RESUMEN
Produced water, a major by-product of oil and gas production, represents the most significant amount of waste by volume in the oil and gas industry. Focusing on the hydrocarbon's lifecycle, this review delves into the composition and global variations of produced water. It assesses the current treatment methods for their effectiveness and their potential for reuse in sectors beyond oil and gas, such as agriculture. The review highlights the environmental trade-offs in maximising energy production, analysing the ecological implications of produced water disposal in marine environments and the potential risks to marine biodiversity. Regional regulatory frameworks and their role in mitigating these environmental impacts are examined, alongside the challenges faced in standardising treatment solutions due to the complex nature of produced water. The conclusion underscores the need for continuous research to develop innovative and effective treatment technologies and advocates for a balanced approach to energy production that prioritises environmental stewardship.
Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Industria del Petróleo y Gas , Ambiente , BiodiversidadRESUMEN
Fatty acid photodecarboxylase is a newly discovered flavin photoenzyme that converts a carboxylic acid into a hydrocarbon and a carbon dioxide molecule through decarboxylation. The enzymatic reactions are poorly understood. In this study, we carefully characterized its dynamic evolution with femtosecond spectroscopy. We observed initial electron transfer from the substrate to the flavin cofactor in 347â ps with a stretched dynamic behavior and subsequently captured the critical carbonyloxy radical. The dominant process following this step was decarboxylation in 5.8â ns to form an alkyl radical and a carbon dioxide molecule. We further identified the absorption bands of two carbonyloxy and alkyl radical intermediates. The overall enzymatic quantum efficiency determined by our obtained timescales is 0.81, consistent with the steady-state value. The results are essential to the elucidation of the enzyme mechanism and catalytic photocycle, providing a molecular basis for potential design of flavin-based artificial photoenzymes.
Asunto(s)
Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliasa , Desoxirribodipirimidina Fotoliasa/química , Ácidos Grasos , Dióxido de Carbono , Flavinas/química , CatálisisRESUMEN
Two reaction systems based on vanadium nitrogenase were previously shown to reduce CO2 to hydrocarbons: 1)â an enzyme-based system that used both components of Vâ nitrogenase for ATP-dependent reduction of CO2 to ≤C2 hydrocarbons; and 2)â a cofactor-based system that employed SmI2 to supply electrons to the isolated Vâ cluster for an ATP-independent reduction of CO2 to ≤C3 hydrocarbons. Here, we report ATP-independent reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons by a reaction system comprising Eu(II) DTPA and the VFe protein of Vâ nitrogenase. Combining features of both enzyme- and cofactor-based systems, this system exhibits improved C-C coupling and a broader product profile of ≤C4 hydrocarbons. The C-C coupling does not employ CO2 -derived CO, and it is significantly enhanced in D2 O. These observations afford initial insights into the characteristics of this unique reaction and provide a potential template for future design of catalysts to recycle the greenhouse gas CO2 into useful products.