ps, and a mixed inoculation (Sg: Pt : Po: Ps = 1:1:1:1), on the growth and physiological characteristics of P. tabuliformis seedlings under different water regimes: well-watered at 70% ± 5%, light drought at 50% ± 5%, and severe drought at 30% ± 5% of the maximum field water holding capacity. Results: All four fungi exhibited the capacity to cope with drought stress by enhancing antioxidant activities and regulating osmotic balance. Upon successful root colonization, they increased plant height, shoot biomass, root biomass, total biomass, and mycorrhizal growth response in P. tabuliformis seedlings. Under drought stress conditions, fungal inoculation improved seedling drought resistance by increasing superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, free proline and soluble protein contents, and promoting nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. Notably, mixed inoculation treatments significantly enhanced antioxidant capacity, osmotic adjustment, and nutrient acquisition abilities, leading to superior growth promotion effects under drought stress compared to single inoculation treatments. Conclusion: All four fungi tolerated PEG-induced drought stress, with increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmotic adjustment substances and they promoted the growth and enhanced drought resistance of P. tabuliformis seedlings.

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Enhancement of microbial assimilation of inorganic nitrogen (N) by straw addition is believed to be an effective pathway to improve farmland N cycling. However, the effectiveness of differently pretreated straws on soil N2O emissions and soil N-acquiring enzyme activities remains unclear. In this study, a pot experiment with four treatments (I, no addition, CK; II, respective addition of maize straw, S; III, composted maize straw under no fungi inoculation, SC; and IV, composted maize straw under fungi inoculation, SCPA) at the same quantity of carbon (C) input was conducted under the same amount of inorganic N fertilization. Results showed that the seasonal cumulative N2O emissions following the SCPA treatment were the lowest at 4.03 kg N ha-1, representing a significant reduction of 19 % compared with the CK treatment. The S and SC treatments had no significant effects on N2O emissions. The decrease of soil N2O emissions following the SCPA treatment was mainly attributed to the increase of microbial N assimilation and the increased abundance of functional genes related to N2O reductase. The SCPA treatment significantly decreased soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and increased leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity at the basal fertilization, while increased soil ALP and LAP activity, decreased soil N-Acetyl-ß-D-Glucosidase (NAG) activity at harvest. Compared with the CK treatment, the S, SC, and SCPA treatment significantly increased soil ß-glucosidase (ß-GC) activity at harvest. The decrease in the (NAG+LAP)/ALP ratio following the SCPA treatment indicated that the composted maize straw under fungi inoculation alleviated microbial N limitation at harvest. Moreover, PICRUSt analysis also suggested that the SCPA treatment increased the abundance of bacterial genes associated with N assimilation and N2O reduction, whereas the S and SC treatment did not significantly affect the abundance of N2O reduction genes compared with the CK treatment. Our results suggest that the composted maize straw under fungi inoculation would reduce the risk of N2O emissions and effectively mitigate the microbial N limitation in dryland wheat system.

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BACKGROUND: MTBVAC is a live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine, currently undergoing phase III evaluation for tuberculosis prevention. In previous preclinical studies, we found that local pulmonary administration of MTBVAC via the intranasal route had a strong therapeutic effect against asthma. This effect correlated with the abrogation of allergen-specific Th2 response in the lungs. METHODS: Using different mouse models of asthma, we investigated the effect of MTBVAC administered by intravenous (IV) route and its potential as immunotherapeutic agent to induce desensitisation of allergen-specific responses at a systemic level. We explored the effects of this process in the efficacy against airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) induced by exposure to different allergens. FINDINGS: IV MTBVAC was highly efficient at reducing AHR induced by different allergens. Additionally, IV MTBVAC was found to be well-tolerated, being progressively eliminated from the different organs analysed. From a mechanistic standpoint, we observed that MTBVAC intravenous, but not intranasal, impaired allergen-specific Th2 response in both lungs and spleen. This reduction at a systemic level correlated with long-term therapeutic protection against allergen exposure. Our results also revealed differential immunological mechanisms governing systemic and local pulmonary allergen desensitisation processes. Notably, in a cohort of patients with asthma sensitive to house dust mite (HDM), in vitro incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with MTBVAC prevented allergen-specific production of Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5. INTERPRETATION: Altogether, our results suggest that intravenous MTBVAC could be a plausible allergen desensitising approach for treatment of asthma, and could provide long-term protection against allergen exposure. FUNDING: MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 [grants number RTI2018-097625-B-I00 and PID2022-138624OB-I00]; Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red- (Groups CB06/06/0020 and CB06/06/0013), Instituto de Salud Carlos III.

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Inoculation of Azospirillum in maize has become a standard practice in Latin America. However, information on the behavior and population survival of the Azospirillum post-inoculation is scarce, making standardization difficult and generating variations in inoculation efficiency across assays. In this study, we tracked the colonization of three agriculturally relevant Azospirillum strains (Ab-V5, Az39, and the ammonium excreting HM053) after different inoculation methods in maize crops by qPCR. Besides, we assessed their ability to promote maize growth by measuring biometric parameters after conducting a greenhouse essay over 42 days. Inoculated plants exhibited Azospirillum population ranging from 103 to 107 cells plant-1 throughout the experiment. While all strains efficiently colonized roots, only A. argentinense Az39 demonstrated bidirectional translocation between roots and shoots, which characterizes a systemic behavior. Optimal inoculation methods for plant growth promotion varied among strains: soil inoculation promoted the best maize growth for the Ab-V5 and Az39 strains, while seed inoculation proved most effective for HM053. The findings of this study demonstrate that the inoculation method affects the behavior of Azospirillum strains and their effectiveness in promoting maize growth, thereby guiding practices to enhance crop yield.

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Inoculation theory research offers a promising psychological 'vaccination' against misinformation. But are people willing to take it? Expanding on the inoculation metaphor, we introduce the concept of 'inoculation hesitancy' as a framework for exploring reluctance to engage with misinformation interventions. Study 1 investigated whether individuals feel a need for misinformation inoculations. In a comparative self-evaluation, participants assessed their own experiences with misinformation and expectations of inoculation and compared them to those of the average person. Results exposed a better-than-average effect. While participants were concerned over the problem of misinformation, they estimated that they were less likely to be exposed to it and more skilful at detecting it than the average person. Their self-described likelihood of engaging with inoculation was moderate, and they believed other people would benefit more from being inoculated. In Study 2, participants evaluated their inclination to watch inoculation videos from sources varying in trustworthiness and political affiliation. Results suggest that participants are significantly less willing to accept inoculations from low-trust sources and less likely to accept inoculations from partisan sources that are antithetical to their own political beliefs. Overall, this research identifies motivational obstacles in reaching herd immunity with inoculation theory, guiding future development of inoculation interventions.

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Seven auxin-producing endophytic bacterial strains (Azospirillum spp., Methylobacterium symbioticum, Bacillus spp.), and two different combinations of these strains were used to verify their influence on tomato during germination and development in hydroponic conditions where, as a novelty for Canestrino di Lucca cultivar, endophytic bacteria were inoculated. To emphasize the presence of bacterial auxins in roots and stems of seedlings, both in situ staining qualitative assessment and quantitative analysis were carried out. Moreover, hypogeal and epigeal growth of the plantlets were measured, and correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between the amount of indolacetic acid (IAA) produced by the bacterial strains and root and stem parameters. Plantlets treated with microbial inoculants showed a significant increase in the survival rate compared to the control treatment. The best results as IAA producers were from Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 and A. brasilense Cd, which also induced significant root growth. On the other hand, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and B. licheniformis induced the best rates in stem growth. These findings highlight the potential for using endophytic bacterial strains in a hydroponic co-cultivation system that enables inoculating plantlets, at an early stage of growth (5 days old).

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BACKGROUND: Endophytic fungi (EF) reside within plants without causing harm and provide benefits such as enhancing nutrients and producing bioactive compounds, which improve the medicinal properties of host plants. Selecting plants with established medicinal properties for studying EF is important, as it allows a deeper understanding of their influence. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the impact of EF after inoculating the medicinal plant Perilla frutescens, specifically focusing on their role in enhancing medicinal properties. RESULTS: In the current study, the impact of two EF i.e., Irpex lenis and Schizophyllum commune isolated from A. bracteosa was observed on plant Perilla frutescens leaves after inoculation. Plants were divided into four groups i.e., group A: the control group, group B: inoculated with I. lenis; group C: inoculated with S. commune and group D: inoculated with both the EF. Inoculation impact of I. lenis showed an increase in the concentration of chlorophyll a (5.32 mg/g), chlorophyll b (4.46 mg/g), total chlorophyll content (9.78 mg/g), protein (68.517 ± 0.77 mg/g), carbohydrates (137.886 ± 13.71 mg/g), and crude fiber (3.333 ± 0.37%). Furthermore, the plants inoculated with I. lenis showed the highest concentrations of P (14605 mg/kg), Mg (4964.320 mg/kg), Ca (27389.400 mg/kg), and Mn (86.883 mg/kg). The results of the phytochemical analysis also indicated an increased content of total flavonoids (2.347 mg/g), phenols (3.086 mg/g), tannins (3.902 mg/g), and alkaloids (1.037 mg/g) in the leaf extract of P. frutescens inoculated with I. lenis. Thus, overall the best results of inoculation were observed in Group B i.e. inoculated with I. lenis. GC-MS analysis of methanol leaf extract showed ten bioactive constituents, including 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester as major constituents found in all the groups of P. frutescens leaves. The phenol (gallic acid) and flavonoids (rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin) were also observed to increase after inoculation by HPTLC analysis. The enhancement in the phytochemical content was co-related with improved anti-oxidant potential which was analyzed by DPPH (% Inhibition: 83.45 µg/ml) and FRAP (2.980 µM Fe (II) equivalent) assay as compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Inoculation with I. lenis significantly enhances the uptake of nutritional constituents, phytochemicals, and antioxidant properties in P. frutescens, suggesting its potential to boost the therapeutic properties of host plants.

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Introduction: This study tested the motivational power of inoculation to foster resistance to conspiracy propaganda (9/11 Truth Movement), comparing inoculation effects across United States and Finnish study participants. Method: We used a 2 inoculation (treatment vs. control) × 2 national culture (American vs. Finnish) independent groups design (N = 319), while examining the effects of motivational threat and thinking modes-analytic vs. intuitive-on the inoculation process. To test the effectiveness of the inoculation strategy, we used an excerpt from a conspiracy film Loose Change as a counterattitudinal attack message. Results: Our results indicated that inoculation was effective at motivating resistance regardless of national culture. Inoculation effects emerged mostly as a direct effect on resistance and two indirect effects wherein motivational threat mediated the relationship between inoculation and resistance as well as inoculation and analytic mode of message processing. Although we found that an increase in analytic mode of processing facilitated resistance and intuitive processing increased conspiracy-theory endorsement, the indirect effects between inoculation and resistance via message processing modes were not significant. Finally, the data revealed national culture differences in analytic mode and cultural-context differences mostly pertaining to the relationships between thinking styles, media literacy, and modes of thinking. Discussion: These results offer important theoretical implications for inoculation scholarship and suggest viable practical solutions for efforts to mitigate misinformation and conspiratorial beliefs.

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Soil microbiota underpin ecosystem functionality yet are rarely targeted during ecosystem restoration. Soil microbiota recovery following native plant revegetation can take years to decades, while the effectiveness of soil inoculation treatments on microbiomes remains poorly explored. Therefore, innovative restoration treatments that target soil microbiota represent an opportunity to accelerate restoration outcomes. Here, we introduce the concept of ecological phage therapy-the application of phage for the targeted reduction of the most abundant and dominant bacterial taxa present in degraded ecosystems. We propose that naturally occurring bacteriophages-viruses that infect bacteria-could help rapidly shift soil microbiota towards target communities. Bacteriophages sculpt the microbiome by lysis of specific bacteria, and if followed by the addition of reference soil microbiota, such treatments could facilitate rapid reshaping of soil microbiota. Here, we experimentally tested this concept in a pilot study. We collected five replicate pre-treatment degraded soil samples, then three replicate soil samples 48 hours after phage, bacteria, and control treatments. Bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing showed that phage-treated soils had reduced bacterial diversity; however, when we combined ecological phage therapy with reference soil inoculation, we did not see a shift in soil bacterial community composition from degraded soil towards a reference-like community. Our pilot study provides early evidence that ecological phage therapy could help accelerate the reshaping of soil microbiota with the ultimate aim of reducing timeframes for ecosystem recovery. We recommend the next steps for ecological phage therapy be (a) developing appropriate risk assessment and management frameworks, and (b) focussing research effort on its practical application to maximise its accessibility to restoration practitioners.

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Seed treatment with plant growth-promoting bacteria represents the primary strategy to incorporate them into agricultural ecosystems, particularly for crops under extensive management, such as maize. In this study, we evaluated the seed bacterization levels, root colonization patterns, and root competitiveness of a collection of autochthonous Pseudomonas isolates that have demonstrated several plant-probiotic abilities in vitro. Our findings indicate that the seed bacterization level, both with and without the addition of various protectants, is specific to each Pseudomonas strain, including their response to seed pre-hydration. Bacterization kinetics revealed that while certain isolates persisted on seed surfaces for up to 4 days post-inoculation (dpi), others experienced a rapid decline in viability after 1 or 2 dpi. The observed differences in seed bacterization levels were consistent with the root colonization densities observed through confocal microscopy analysis, and with root competitiveness quantified via selective plate counts. Notably, isolates P. protegens RBAN4 and P. chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca SMMP3 demonstrated effective competition with the natural microflora for colonizing the maize rhizosphere and both promoted shoot and root biomass production in maize assessed at the V3 grown stage. Conversely, P. donghuensis SVBP6 was detected at very low levels in the maize rhizosphere, but still exhibited a positive effect on plant parameters, suggesting a growth-stimulatory effect during the early stages of plant development. In conclusion, there is a considerable strain-specific variability in the maize seed bacterization and survival capacities of Pseudomonas isolates with plant-probiotic traits, with a correlation in their root competitiveness under natural conditions. This variability must be understood to optimize their adoption as inputs for the agricultural system. Our experimental approach emphasizes the critical importance of tailoring seed bacterization treatments for each inoculant candidate, including the selection and incorporation of protective substances. It should not be assumed that all bacterial cells exhibit a similar performance.

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Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Studies aiming to predict the likely spread of EHDV require an understanding of the viral infection and replication kinetics within these insects, including the proportion of the insect population that are able to support virus transmission. Here, we describe methods for the infection of Culicoides with EHDV in the laboratory via oral infection using an artificial membrane system or a cotton pledget and intrathoracic (IT) inoculation. Each method can be used to explore determinants of vector competence of Culicoides species and populations for EHDV.

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BACKGROUND: Gambling advertising employs a range of persuasive strategies. We therefore aimed to evaluate a counter-advertising intervention video to increase resilience to gambling advertising persuasion. METHODS: Three in-depth focus groups were conducted, and each group contained a mixture of gambling-related academics (N = 12) and experts with lived experience of gambling-related harm (N = 10). Participants were given access to the intervention video and provided feedback during the focus groups. Qualitative data were audio recorded and thematically analysed by the research team. RESULTS: Three main themes were identified. First, participants recommended a shorter video that had a simplified and digestible structure. Second, frequent real-world examples of gambling advertisements within the video were discouraged, and the inclusion of a relatable human voiceover was considered imperative to the receptiveness of the video. Finally, participants deemed it important to deliver psychologically grounded yet jargon-free content via a conversational style. An overall narrative framed by consumer-protection was also preferred in order to increase acceptance of the video content, rather than a more didactic framing. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluating the acceptability of a counter advertising intervention video provided valuable insight from both an academic and lived-experience perspective. Such insight is instrumental to the meaningful co-design of counter-advertising interventions.

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This study investigated the use of endophyte-assisted Tillandsia brachycaulos to enhance formaldehyde removal in indoor environments. A formaldehyde-degrading endophyte from the root of Epipremnum aureum, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, was identified and used for inoculation. Among the inoculation methods, spraying proved to be the most effective, resulting in a significant 35 % increase in formaldehyde removal after 36 hours. The results of the light exposure experiment (3000 Lux) demonstrate that an increase in light intensity reduces the efficiency of the Tillandsia brachycaulos-microbial system in degrading formaldehyde. In a 15-day formaldehyde fumigation experiment at 2 ppm in a normal indoor environment, the inoculated Tillandsia brachycaulos exhibited removal efficiency ranging from 42.53 % to 66.13 %, while the uninoculated declined from 31.62 % to 3.17 %. The Pseudomonas plecoglossicida (referred to as PP-1) became the predominant bacteria within the Tillandsia brachycaulos after fumigation. Moreover, the endophytic inoculation effectively increased the resistance and tolerance of Tillandsia brachycaulos to formaldehyde, as evidenced by lower levels of hydroxyl radical, malondialdehyde (MDA), free protein, and peroxidase activity (POD), as well as higher chlorophyll content compared to uninoculated Tillandsia brachycaulos. These findings indicate that the combination of endophytic bacteria and Tillandsia brachycaulos has significant potential for improving indoor air quality.

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