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BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is one of the key preventative measures for cervical cancer, provided that effective vaccine uptake is employed. However, HPV vaccine uptake is low in settings with limited resources such as low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVES: To assesses the uptake of HPV vaccine and associated factors among female students attending secondary schools in South West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2022. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in secondary schools of South West Shoa Zone between November 1st to November 30th 2022. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed among 634 female students attending secondary schools. Data were collected by self-administered structured questionnaires, entered into Epi-info version 7.2.2.6, and exported to SPSS version 25 for statistical analysis. Bivariable analyses were considered for Multivariable analysis. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) along with 95% confidence levels were estimated to assess the strength of the association, and a P value <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: The proportion of HPV vaccine uptake was 31.65% (95% CI, 25-38). Having adequate knowledge AOR = 8.51 (95% CI = 4.57-15.84), living in rural area AOR = 0.25 (95% CI = 0.15-0.42), having older sibling AOR = 4.07(95% = 2.50-6.63), mother's educational level (Diploma and above) AOR = 4.08 (95% CI = 1.75-9.49), and secondary education AOR = 3.98 (95% CI = 1.87-8.48) were significantly associated with HPV vaccine uptake among female students attending secondary schools in South West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that HPV vaccine uptake was very low among female students attending secondary schools in South West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Adequate knowledge, having older sibling, living in rural area, and having mothers with higher educational level were significantly associated with HPV vaccine uptake. All concerned bodies should work jointly to enhance the uptake of HPV vaccination among female students.

The human papilloma virus vaccine is one of the key preventative measures for cervical cancer. However, the vaccine uptake is low in resources limiting settings. The problem is particularly increasing in low and middle-income countries. Aimed at assessing the uptake of human papilloma virus vaccine and associated factors among female students attending secondary schools in South West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2022. In current study there was a very low uptake of human papilloma virus vaccine among female students attending secondary schools. Adequate knowledge, having older sibling, living in rural area and having mothers of diploma and above educational level and secondary educational level was significantly associated with the uptake of the HPV vaccine uptake. All concerned bodies should work jointly to enhance the uptake of human papilloma virus vaccination among female students.

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Human Papillomavirus serotype 16 (HPV16) capsid protein (L1) pentamers canonically assemble into T = 7 icosahedral capsids. Such virus-like particles are the basis of the HPV vaccine. We examined assembly of L1 pentamers in response to pH, mild oxidants, and ionic strength and found a mixture of closed, roughly spherical structures from ∼20 to ∼70 nm in diameter, indicating the presence of many kinetically accessible energy minima. Using bulk and single particle techniques we observed that the size distribution changes but does not reach homogeneity. Though heterogenous in size, particles showed uniform responses to low ionic strength dissociation, thermal unfolding, and susceptibility to protease digestion. These assays suggest maturation over time, but at different rates. Cysteine oxidation further stabilized particles at early, but not late, times without changing general characteristics including thermal stability and protease digestion. These data show complex assembly paths to species of different sizes, but with locally similar interactions.

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Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common vaccine-preventable cancers. An amalgamation of timely screening and vaccination is an effective strategy to combat the prevalence of cervical cancer. We sought to assess knowledge, awareness, and practices regarding HPV cancer, screening, and vaccination as these are the bases for developing attitudes and practices which, in the long run, shall change the culture of the community for primary prevention. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study with an anonymous questionnaire to check knowledge, attitude, and practice toward cervical cancer and HPV vaccination. The study was conducted for MBBS, physiotherapy, and nursing students aged between 17 and 24 years across all years at Bhaikaka University, irrespective of gender. Prior consent from the participants was taken while filling out the questionnaire. Results: Out of 868 students, 76% responded. Females were double than males, and there is no statistical difference between them. Overall knowledge regarding cancer was > 80%, but screening knowledge was < 10%, and that regarding vaccination was around 50%. There is a visible statistical difference between MBBS and non-MBBS students. More than > 80% have positive attitudes toward HPV vaccination, but only 7.72% are vaccinated. 42.7% had accepted a lack of knowledge as the reason for not getting vaccinated. Conclusion: Partial knowledge and poor vaccination, even in advanced age and healthcare communities, suggest a strong need for community intervention at the early adolescent age by a multispecialty and multidisciplinary team. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13224-023-01891-4.

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Background and Objectives: To assess mismatch repair (MMR) status and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix and their association with clinicopathologic parameters. Material and Methods: Expression of PD-L1 and MMR status (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2) was assessed on 50 cases of SCCs of the cervix by immunohistochemistry. Results: 80% of tumor cells and 84% of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes showed PD-L1 expression. 80% of cases had a combined positive score (CPS) of > 1, whereas 20% had a CPS of < 1. 94% of cases showed pMMR proteins, while 6% showed dMMR. 94% of the SCCs were HPV associated, and 6% were HPV-independent. All HPV-independent SCCs of the cervix showed PD-L1 expression, and all HPV-associated SCCs showed MMR deficiency. Between PD-L1 expression in the tumor and the grade of the tumor, a statistically significant association was noted (p = 0.022). All MMR-deficient SCCs were HPV-independent. Conclusion: This research highlighted the HPV association in cervical SCCs in the Indian population. Most of the cervical SCCs were HPV-associated. Furthermore, most of the HPV-associated SCCs were MMR stable. This study found no significant association between MMR status and PD-L1 expression in cervical SCCs.

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Introduction: Cervical cancer is an important public health issue in Bangladesh. Despite government efforts, the awareness and healthcare utilization in rural areas are inadequate. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in six districts of Barishal division over 997 respondents aged 15-64 years. The demographic variables, accessibility to healthcare, vaccination status, awareness of HPV causing cervical cancer, and knowledge of the HPV vaccine were recorded through a structured questionnaire. T-test for univariate and chi-square test for bi-variate analysis were used. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with awareness. Results: Most of the participants were SSC passed (45.3%), unemployed (54.4%), and married (74.4%). While 83.5% were aware of cervical cancer, only 3.3% knew about HPV's role. The majority (96.2%) had never been tested for HPV, albeit 79.5% knew about the vaccine, and only 2.45% were vaccinated. Knowledge levels were low, with only 1.4% demonstrating sound knowledge, mostly associating with higher income, residing closer to healthcare facilities, and being married. Bhola district participants had highest level of awareness, and the lowest was in Pirojpur. Education level was positively correlated with knowledge, with graduates being most aware. Logistic regression showed education, marital status, willingness to vaccinate daughters, and district were significantly related with better awareness, while income, distance, and age did not. Conclusion: Mass education and awareness campaigns may improve the awareness level in rural community.

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BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in Gambian women. Current estimates indicate that 286 women are annually diagnosed with cervical cancer with a fatality rate of 70%. In an attempt to address this, in 2019 the quadrivalent HPV vaccine was incorporated into the Gambia's Expanded Programme on Immunisation. The study aims to retrospectively assess the prevalence and distribution of high-risk HPV genotype in archived, formalin fixed paraffin embedded cervical biopsy tissues diagnosed with cervical cancer in the Gambia from year 2013-2022. METHOD: A total of 223 samples with histologically diagnosis of cervical cancer with adequate tissues were sectioned and deparaffinised, followed by HPV DNA extraction and the detection of HR-HPV by real-time multiplex PCR. The human ß-globin gene was amplified in 119 samples, which were subsequently tested for HPV DNA. RESULTS: HPV was prevalent in 87.4% (104 of 119) cervical cancer cases, 12.6% (15/119) samples tested negative. Amongst cervical cancer cases, HPV 16 genotype was the most frequent type accounting for 53.8% (56 /104), followed by other HR-HPV genotypes 17.3% (18/104), and HPV genotype 18 was 15.4% (16/104). Furthermore, multiple HPV infections involving HPV 16 and /or 18 was detected in 14 cases as follows: HPV genotypes 16 and 18 (3.8%, 4 /104), HPV 16 and other HR-HPV (6.7%, 8/104), and HPV 18 and other HR-HPV (1.9%, 2/104). A significant association between age and diagnosis with cervical cancer (p = 0.02), and HPV genotype 16 (p = 0.04) was observed. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the distribution of HPV 16 and 18 genotypes in cervical cancer cases in The Gambia in comparison with the global distribution. However, the high prevalence of cervical cancer cases with other HR-HPV, and combined infections of HPV 16 with other HR-HPV genotypes seen in this study, clearly shows that the nonavalent HPV vaccine could be more beneficial for The Gambia. This study provides The Gambia with a baseline data to use in policy decisions regarding future evaluation of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in the country.

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In Morocco, cervical cancer screening rate is still low, which determines the need to adopt new screening approaches. Vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing is one of these strategies. Anticipating changes in screening plans for CC, we would like to present to health authorities a global view about the acceptability and preference of vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing among a population of Moroccan women. The aim of this pilot study is to assess the acceptability and preference of vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing among a population of Moroccan women. A cross-sectional study surveyed 400 Moroccan women aged between 25 and 65 years, who are recruited from various healthcare facilities in three Moroccan regions, between March and November 2022. Data were collected via interviews, using a questionnaire. Among the 400 participants, 380 (95%) were ready to undergo a vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing. Among participants who expressed their willingness to perform this test, 295 (73.6%) prefer to carry out it at home. A decreased likelihood of HPV self-sampling was determined by belief that only women with vaginal discharge or bleeding need to be screened. Age, marital status, perceived severity of CC, practice CC screening, and perceived self-efficacy were identified as the main factors influencing the preference for home based vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing. Vaginal self-sampling for HPV testing is an alternative option that could overcome a set of screening barriers defined in the Moroccan context, in order to increase CC screening coverage.

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BACKGROUND:  Prevention strategies for reducing cervical cancer incidence rely on informed populations, particularly those most at risk. This study assesses the knowledge and awareness of female university students towards cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) and its vaccination. METHODS:  A validated self-administered questionnaire was used in a descriptive cross-sectional study among female university students. The data were analysed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26, and p  0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS:  The total participants were 190 with a mean age of 22.6 ± 4.35 years. The majority (90%) were aware of cervical cancer, and 78.9% agreed it is a terminal illness, but fewer participants knew it was associated with infection (63.7%), and that it had effective risk-reducing methods (70.5%). Only 32.6% were aware of the Pap smear test, less than half (43.2%) were aware of the cervical cancer vaccine and only 43.7% knew it was available locally. Although fewer (39.5%) considered themselves susceptible to cervical cancer, many (62.1%) would like a Pap smear test. Overall, 88.9% of the participants possessed adequate knowledge of cervical cancer, 67.9% of the HPV vaccine and only 33.7% of HPV. Ethnicity (p = 0.03), year of study (p = 0.001) and institution (p = 0.002) were all significantly associated with knowledge levels, vaccine awareness and Pap smear test awareness. CONCLUSION:  Participants showed low HPV knowledge and varying awareness levels regarding cervical cancer, HPV and HPV vaccine.Contribution: This study provides insights into female university students' knowledge and awareness gaps, highlighting the need for targeted interventions.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to describe the incidence and demographics of laryngeal papillomatosis (LP) in Denmark, including sex and age distribution, recurrence rates, and HPV subtypes, using a new method of register identification. METHODS: The data were extracted from the Danish Pathology Data Bank using SNOMED codes instead of the usual method using ICD codes from the Danish National Health Register. The derived pathology records were manually verified by three medical doctors. The study period was 1994-2021. Patients were categorized according to age as either juvenile-onset RRP (JoRRP) if <18 years or adult-onset RRP (AoRRP) if 18 years or older. RESULTS: We identified 1819 RRP patients (JoRRP: 56; AoRRP:1763). The overall incidence per 100,000 inhabitants were 0.17 for JoRRP and 1.45 for AoRRP. The vast majority (72%) of the patients were male, but there was no significant difference in age at onset of RRP or recurrence rates between the sexes. Children below 3 years of age had the highest recurrence probability. Extracting data using SNOMED codes resulted in a positive predictive value of 99% regarding total number of biopsies and 98% regarding individuals. The incidence decreased throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: Comparable incidence and recurrence rates of RRP were found between Denmark and Norway. In this study, the Danish Pathology Register was found to be a highly valuable method for identifying LP patients. The effect of the nationwide HPV vaccination program can be evaluated using this method as the vaccinated cohort is starting to grow older and reproduce. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective registry-based national cohort study, level of evidence 3 Laryngoscope, 2024.

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BACKGROUND: The unsatisfactory rate of Pap tests (PT) is an important quality assurance (QA) metric for a cytopathology laboratory. At our institution, an unsatisfactory PT slide is followed by a second ThinPrep (TP) slide. The aim of this study is to evaluate this QA practice. METHODS: Our laboratory processes an unsatisfactory TP PT with a follow-up second TP slide with or without glacial acetic acid. The correlation between the unsatisfactory rate and the second slide rate test was examined. RESULTS: A total of 2739 cases with a second TP slide were prepared for an unsatisfactory initial TP PT. After second slide preparation, 780 cases (28%) remained unsatisfactory. Using Spearman's rank correlation test, there was a notable negative correlation between the unsatisfactory rate and the second slide rate (rho = -0.42). Of those PTs recategorized as satisfactory TP, 1742 were negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) (89%), 135 as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) (7%), 37 as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (1.9%), 11 as atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) (0.6%), 8 as high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (0.4%), and 20 as atypical glandular cells (AGC) (1%). The final Bethesda categorization for all cases and the human papilloma virus (HPV) data was tabulated. CONCLUSIONS: A second slide preparation significantly reduced the unsatisfactory rate of the PT. This also had a significant impact by detecting clinically significant lesions. HPV testing can also be performed on slides reclassified from unsatisfactory to ASC-US or higher.

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BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is among the leading cause of sexually transmitted infections, particularly prevalent among sexually active individuals. While many HPV infections clear up over time, some may progress to various cancers such as anal cancer, cervical cancer and, vaginal cancer. This study examines the prevalence of different HPV genotypes, classified as high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR), among females of various age groups who visited the laboratory in Karaj. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Genital specimens were gathered from the individuals involved in the study and subjected to DNA extraction (DNA/RNA extraction AmpliSense, Moscow, Russia) followed by amplification using Real-Time PCR. HR- and LR-HPV genotypes were identified using the GenoFlow HPV Array test kit (GenoFlow; DiagCor Bioscience, Hong Kong) and homemade HPV genotyping kit. Demographic information such as age, was examined alongside statistical virological data. RESULTS: Overall, 367 (17%) out of the 2109 (100%) female cases tested positive for HPV. Among these, 219 (46.2%) were classified as low-risk, 44 (9.3%) as potentially high-risk, and 211 (44.5%) as high-risk. The highest percentage of positive test results was detected in individuals under 30 years old (35%) and those aged 40-50 (18%). Individuals in the < 30 age group were primarily infected with HR genotypes. The most commonly identified genotypes overall were HPV-16 (11.7%), HPV-54 (10.3%), HPV-56 (8.4%), HPV-40 (8.1%). The lowest frequency was observed for HPV-70, HPV-71, HPV-82, and HPV-90, each recorded in only a single case. CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the notable occurrence of HPV among females who visited the laboratory in Karaj, especially in the < 30 age group. Identifying HPV-16 as the most prevalent genotype in our examination highlights the necessity of tailored interventions for specific age ranges. While HPV-16 is covered by vaccination programs, HPV-54 and HPV-56 are not, emphasizing the need for effective screening and preventive plans to manage the consequences of HPV-related diseases in future.

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BACKGROUND: To investigate the technical feasibility of RT-PCR and direct sequencing to quantify HPV DNA in the saliva of patients with Human-Papilloma-Virus related oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-OPC), the level of which is known to predict prognosis after treatment. METHODS: Nine patients with locally advanced HPV-OPC treated with definitive radiotherapy with chemotherapy or cetuximab, or radiotherapy alone between April 2016 and September 2017, were enrolled, two of whom also received induction chemotherapy. Saliva was collected before (baseline), during (mid-RT) and after (post-RT) radiotherapy. HPV-16 DNAs (E6 and E7) in saliva were quantified by RT-PCR and sequencing, the latter using a custom cancer panel. Correlations between HPV DNA levels and clinical outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: Compared to the baseline, the relative cycle threshold (Ct) value of E6 and E7 reduced at the point of mid-RT in the majority of the patients (100% and 75% for E6 and E7, respectively). Similarly, the relative Ct value from the baseline to post-RT reduced in 86% and 100% of the patients for E6 and E7, respectively. During the follow-up period, three patients (33%) experienced disease progression. The relative baseline Ct values of these three patients were in the top 4 of all the patients. The sequences of HPV DNA were detected in five (83%) of six samples of the baseline saliva that underwent DNA sequencing, along with several gene mutations, such as TP53,CDKN2A and PIK3CA. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that, in addition to detection and quantification of HPV DNA by RT-PCR, detection by sequencing of HPV-DNA using a customized cancer panel is technically possible.

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To assess the exact role of high-risk HPV testing in patients of carcinoma unknown primary with secondary metastasis to the neck who underwent TORS and neck dissection for identification of the primary site. A prospective study was carried out at a tertiary care centre over one year. Patients with unilateral neck swelling, which was cytologically proven squamous cell carcinoma neck metastasis, were included in the study. After clinicopathological evaluation, they underwent TORS-assisted ipsilateral radical tonsillectomy, tongue base mucosal wedge biopsy for primary site identification, and ipsilateral neck dissection. They underwent HPV RNA ISH from the tonsil, the base of the tongue and blood. They also underwent HPV DNA testing from the blood. P16 was done in the base of tongue, tonsil, and lymph node specimens. In the study cohort of 18 patients who underwent ipsilateral radical tonsillectomy, mucosal tongue base wedge biopsy and neck dissection, p16 positivity was isolated in 5.56%, 0% and 2.78% of patients, respectively. (n = 1/18, 0/18, 5/18). Interestingly, HPV E7 mRNA expression was absent in the tonsil /base of tongue specimens, but metastatic lymph nodes displayed expression in 11.11%. HPV DNA was undetected in all analysed tissues and patients' blood. In the Indian subcontinent, it is not essential to do detailed high-risk HPV analysis in cases of carcinoma unknown primary with secondary metastasis to the neck.

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BACKGROUND: Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) face a disproportionate burden of sexually transmitted infections and are eligible for targeted vaccinations for hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), human papilloma virus (HPV) and mpox. This study examines the sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behaviours, and sexual healthcare service (SHS) use associated with vaccination uptake. METHODS: We undertook analyses of RiiSH-Mpox - an online, community-based survey with GBMSM recruited via social media and dating apps. We calculated vaccination uptake (≥1 dose) among eligible GBMSM. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors independently associated with vaccination uptake among eligible participants. RESULTS: Reported uptake in eligible GBMSM was around two-thirds for each of the vaccinations considered: mpox 69% (95% confidence interval (CI): 66%-72%), HAV 68% (CI:65%-70%), HBV 72% (CI:69%-74%) and HPV 65% (CI:61%-68%). Vaccination course completion (receiving all recommended doses) ranged from 75% (HBV) to 89% (HAV) among eligible GBMSM. Individuals who represented missed opportunities for vaccination ranged from 22 to 30% of eligible SHS attendees. Younger participants, individuals identifying as bisexual, reporting lower educational qualifications, or being unemployed reported lower uptake across multiple GBMSM-selective vaccinations. Individuals who reported greater levels of sexual behaviour and recent SHS use were more likely to report vaccinations. CONCLUSION: Eligible participants reported high uptake of vaccinations; however, uptake was lower amongst young GBMSM and self-identifying bisexual men. Awareness of groups with lower vaccination uptake will help inform practice, delivery strategies and health promotion, to improve the reach and impact of vaccinations amongst GBMSM.

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Objective: HPV vaccination is recommended for children beginning at age 9 to prevent several types of cancer. Many parents turn to Facebook for health information. This study describes changes in HPV vaccine-related articles shared on Facebook amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: HPV-related articles shared on Facebook (2019-2021) were collected using Buzzsumo, a social media analytics tool and analyzed using content analysis. Articles were categorized by valence, misinformation, evidence types, persuasive tactics, and framing. We quantified these data and tested for difference by article year. Results: Of the 138 included articles, 51% had positive valence towards the vaccine and 36% had negative valence. In 2021, there was a significant increase in positive messaging (72% vs. 44% in 2019/2020; p < 0.01) and misinformation decreased from 50% in 2019 to 24% in 2021 (p = 0.04). Persuasive strategies were more common in 2019 than in later years. Conclusion: Despite decreased engagement in 2021, more positive HPV vaccine messaging was observed, although a quarter of articles still contained misinformation. Our results can inform strategies for communicating with parents about the HPV vaccine. Innovation: Our study is the first to analyze HPV-related articles linked on Facebook and to assess for differences during the pandemic.

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One subgroup of Latinos whose healthcare needs must be more thoroughly addressed is the roughly three million farmworkers pursuing seasonal agricultural work within the United States (U.S.). Latino migrant and seasonal farmworkers (MSFW) face compounded political, social, and personal contexts that complicate healthcare access. Although the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine prevents HPV infections and cancers, uptake among Hispanic adolescents remains suboptimal. Therefore, it is important to understand Latino MSFW's HPV knowledge, as well as barriers to and facilitators of vaccination so culturally appropriate measures can bolster vaccination. An integrative review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using key search terms. Results were evaluated for compatibility with inclusion/exclusion criteria, and selected articles were coded and evaluated via thematic analysis. Six studies of various designs were ultimately included in the review. While some Latino MSFW have baseline knowledge about HPV and the vaccine, knowledge gaps remain. Participants expressed curiosity about how the vaccine works, contents, side effects, dosing, recommended age, and information about prevented diseases. Although additional education and MSFW's receptiveness to provider's recommendations were cited as major facilitators, many barriers also need addressed. Providers must leverage MSFW's existing knowledge, provide education, and facilitate vaccination to protect farmworker families from HPV and related cancers. It must become standard practice for providers to recommend the HPV vaccine to MSFW, who are receptive to this conversation. Increasing vaccination can decrease the disproportionate burden of HPV-related cancers on patients and facilitate access to healthcare services.

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Few reports have analyzed the fusion genes involved in carcinogenesis in the oropharynx, where the incidence of human papillomavirus-associated tumors is relatively low. The aim of this study was to identify novel driver fusion genes in patients with oropharyngeal cancer. The study enrolled fifty-seven patients who were diagnosed with oropharyngeal carcinoma. RNA sequencing data from fresh-frozen specimens were used to identify candidate fusion genes via the JAFFA, arriba, and STAR-Fusion pipelines. Candidate fusion genes were confirmed by direct sequencing. The expression level of a candidate fusion gene was compared to that of tumors without fusion genes. Finally, filtering was performed for driver genes using the annoFuse pipeline. In addition, the VIRTUS pipeline was used to analyze the presence of human papillomavirus in the tumors. We identified 5 (8.8 %) novel potential driver in-frame fusion genes, MKNK2::MOB3A, ICMT::RPS6KA3, ATP1B3::GRK7, CSNK2A1::KIF16B, and FGFR3::MAEA, and 1 (1.8 %) known in-frame fusion gene, FGFR3::TACC3, in 57 patients with pharyngeal carcinoma. Our results suggest that sporadic fusion genes may contribute to tumorigenesis in oropharyngeal carcinomas.

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BACKGROUND: HPV is considered the most common sexually transmitted infection. It is responsible of 70% of cervical cancers worldwide. HIV infection is associated with increased rates of HPV infection. Women Living With HIV (WLWH) are 6 times at greater risk of developing cervical cancer. The current study aimed to estimate prevalence and identify genotypes of HPV infection among WLWH in Egypt compared to women with negative HIV status and determine associated risk factors. METHODS: The study conducted among 251 WLWH and 268 women with negative HIV status enrolled from gynecological clinics in primary health care centers from nine Egyptian governorates. Data was collected from participants using a structured interview questionnaire and cervical samples were collected for HPV DNA detection and genotyping. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 13.5%, 3.4% among women with HIV negative status and 24.4% among WLWH. HR-HPVs other than genotype 16 and 18 were isolated from 71% of infected women. Woman's age, age at first marriage, number of lifetime marriages and drug addiction are significant predictors for HPV infection (odds 0.96, 0.91, 2.06, 2.01 respectively). CONCLUSION: HPV infection is more prevalent among WLWH. Infection with HR-HPV other than genotype 16 and 18 was the most prevalent among infected women in both groups. Young age, early life sexual activity, having more than one sexual partner during the life time, and drug addiction are independent predictors for HPV infection. Having a husband who has had other sexual partners is significantly associated with infection.

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Cervical cancer (CC) remains a major health concern globally, much of the brunt of which is experienced by the low- and middle-income countries where screening in terms of cytology and DNA genotyping for the high-risk oncogenic subtypes of the human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) is either inadequate or performed rather late. In this study, we aimed to determine biomarkers or panels of biomarkers that are capable of diagnosing the precancerous cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) stages from healthy and CC patients via untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Various cross-comparisons were conducted from which differential metabolites were identified. The underlying metabolic pathways based on the differential metabolites identified from the various cross-comparisons mainly related to amino acids biosynthesis and metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis. From all cross-comparisons, two common metabolites namely, 2-methyl-1-propylamine (also known as isobutylamine) and estrone were found to possess excellent to good diagnostic abilities, especially in distinguishing the early stages of CIN (CIN I, CIN II) from healthy women and CC patients. These findings have clinical significance in the sense that, once validated the 2-biomarker panel could be adopted in clinical practice for early diagnosis of CIN and invasive carcinoma. This would therefore inform the choice of treatment to be initiated by the clinician.

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