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Fetus and infants require appropriate thyroid hormone levels and iodine during pregnancy and lactation. Nature endorses the mother to supply thyroid hormones to the fetus and iodine to the lactating infant. Genetic variations on thyroid proteins that cause dyshormonogenic congenital hypothyroidism could in pregnant and breastfeeding women impair the delivery of thyroid hormones and iodine to the offspring. The review discusses maternal genetic variations in thyroid proteins that, in the context of pregnancy and/or breastfeeding, could trigger thyroid hormone deficiency or iodide transport defect that will affect the proper development of the offspring.

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We present the case of a 46-year-old patient with hypothyroidism secondary to Hashimoto's thyroiditis who was admitted with decompensation in the form of myxedema. A 2-D echocardiogram shows a septal asymmetric hypertrophy, with low-voltage QRS complex in the ECG and a bull's-eye map of longitudinal strain with preserved apical strain with reduction of mid and basal strain that results in "cherry on the top" pattern, similar to the most frequent phenocopy of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, as is the cardiac amyloidosis, and that, unlike this pathology, reverted after the patient reached the euthyroid state.

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Atherosclerosis is one of the common disorders among hypothyroidism, which, increased the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Reactive oxygen species are associated with atherosclerosis development. Antioxidant defense systems are the scavenger for free radicals. Apelin is an endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor (apelin receptor) that exists in most tissues, acts as an adiponectin. It has been identified that apelin administration, improve the antioxidant capacity (TAC). Therefore, this study was conducted to assess, therapeutic effects of apelin, T4 (L-Thyroxin) or both on antioxidant capacity in 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroid rats. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups: C: control group; P group (hypothyroid): PTU (0.05 %) administration for six weeks; P+A, P+T and P+A+T groups: after 4 weeks of PTU administration, animals treated with Apelin (200 μg/kg/day, ip) T4 (0.02 µg/g/day, gavage) and apelin+T4; for two weeks respectively accompanied by PTU administration. Aplein administration in P+A group and P+A+T group had beneficial effect to lowering of malondialdehyde (MDA) content as compared to hypothyroid group (8.52±0.64 and 8.53±1 vs. 13.67±1.64 nmol/g tissue, P<0.05) and also had increasing effect on Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathion peroxidase (GPx) activity and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) content compared to the hypothyroid group. This study showed that apelin was able to improve the oxidant-antioxidant balance in the heart tissue of the hypothyroid rats by elevating of antioxidant enzyme activity.

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OBJECTIVE: Hypothyroid state and aging are associated with impairment in water reabsorption and changes in aquaporin water channel type 2 (AQP2). Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in AQP2 trafficking to the apical plasma membrane in medullary collecting duct cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether aging and hypothyroidism alter renal function, and whether medullary NO and AQP2 are implicated in maintaining water homeostasis. MATERIALS/METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats aged 2 and 18months old were treated with 0.02% methimazole (w/v) during 28days. Renal function was examined and NO synthase (NOS) activity ([(14)C (U)]-L-arginine to [(14)C (U)]-L-citrulline assays), NOS, caveolin-1 and -3 and AQP2 protein levels were determined in medullary tissue (Western blot). Plasma membrane fraction and intracellular vesicle fraction of AQP2 were evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: A divergent response was observed in hypothyroid rats: while young rats exhibited polyuria with decreased medullary NOS activity, adult rats exhibited a decrease in urine output with increased NOS activity. AQP2 was increased with hypothyroidism, but while young rats exhibited increased AQP2 in plasma membrane, adult rats did so in the cytosolic site. CONCLUSIONS: Hypothyroidism contributes in a differential way to aging-induced changes in renal function, and medullary NO and AQP2 would be implicated in maintaining water homeostasis.

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Diffuse muscular involvement is common in hypothyroidism and ranges from asymptomatic elevation of creatine kinase levels to severe muscle weakness and rhabdomyolysis. We report a 74 years old male that developed a progressive muscle weakness without muscle pain, during the course of an hypothyroidism secondary to a silent thyroiditis. Laboratory showed a TSH of 149 uUI/ml, a thyroxin of 1.5 ug/dl a free thyroxin of less than 0.15 ng/dl and a creatine kinase of 4345 U/l. Treatment with levothyroxine rapidly reverted the muscular alterations.

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AIM: In our study, we investigated the levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (anti-GAD), islet cell antibody (ICA), thyroperoxidase antibody (anti-TPO), thyroglobulin antibody (anti-TG), antinuclear antibodies (FANA), antibodies to double-stranded DNA (anti-ds DNA), antibody to Sjögren syndrome A antigen (anti-SSA), antibody to Sjögren syndrome B antigen (anti-SSB), Smith antibody (anti-Sm), smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA), and antimitochondrial antibody liver-kidney microsome (AMA-LKM) in patients with celiac disease as compared to healthy controls and autoimmune hypothyroid patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 31 patients with celiac disease, 34 patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism and 29 healthy subjects were included in this study. Anti-SSA, anti-SSB, anti-Sm, anti-ds DNA, anti-GAD, anti-TPO and anti-TG were studied by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and AMA-LKM, ASMA, ANA and ICA were studied by immunofluorescence. Clinical data and the results of free thyroxine-thyroid stimulating hormone (FT4-TSH) were collected from the patients' files by retrospective analysis. SPSS ver 13.0 was used for data analysis, and the chi(2) method was used for comparisons within groups. RESULTS: The frequency of anti-SSA, anti-SSB, anti-GAD, anti-Sm, anti-ds DNA, AMA-LKM, ASMA, ANA and ICA were not significantly different between the groups. Levels of anti-TPO and anti-TG antibodies were found to be significantly higher (<0.001) in autoimmune hypothyroid patients when compared with other groups. CONCLUSION: In previous studies, an increased frequency of autoimmune diseases of other systems has been reported in patients with celiac disease. We found that the frequency of autoimmune antibodies specific for other autoimmune diseases was not higher in celiac disease.

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El Litio, utilizado como tratamiento de primera línea en la enfermedad maníaco depresiva, genera cambios en la fisiología tiroidea. En los últimos trabajos entre los años 1999 y 2007, se ha encontrado una alta prevalencia de hipofunción tiroidea en pacientes bipolares principalmente en el sexo femenino y a mayor edad. Aparentemente su aparición no se correlaciona con la duración del tratamiento ni con la Litemia. Dada la escasa literatura existente acerca de este tema, el objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar los datos últimamente publicados.

Lithium, used as a first line treatment in maniac depression disease, affects the thyroid gland function. In the last papers published between 1999 and 2007, it has been found a high prevalence of hypothyroidism in bipolar patients, especially in females and when starting lithium at a later age. The duration of treatment and Lithemia seams to have no correlation with the begining of hypothyroidism. Because of the poor literature written about this issue, the aim of this review is to update the last papers published.

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AIM: In our study, we investigated the levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (anti-GAD), islet cell antibody (ICA), thyroperoxidase antibody (anti-TPO), thyroglobulin antibody (anti-TG), antinuclear antibodies (FANA), antibodies to double-stranded DNA (anti-ds DNA), antibody to Sjõgren syndrome A antigen (anti-SSA), antibody to Sjõgren syndrome B antigen (anti-SSB), Smith antibody (anti-Sm), smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA), and antimitochondrial antibody liver-kidney microsome (AMA-LKM) in patients with celiac disease as compared to healthy controls and autoimmune hypothyroid patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 31 patients with celiac disease, 34 patients with autoimmune hypothyroidism and 29 healthy subjects were included in this study. Anti-SSA, anti-SSB, anti-Sm, anti-ds DNA, anti-GAD, anti-TPO and anti-TG were studied by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and AMA-LKM, ASMA, ANA and ICA were studied by immunofluorescence. Clinical data and the results of free thyroxine-thyroid stimulating hormone (FT4-TSH) were collected from the patients' files by retrospective analysis. SPSS ver 13.0 was used for data analysis, and the χ2 method was used for comparisons within groups. RESULTS: The frequency of anti-SSA, anti-SSB, anti-GAD, anti-Sm, anti-ds DNA, AMA-LKM, ASMA, ANA and ICA were not significantly different between the groups. Levels of anti-TPO and anti-TG antibodies were found to be significantly higher (<0.001) in autoimmune hypothyroid patients when compared with other groups. CONCLUSION: In previous studies, an increased frequency of autoimmune diseases of other systems has been reported in patients with celiac disease. We found that the frequency of autoimmune antibodies specific for other autoimmune diseases was not higher in celiac disease.

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