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Gastric endoscopic mucosal resection is challenging due to the slippery mucosa, abundant blood vessels, and the presence of mucus. We developed gel immersion endoscopy to secure the visual field, even in a blood-filled gastrointestinal lumen in 2016. Clear gel with appropriate viscosity, instead of water, can prevent rapid mixture with blood and facilitate identification of the culprit vessel. We further optimized the gel for endoscopic treatment, and the resultant product, Viscoclear (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory) was first released in Japan in 2020. The viscosity of this gel has been optimized to maximize endoscopic visibility without compromising the ease of its irrigation. The aim of this study is to clarify the effectiveness of gel immersion endoscopic mucosal resection for small-sized early gastric neoplasms. Seven lesions in seven patients were treated by gel immersion endoscopic mucosal resection. The size of all lesions was under 10 mm. The median procedure time was 4.5 min. Intraoperative bleeding occurred in four of seven lesions immediately after snare resection and was easily controlled by endoscopic hemostatic forceps during the gel immersion endoscopy. The R0 resection rate was 100%. In conclusion, gel immersion endoscopic mucosal resection may be a straightforward, rapid, and safe technique for resecting superficial gastric neoplasms <10 mm in diameter.

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BACKGROUND: This systematic review and network meta-analysis assessed via direct and indirect comparisons the recovery effects of hydrotherapy and cold therapy at different temperatures on exercise induced muscle damage. METHODS: Five databases were searched in English and Chinese. The included studies included exercise interventions such as resistance training, high-intensity interval training, and ball games, which the authors were able to define as activities that induce the appearance of EIMD. The included RCTs were analyzed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Eligible studies were included and and two independent review authors extracted data. Frequentist network meta-analytical approaches were calculated based on standardized mean difference (SMD) using random effects models. The effectiveness of each intervention was ranked and the optimal intervention was determined using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) indicator. RESULTS: 57 studies with 1220 healthy participants were included, and four interventions were examined: Cold Water Immersion (CWI), Contrast Water Therapy (CWT), Thermoneutral or Hot Water Immersion (TWI/HWI), and Cryotherapy(CRYO). According to network meta-analysis, Contrast Water Immersion (SUCRA: 79.9% )is most effective in recovering the biochemical marker Creatine Kinase. Cryotherapy (SUCRA: 88.3%) works best to relieve Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. In the recovery of Jump Ability, cryotherapy (SUCRA: 83.7%) still ranks the highest. CONCLUSION: We found that CWT was the best for recovering biochemical markers CK, and CRYO was best for muscle soreness and neuromuscular recovery. In clinical practice, we recommend the use of CWI and CRYO for reducing EIMD. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: [PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42023396067].

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Introduction: Aortic dissections and dissections of cervical, cerebral, and coronary arteries have been previously reported in scuba divers. These incidents may be the consequence of a variety of physiological effects. We review the reported cases of arterial dissection in scuba divers and discuss potential contributing factors related to immersion and diving. Methods: Medline, CINAHL Plus, and SPORTDiscus were searched for published reports of arterial dissection and the Australasian Diving Safety Foundation fatality database was searched for additional cases from Australia. Identified cases were recorded and scrutinised for possible contributing factors. Results: Nineteen cases of arterial dissection, both fatal and non-fatal, were identified. These included cervical or intracranial artery dissection (n = 14), aortic dissection (n = 4), and coronary artery dissection (n = 1). There were 14 male and five female victims; mean age 44 years (SD 14, range 18-65). Contributing factors may include a combination of vasoconstriction and blood redistribution, untreated hypertension, increased pulse pressure, abnormal neck movement or positioning, constrictive and burdensome equipment, exercise, increased gas density and circuit resistance with concomitant elevated work of breathing, atheroma, and possibly the mammalian dive response. Conclusions: Dissecting aneurysms of the aorta or cervical, cerebral, and coronary arteries should be considered as a potential complication of scuba diving. The development of aneurysms associated with scuba diving is likely multifactorial in pathogenesis. Detailed reporting is important in the evaluation of cases. The potential role of the mammalian dive response as a contributing factor requires further evaluation.

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INTRODUCTION: We studied field rewarming using a typical winter sleeping bag versus two heated hypothermia wrap systems in a semi-realistic lab simulation. METHODS: 10 participants (8 M, 2 F) were cooled to 36.1°C core temperature through 10.5-11.5°C water immersion, then performed 60 min of passive rewarming in 0°C air. The rewarming methods tested were: 1) a -9°C rated mummy-style Sleeping Bag; 2) Doctor Down Rescue Wrap; and 3) Thermal Yielding Vascular Airway Capsule (TYVAC) system; the latter two methods included vapor barriers and two heating pads. Rectal and skin temperatures, along with metabolic heat production calculated via indirect calorimetry, were measured throughout rewarming. RESULTS: One male participant was removed from analysis due to lack of sufficient cooling. Rectal temperature decreased in the remaining participants by ∼1.1-1.2°C to 36.1°C during the initial immersion phase. Over the 60 min of rewarming, rectal temperature changes were Δ0.0 ± 0.6°C in a sleeping bag, Δ+0.2 ± 0.3°C in Doctor Down, and Δ+0.2 ± 0.3°C in TYVAC, with no significant differences across methods. Mean skin temperatures, metabolic heat production, and perceptual measures were also similar across methods with no method×time interactions. CONCLUSIONS: After 60 min of passive rewarming in cold conditions, all three rewarming methods were able to stall continued core cooling to levels at or slightly above post-immersion temperatures. With no differences in any physiological measures, it appears that all three rewarming methods are equally viable options for wilderness responders, and the choice should come down to environmetal conditions, availability, convenience, and ergonomics rather than rewarming efficacy.

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This work aimed to determine the optimum conditions for dehydration impregnation by immersion (D2I) and by intermittent immersion (D3I) of mango (Mangifera indica) slices measuring 4 × 1 × 1 cm3. To this end, the Doehlert response surface plan was used, with the following factors for D2I: the volume of D2I solution/fruit mass ratio (6/1-13/1 mL/g), the process time (120-360 min) and the Brix degree of the solution (45-65 °Brix) and with the following factors for D3I: immersion time (20-60 min), process time (60-300 min) and de-immersion time (7-25 min). The temperature was fixed according to literature at 35 °C. The optimum responses obtained for the D2I process were (47.63 ± 1.79) g/100 g (w-b) for water loss, and (6.67 ± 1.04) g/100 g (w-b) for solute gain, for optimum operating conditions of 6/1 mL/g; 245 min and 61.6°Brix respectively for the immersion ratio, process time and solute concentration of the hypertonic solution. The optimum responses obtained for D3I process were (47.98 ± 2.12) g/100 g (w-b) for water loss, and (4.31 ± 0.052) g/100 g (w-b) for solute gain (SG), for operating conditions of 21; 270; and 9 min, respectively for immersion time, process time and de-immersion time. The Student's t-test on the predicted and experimental optima of WL and SG revealed valuable insights for comparing these two processes. The present study will undoubtedly introduce a new dynamic to the osmotic dehydration systems for fruits and vegetables.

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Largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) causes disease outbreaks and high mortality at all stages of largemouth bass farming. Therefore, live vaccine development is critical for largemouth bass prevention against LMBV by immersion immunization. Herein, an attenuated LMBV strain with good immunogenicity, designated as LMBV-2007136, was screened from the natural LMBV strains bank through challenge assay and immersion immunization experiment. After determing the safe concentration range of LMBV-2007136, the minimum immunizing dose of immersion immunization was verified. When largemouth bass were vaccinated by immersion at the lowest concentration of 102.0 TCID50/mL, all of fish were survival post virulent LMBV challenge, and the relative percent survival (RPS) was 100 %. And the immune gene expression levels of IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, and IgM in the spleen and kidney post-vaccination were significantly up-regulated compared to the control group, but TNF-α expression showed no significant changes. The safety and efficacy of LMBV-2007136 at passages P8, P13, and P18 were futher assessed, and no death of largemouth bass was observed within 21 days post-immunization and RPS of three vaccination groups was 100 %, suggesting that the safety and efficacy of the attenuated strain at different passages was stable. Furthermore, in the virulence reversion test, the attenuated strain was propagated through 5 times in largemouth bass by intraperitoneal injection and no abnormality and mortality were observed, further proving the attenuated vaccine candidate LMBV-2007136 was safe. These results proved that LMBV-2007136 could be a promising candidate for a live vaccine to protect largemouth bass from LMBV disease.

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A new method was evaluated and developed for the analysis of pesticides in sandy-loam soil by direct-immersion solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME) followed by gas chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) determination. Ten pesticides were selected based on a literature survey of the compounds reported to be present in EU soils. The extraction was performed using SPME LC-Tips, a new SPME configuration with the coated fibers attached to a disposable and easy-to-handle micropipette tip, which was immersed into a soil slurry made by the addition of an aqueous solution to the soil sample. Ten experimental parameters were evaluated with a Plackett-Burman design, after which the extraction time and percentage of organic solvent in the aqueous extraction were optimized separately. The two fiber chemistries available (PDMS/DVB and C18) were evaluated in parallel for the entire work. In the final method, slurry samples were made by adding an aqueous solution (6 % methanol v/v) to 2 g of soil. The fiber was conditioned and then inserted, for extraction, into the samples, stirred by a magnetic bar. Afterwards, the analytes were desorbed onto 100 µL of methanol. After the addition of analyte protectants (ethylglycerol, gulonolactone, and sorbitol) the extract was injected into the GC-MS/MS system. Isotopically labelled penconazole was used as internal standard. A calibration was performed by extracting spiked soil with analyte concentrations of 0.1-50 µg/kg. Coefficients of determination of the linear calibration were between 0.94-0.98 for the PDMS/DVB and 0.92-0.99 for the C18. Limits of detection range between 0.01-10 µg/kg for the PDMS/DVB and 0.1-10 µg/kg for the C18. Overall, the C18 analytically outperformed the PDMS/DVB but required a longer extraction time (120 min vs 75 min for the PDMS/DVB). This method allows automation and generates low residual toxic waste, having the potential to be introduced as a greener and simpler alternative to currently used sample preparation methodologies.

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Conditioned pain modulation and exercise-induced hypoalgesia reflect inhibitory pain controls emanating from the brain. The aim of this study was to compare the extent of pain inhibition from exercise-induced hypoalgesia (isometric wall squat), conditioned pain modulation (cold-water immersion), and their combination (wall squat followed by cold water in fixed order) in healthy pain-free adults. Sixty-one participants (median age 21 years) completed three sessions (Wall-squat, Cold-water, Combined) in random order. Sessions were separated by at least a week. In each session, pressure-pain thresholds, single-pinprick-pain ratings, and pinprick-temporal summation of pain (the fifth minus the first) were obtained at quadriceps, forearms, and forehead, before and after wall squat and/or cold water. Each intervention inhibited pain to pressure (partial η2 =.26) and single pinprick (partial η2 =.16) to a similar extent; however, pressure-pain inhibition was negligible in the forehead. After adjusting for age and sex, single-pinprick-pain inhibition in the forehead induced by wall squat was associated with that induced by cold water (adjusted R2 =.15; p =.007), and stronger pain inhibition was predicted by a higher thigh-pain rating to wall squat (adjusted R2 =.10; p =.027). Neither intervention affected pinprick-temporal summation of pain. Together, the findings suggest that pain inhibitory effects of exercise-induced hypoalgesia and conditioned pain modulation may overlap when exercise is at least moderately painful (6/10 intensity). Pressure-pain in body regions remote from the exercised or conditioned sites may be weakly modulated. PERSPECTIVE: The current findings suggest that pain inhibitory effects induced by painful wall squat and by cold-water immersion may overlap. The magnitude of pain inhibition in the forehead remote from the exercised thigh or the conditioned foot appears smaller, which could be examined further in future research.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of immersion on immune enzyme activity, haemolymph index, intestinal microbiome and metabolome of E. sinensis after low temperature air exposure. The results showed that low temperature air exposure induced stress response, which led to hepatopancreas injury and increased membrane permeability, but this situation was reversible and alleviated after immersion. In addition, after exposure to low temperature air, haemolymph metabolism-related substances such as glucose and total cholesterol were significantly different from the initial value (P < 0.05), and gradually returned to the initial level after immersion. The changes of intestinal flora and hepatopancreas metabolism caused by low temperature air exposure did not fully recover after immersion, and its negative effects did not completely disappear. The sequencing results showed that the species composition and diversity of intestinal microorganisms of Chinese mitten crabs were changed after low temperature air exposure and immersion treatment. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were increased, while the relative abundance of Firmicutes was decreased (P < 0.05). Metabolomics analysis showed that lysine levels increased significantly, taurocholic acid levels decreased significantly, and amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism balance were disturbed in hepatopancreas of E. sinensis after exposure to low temperature air and immersion (P < 0.05). This study will provide new insights into the recovery mechanism of water immersion on Chinese mitten crabs after exposure to air.

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The cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) response of the human body to Arctic-like environments helps delay or prevent cold injuries to peripheral regions, such as the hands and feet. To more comprehensively predict the thermal responses of these body regions to cold stress, here we extended our previously developed and validated anatomically accurate three-dimensional whole-body thermoregulatory human model by incorporating a new phenomenological formulation of the CIVD mechanism. In this formulation, we modulated the cyclic vasodilation and vasoconstriction flow of warm blood from the body core to the peripheral regions solely by determining the heat-transfer exchange between the skin and the surrounding environment, and deactivated it when the core body temperature decreased to 36.5 °C. In total, we calibrated and validated the model using eight distinct studies involving 153 unique male subjects exposed to 10 diverse experimental conditions, including cold-air exposure of the whole body as well as air exposure and cold-water immersion of the hand or the foot. With CIVD incorporated, the model predictions generally yielded root mean square errors (RMSEs) of <3.0 °C for skin temperature, which represented a reduction of up to 3.6 °C compared to when we did not consider CIVD. Similarly, the incorporation of CIVD increased the fraction of predictions within two standard errors of the measured data by up to 63 %. The model predictions yielded RMSEs for core body temperature of <0.2 °C. The model can be used to provide guidelines to reduce the risk of cold-related injuries during prolonged exposures to very-cold environments.

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Aims: Seawater immersion significantly aggravated organ dysfunction following hemorrhagic shock, leading to higher mortality rate. However, the effective treatment is still unavailable in clinic. Mitochondria were involved in the onset and development of multiple organ function disorders; whether mitochondria participate in the cardiac dysfunction following seawater immersion combined with hemorrhagic shock remains poorly understood. Hence, we investigated the role and possible mechanism of mitochondria in seawater immersion combined with hemorrhage shock-induced cardiac dysfunction. Results: Mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) was activated and translocated from the cytoplasm to mitochondria in the heart following seawater immersion combined with hemorrhagic shock, leading to excessive mitochondrial fission. Excessive mitochondrial fission disrupted mitochondrial function and structure and activated mitophagy and apoptosis. At the same time, excessive mitochondrial fission resulted in disturbance of myocardial structure and hemodynamic disorders and ultimately provoked multiple organ dysfunction and high mortality. Further studies showed that the mitochondrial division inhibitor mitochondrial division inhibitor-1 can significantly reverse Drp1 mitochondrial translocation and inhibit mitochondrial fragmentation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, mitophagy, and apoptosis and then protect circulation and vital organ functions, prolonging animal survival. Innovation: Our findings indicate that Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission could be a novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of seawater immersion combined with hemorrhagic shock. Conclusion: Drp1 mitochondrial translocation played an important role in the cardiac dysfunction after seawater immersion combined with hemorrhage shock. Drp1-mediated excessive mitochondrial fission leads to cardiac dysfunction due to the mitochondrial structure and bioenergetics impairment.

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This study investigated the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) and partial body cryotherapy (PBC) applied within a 15-min post-exercise recovery period on thermoregulatory responses, subjective perceptions, and exercise performance under hot conditions (39 °C). Twelve male soccer players participated in team-sports-specific assessments, including Agility T-test (T-test), 20-m sprint test (20M-ST), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test Level 1 (YY-T), during two exercise bouts (1st bout and 2nd bout) with a 15-min post-exercise recovery period. Within the recovery period, a 3-min of PBC at -110 °C or CWI at 15 °C or a seated rest (CON) was performed. Mean skin temperature (Tskin) decreased by 4.3 ± 1.08°C (p < 0.001) immediately after PBC, while CWI induced a reduction of 2.5 ± 0.21°C (p < 0.01). Furthermore, PBC and CWI consistently reduced Tskin for 15 and 33 min, respectively (p < 0.05). During the 2nd bout, core temperature (Tcore) was significantly lower in PBC compared to CON (p < 0.05). Heart rate (HR) was significantly lower in CWI compared to CON and PBC during the intervention period. Thermal sensation (TS) was significantly greater in PBC compared to CON and CWI (p < 0.05). Compared to the 1st bout, PBC alleviated the declines in T-test (p < 0.05) and 20M-ST (p < 0.05), while CWI alleviated the decreases in T-test (p < 0.05) and YY-T (p < 0.05), concurrently significantly enhancing 20M-ST (p < 0.05). 20M-ST and YY-T was greater from PBC (p < 0.05) and CWI (p < 0.05) compared with CON in 2nd bout. Additionally, the T-test in CWI was significantly greater than CON (p < 0.05). These results indicate that both PBC and CWI, performed between two exercise bouts, have the potential to improve thermoregulatory strain, reduce thermal perceptual load, and thereby attenuate the subsequent decline in exercise performance.

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PURPOSE: To compare the effects of empirical and modified hemostatic resuscitation for liver blast injury combined with seawater immersion. METHODS: Thirty rabbits were subjected to liver blast injury combined with seawater immersion, and were then divided into 3 groups randomly (n = 10 each): group A (no treatment after immersion), group B (empirical resuscitation with 20 mL hydroxyethyl starch, 50 mg tranexamic acid, 25 IU prothrombin complex concentrate and 50 mg/kg body weight fibrinogen concentrate), and group C (modified resuscitation with additional 10 IU prothrombin complex concentrate and 20 mg/kg body weight fibrinogen concentrate based on group B). Blood samples were gathered at specified moments for assessment of thromboelastography, routine coagulation test, and biochemistry. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and survival rate were also documented at each time point. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine the normality of data distribution. Multigroup comparisons were conducted with one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Liver blast injury combined with seawater immersion resulted in severe coagulo-fibrinolytic derangement as indicated by prolonged prothrombin time (s) (11.53 ± 0.98 vs. 7.61 ± 0.28, p＜0.001), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) (s) (33.48 ± 6.66 vs. 18.23 ± 0.89, p＜0.001), reaction time (R) (min) (5.85 ± 0.96 vs. 2.47 ± 0.53, p＜0.001), decreased maximum amplitude (MA) (mm) (53.20 ± 5.99 vs. 74.92 ± 5.76, p＜0.001) and fibrinogen concentration (g/L) (1.188 ± 0.29 vs. 1.890 ± 0.32, p = 0.003), and increased D-dimer concentration (mg/L) (0.379 ± 0.32 vs. 0.051 ± 0.03, p = 0.005). Both empirical and modified hemostatic resuscitation could improve the coagulo-fibrinolytic states and organ function, as indicated by shortened APTT and R values, decreased D-dimer concentration, increased fibrinogen concentration and MA values, lower concentration of blood urea nitrogen and creatine kinase-MB in group B and group C rabbits in comparison to that observed in group A. Further analysis found that the R values (min) (4.67 ± 0.84 vs. 3.66 ± 0.98, p = 0.038), APTT (s) (23.16 ± 2.75 vs. 18.94 ± 1.05, p = 0.001), MA (mm) (60.10 ± 4.74 vs. 70.21 ± 3.01, p < 0.001), and fibrinogen concentration (g/L) (1.675 ± 0.21 vs. 1.937 ± 0.16, p = 0.013) were remarkably improved in group C than in group B at 2 h and 4 h after injury. In addition, the concentration of blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) (24.11 ± 1.96 vs. 21.00 ± 3.78, p = 0.047) and creatine kinase-MB (U/L) (85.50 ± 13.60 vs. 69.74 ± 8.56, p = 0.013) were lower in group C than in group B at 6 h after injury. The survival rates in group B and group C were significantly higher than those in group A at 4 h and 6 h after injury (p < 0.001), however, there were no statistical differences in survival rates between group B and group C at each time point. CONCLUSIONS: Modified hemostatic resuscitation could improve the coagulation parameters and organ function better than empirical hemostatic resuscitation.

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The use of acute carbon monoxide inhalation (COi) and hot water immersion (HWI) are of growing interest as interventions to stimulate erythropoietin (EPO) production. However, whether EPO production is further augmented when combining these stressors and whether there are sex differences in this response are poorly understood. Therefore, we measured circulating EPO concentration in response to acute COi and HWI independently and in combination and determined whether the responses were altered by sex. Participants completed three study visits-COi, HWI, and combined COi and HWI-separated by 1 week in a randomized, balanced, crossover design. Renal blood velocity was measured during all interventions, and carboxyhaemoglobin was measured during and after COi. Serum samples were analysed every hour for 6 h post-intervention for EPO concentration. HWI decreased renal blood velocity (46.2 cm/s to 36.2 cm/s) (P < 0.0001), and COi increased carboxyhaemoglobin (1.5%-12.8%) (P < 0.0001) without changing renal blood velocity (46.4-45.2 cm/s) (P = 0.4456). All three interventions increased peak EPO concentration from baseline (COi: 6.02-9.74 mIU/mL; HWI: 6.80-11.10 mIU/mL; COi + HWI: 6.71-10.91 mIU/mL) (P = 0.0048) and to the same extent (P = 0.3505). On average, females increased EPO while males did not in response to COi (females: 6.17 mIU/mL; males: 1.27 mIU/mL) (P = 0.0010), HWI (females: 6.47 mIU/mL; males: 2.14 mIU/mL) (P = 0.0104), and COi and HWI (females: 6.65 mIU/mL; males: 1.76 mIU/mL) (P = 0.0256). These data emphasize that combining these interventions does not augment EPO secretion and that these interventions may work better in females.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of a patent foramen ovale and fibroblast growth factor-21 on core temperature (Tc) responses in SCUBA divers. Additionally, we aimed to quantify the individual and combined influences of wetsuit thickness and anthropometric data on Tc changes during the dives. DESIGN: An experimental study comparing the Tc responses between divers with (n = 17) and without a patent foramen ovale (n = 14). METHODS: A total of 31 divers participated in the study. Tc was measured pre- and post-dive in 17-18 °C sea water using a telemetric pill. Additionally, blood was drawn pre-dive and ~1-2 h post-dive for measurement of fibroblast growth factor-21. RESULTS: There was no influence of a patent foramen ovale on the Tc responses during SCUBA diving in either dive profile (p > 0.05). Additionally, there was no influence of SCUBA diving on fibroblast growth factor-21 concentrations (p > 0.05). The strongest positive and significant associations with the ∆Tc/min were found when multiplying wetsuit thickness in millimeters by body mass (r2 = 0.3147, p = 0.0010), BMI (r2 = 0.3123, p = 0.0011), and body surface area (r2 = 0.2877, p = 0.0019). There was a significant, negative linear relationship between the body surface area to mass ratio and ∆Tc/min (r2 = 0.2812, p = 0.0032). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that Tc regulation during recreational SCUBA diving can be facilitated in part by the appropriate choice of wetsuit thickness for a given set of anthropometric characteristics.

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AIMS: To describe an Aboriginal cultural immersion delivered to dietetics students at a large university in Australia and assess its effectiveness as a method to teach Aboriginal history, culture, diet, and health in dietetics. METHODS: Taking a strength-based approach, Aboriginal processes of learning were privileged, with the cultural immersion being co-designed with immersion educators, a First Nations researcher, and dietetics academic. The cultural immersion consisted of an opening ceremony and four stations of yarning, weaving, bush tucker, and artefacts/medicines. A mixed-methods approach was used, with triangulation of data from pre- and postsurveys, station mapping, and focus group interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data were simultaneously analysed from participating first-year Master of Nutrition and Dietetics students and then drawn together for an integrated understanding of the impact of the cultural immersion on student learnings. RESULTS: Fifty-three students completed pre- and postsurveys and 36 participated in focus groups. Through sharing lived experiences, learning through culture, and keeping sessions practical and Aboriginal leadership, each cultural immersion station utilised Aboriginal processes of learning that meaningfully engaged students with Aboriginal education content, appreciate holistic health and increased their general knowledge on Aboriginal history, culture, diet, and health (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Cultural immersion is one teaching method to enhance student knowledges and can be a part of a programmatic and integrated approach that embeds Aboriginal content throughout the whole curriculum. It is necessary that institutions recognise the value of cultural immersions to student learnings and commit to providing ongoing support.

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The experience of pain that is induced by extremely cold temperatures can exert a modulatory effect on motor cortex circuitry. Although it is known that immersion of a single limb in very cold water can increase corticomotor excitability it is unknown how afferent input to the cortex shapes excitatory and inhibitory processes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine motor-evoked potentials (MEP), short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) and long-latency afferent inhibition (LAI) in response to immersion of a single hand in cold water. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess MEPs, and peripheral nerve stimulation of the median nerve paired with TMS was used to measure SAI and LAI in motor circuits of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Measurements were obtained from electromyography (EMG) of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) at baseline, during cold-water immersion, and during recovery from cold-water immersion. The intervention caused unconditioned MEPs to increase during exposure to the cold stimulus (P = 0.008) which then returned to baseline levels once the hand was removed from the cold water. MEP responses were decoupled from SAI responses, where SAI was reduced during exposure to the cold stimulus (P = 0.005) and remained reduced compared to baseline when the hand was removed from the cold water (P = 0.002). The intervention had no effect on LAI. The uncoupling of SAI from MEPs during the recovery period suggests that the mechanisms underlying the modulation of corticospinal excitability by sensory input may be distinct from those affecting intracortical inhibitory circuits. HIGHLIGHTS: What is the central question of this study? Does immersion of a limb in very cold water influence corticospinal excitability and the level of afferent inhibition exerted on motor cortical circuits? What is the main finding and its importance? In additional to perception of temperature, immersion in 6°C water also induced perceptions of pain. Motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude increased during immersion, and short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) of the motor cortex was reduced during immersion; however, these responses differed after the limb was removed from the cold stimulus, as MEPs returned to normal levels while SAI remained suppressed.

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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1290668.].

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PURPOSE: This study both investigated and compared Gaelic games players' and practitioners' perceptions of the importance of postexercise recovery strategies. METHODS: Gaelic players (n = 1178 [n = 574 female], age 24.6 [6.6] y) and practitioners (n = 148 [n = 29 female], age 35.9 [8.7] y) completed a questionnaire assessing their perceptions of various postexercise recovery strategies (importance ranked out of 5 [1 "not important at all" to 5 "extremely important"]). Players were further categorized by playing standard into developmental (club/collegiate; n = 869) and national (intercounty; n = 309) levels and by sport: Gaelic football (n = 813), camogie/hurling (n = 342), and Gaelic handball (n = 23). Practitioners were categorized as sport coaches (n = 67), strength and conditioning staff (n = 34), nutrition staff (n = 15), and athletic rehabilitation staff (n = 32). RESULTS: Gaelic players prevalently perceived sleep (76.4%), rehydration (72.5%), postexercise meal (48.4%), stretching (47.6%), active cool-down (25.1%), foam rolling (23.1%), and massage by therapist (22.6%) as "extremely important." Practitioners prevalently perceived sleep (90.1%), rehydration (83.6%), postexercise meal (76.6%), daytime naps (36.2%), stretching (25.4%), discussion with teammates (24.6%), and getting into nature (19.4%) as "extremely important." CONCLUSIONS: While strategies with well-documented efficacy such as sleep, nutrition, and rehydration were rated as most important, a distinct and possibly problematic disconnect exists between the perceived importance of many strategies and their empirically demonstrated effectiveness. For instance, active cool-downs and stretching were perceived as highly important despite prevailing evidence suggesting that their effects are often small in magnitude. Collectively, work promoting optimal recovery practices and aligning player-practitioner perspectives would be beneficial to maximize time and resource allocation and enhance player buy-in.

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BACKGROUND: The temperature changes, chemical agents, and brushing activity that resin composite restorations are exposed to in the oral environment can cause changes in surface roughness. In this study, the aim was to investigate in vitro the clinical one-year surface roughness changes of different types of composites (flowable or conventional) from the same companies by subjecting them to immersion in solutions, brushing, and thermal cycling procedures to simulate intraoral conditions. METHODS: Four different resin composite brands were included in the study using both their conventional (Charisma Smart, 3M Filtek Ultimate Universal, Omnichroma, Beautifil II) and flowable resin composites (Charisma Flow, 3M Filtek Ultimate Flowable, Omnichroma Flow, Beautifil Flow Plus F00), giving 4 groups with 2 types of resin composite in each. 40 samples were prepared for each group/resin type, for a total of 320 samples. After initial surface roughness measurements by a mechanical profilometer, the samples were divided into 4 subgroups (n = 10) and immersed in solutions (distilled water, tea, coffee, or wine) for 12 days. The samples were then subjected to 10,000 cycles of brushing simulation and 10,000 cycles of thermal aging. Surface roughness measurements were repeated after the procedures. For statistical analysis, the 3-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test were used (p < 0.05). RESULTS: It was concluded that composite groups and types had an effect on surface roughness at time t0 (p < 0.001). At time t1, the highest surface roughness value was obtained in the Beautifil-conventional interaction. When the surface roughness values between time t0 and t1 were compared, an increase was observed in the Beautifil II and Beautifil Flow Plus F00, while a decrease was observed in the other composite groups. CONCLUSION: Composite groups, types, and solutions had an effect on the surface roughness of resin composites. After aging procedures, it was concluded that the Beautifil group could not maintain the surface structure as it exceeded the threshold value of 0.2 µm for bacterial adhesion.

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