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Salmo salar is one of the most popular salmon species due to its meaty texture and quality protein. Oncorhynchus mykiss, which has a muscle texture similar to that of Salmo salar and is less expensive, is often used as a substitute for Salmo salar. As Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus mykiss belong to the same subfamily of Salmonidae, traditional methods are ineffective in the specific detection of the two. In this study, we combined hue-change with CRISPR/Cas12a lateral flow assay to detect the Salmo salar adulteration. This method detected S. salar genomic DNA at a vLOD of 5 copies, and was able to accurately identify adulterated samples containing 5 % w/w Salmo salar within one hour. In addition, the detection of Salmo salar in processed food products was achieved with the naked-eye at a concentration range of 0 % âˆ¼ 70 % w/w, and the detection accuracy is between 93.3 % âˆ¼ 100 %.

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The development of an affordable, portable, and instrument-free colorimetric biosensor holds significant importance for routine monitoring and clinical diagnosis. To overcome the limitations that traditional monochromatic colorimetric kits struggle to distinguish subtle color changes with the naked eye, we designed and constructed a portable hydrogel kit for polychromatic semi-quantitative and quantitative sensing analysis. When the actual samples and I- were introduced into a gelatin hydrogel encapsulated with MIL-88A(Fe), Au NRs and oxidase (Au@GM88A/I), a noticeable color change occurred. Additionally, a mathematic model between Hue and multicolor signal was set up for the first time by mobile phone photo technology, successfully applied to the glucose detection in serum. The visual detection had a wide concentration range of 0.02-0.80 mM with a limit of detection down to 0.02 mM. Above all, hydrogel kit prepared with gelatin as a carrier addressed the issues of uneven color and slow response rate commonly seen in gels like sodium alginate and agarose. This improvement would be beneficial for enhancing the accuracy of color captured by mobile phone assisted hydrogel kits, making it a valuable tool for biomarker analysis.

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The "Color Circle" is an important chromatic Gestalt in the visual arts. There is not really a formal equivalent in conventional colorimetry. The fact that the hues can be linearly ordered and that such an order is necessarily periodic was intuited by artists in the early 19th century, but only formally explained by Ostwald and later Schrödinger a century later. As with musical keys, various metrical orders are in common use. Is there such a thing as a "well tempered" order? We consider this an issue for experimental phenomenology. We discuss an attempt based on observations by 30 (nonartist) observers.

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BACKGROUND: The color of green tea is an important quality indicator. In recent years, shading of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants has been widely adopted for green tea production to enhance its green color and umami taste. In this study, we identified factors that influence green tea color by (i) examining variation in the chlorophyll content of fresh new tea shoots among cultivars, cropping seasons, and the degree of shading, (ii) investigating the rate of conversion of chlorophyll to pheophytin during the tea manufacturing process, specifically with steaming duration, and (iii) analyzing the effects of the new tea shoot properties and the steaming process on colorimetric values of the steamed new tea shoots. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis revealed that three factors contributed to the rate of conversion of each chlorophyll type to pheophytin in steamed new tea shoots (ranked by importance): steaming duration > each chlorophyll type (chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b) content of fresh new tea shoots > pH. The colorimetric hue angle (h) value of steamed new tea shoots was influenced by four factors (ranked by importance): steaming duration > total chlorophyll (chlorophyll-a + chlorophyll-b) content in fresh new tea shoots > pH > chlorophyll-a/chlorophyll-b ratio in fresh new tea shoots. CONCLUSION: Differences in the color of new tea shoots can be explained by the aforementioned four factors. The findings will be useful for cultivar selection, and determining the appropriate degree of shading and steaming duration, to produce high-quality green teas with a good appearance. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Plumage ornaments act as important sexual signals, though the extent to which these ornaments act as honest signals-and the physiological mechanisms that maintain honesty-remain poorly understood. We studied the pigmentary basis of tail color in the American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla), a species of songbird with sexual dichromatism and delayed plumage maturation; younger males resemble females, only replacing their yellow feathers for bright orange ones after the first breeding season. The yellow rectrices of females and young males and the orange feathers of older males largely contain the same pigments, but in vastly different proportions. Whereas the feathers of females and young males contain primarily lutein, 3'-dehydro-lutein and canary-xanthophylls, those of older males contain primarily 4-keto-carotenoids. The presence of lutein and the predominance of α-doradexanthin as 4-keto-carotenoid, a pigment with a shortened chain of conjugated double bonds compared to keto-carotenoids commonly found in red feathers, in the feathers of older males contribute to their uncommon orange hue. Since the orange coloration of the tail in the American redstart results from the combination of yellow, orange, and red pigments, this is a system where slight adjustments in the types of carotenoids deposited could significantly alter hue. Factors either work against achieving the most oxidized state in this species or the hue is maintained through stabilizing selection for a favored color. The color metrics of Carotenoid Chroma, Visible Hue, λR50 and tetrahedral θ best captured differences in pigment concentration and make-up, and are recommended in future spectrophotometric studies of carotenoid-based traits.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the perceptibility and acceptability CIEDE2000 (KL:KC:KH) thresholds for lightness, chroma and hue differences in dentistry. METHOD: A Python-based program was developed to conduct a psychophysical experiment based on visual assessments of computer-simulated images of human teeth. The experiment was performed on a calibrated display. A 40-observer panel: dentists and laypersons (male and female; n=10), evalu- ated three subsets of simulated human teeth: the lightness subset (%∆L00 ≥ 98 %), the chroma subset (%∆C00 ≥ 98 %) and the hue subset (%∆H00 ≥ 98 %), using ∆E00 ≥ 5 units. A Takagi-Sugeno-Kang Fuzzy Approximation model was used as fitting procedure, and 50:50 % lightness, chroma and hue CIEDE2000 (1:1:1) and CIEDE2000 (2:1:1) perceptibility (PT00) and accept- ability (AT00) thresholds were calculated. Data was statistically analyzed using t-test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The 50:50 % PT00 for KL=1 were ∆L00=1.04, ∆C00=1.58 and ∆E00=1.01; and for KL=2 were ∆L00=0.51, ∆C00=1.58 and ∆E00=0.71. The 50:50 % AT00 for KL=1 were ∆L00=2.82, ∆C00=3.04 and ∆E00=2.66; and for KL=2 were ∆L00=1.40, ∆C00=3.04 and ∆E00=1.78. PT00 and AT00 ∆H00 may be considered no computable. A significant difference was found between CIEDE2000(1:1:1) and CIEDE2000(2:1:1), between lightness and chroma metrics, and between observer groups. No differences for lightness and chroma PT00 were found between male and female groups. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to use PT00 and AT00 for lightness, chroma and hue specific to evaluate perceptual sensitivity for color changes in the tooth color space. AT00 for lightness and chroma are influenced by the observer's experience and gender. Males and laypersons show more tolerance for changes in chroma (∆C00) and in lightness (∆L00). SIGNIFICANCE: Hue and chroma mismatch are more difficult to be accepted in dental color space.

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Visual function comprises three principles: light sensation, color sensation, and minimum separable sensation. Although clinical evaluation of light sensation and visual acuity have been remarkably developed through comprehensive application of various methods, the test methods to evaluate color sensation in the clinical field have not reflected these various significant developments after their recommendation at the International Congress of Ophthalmology in 1933. To date, various research methods in color vision have been invented on the basis of clinical evaluation methods, most of which were limited to laboratory investigations and were not applied to the clinical field. In this review, the author focuses on both the currently clinical available evaluation methods and the clinically applicable methods based on the present laboratory research studies.

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Radioactivity in coastal sediments in northern Vietnam was examined using data from five sediment cores to assess radioactivity concentrations and radiation risk indices. Radiation risk indices included radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the absorbed dose rate (ADR), the annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), the activity utilization index (AUI), the external hazard index (Hex), the representative level gamma index (Iγr), and the annual gonadal effective dose rate (AGDE). The radioactivity concentrations of 40K, 232Th, 226Ra, 238U, and 137Cs were 567, 56.1, 35.1, 37.9, and 1.18 Bq/kg, respectively. The average concentrations of 40K, 232Th, 226Ra, and 238U were above the global average at five sites, except for 137Cs, which was low. The Raeq, Hex, and AUI indices were below the recommended values, while the AEDE, ADR, AGDE, and Iγr indices were above the recommended values. Moreover, 40K, 232Th, 226Ra, and 238U had significant impacts on the radiation hazard indices Raeq, ADR, AEDE, Iγr, AUI, Hex, and AGDE. There are three coastal sediment groups on the northern coast of Vietnam: Group 1 has a higher radioactivity and radiation risk index than Group 2 but a lower value than Group 3. Group 3 had the highest radioactivity and radiation risk index. The values of 40K, 232Th, 226Ra, and 238U and the ADR, AUI, Iγr, and AGDE indices in the sediment threaten the living environment.

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Fruit skin color is an important trait of the hawthorn tree, which has an important influence on fruit quality. Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. var. Major N.E.Br. Is one of the most widely cultivated varieties in China and has a long history of medicinal use. In recent years, it has attracted the attention of the world due to its nutritional and medicinal values. Skin color is the focus of breeders and food processors. At present, skin color-related genes have still not been mapped. In this study, "Shandong Da Mianqiu" (♀, red skin color), "Da Huang Mianzha" (♂, yellow skin color) and 131 F1 hybrids were used to construct genetic map of hawthorn by RAD-seq, and QTL mapping was performed by combining these features with the hue angle and the observed color. In this study, 13,260 SNP was assigned to 17 linkage groups, with an integrated map covering 2,297.75 cM was constructed. A total of 5 QTLs related to hawthorn skin color were detected on LG1, LG3 and LG15. Whether hue angle or pericarp color acts as phenotype for QTL mapping, the candidate genes include bHLH086, WD repeat regions and Myb-like. bHLH, WD and Myb play an important role in the color regulation of Hawthorn skin color. These results lay a solid foundation for QTL mapping and molecular marker-assisted breeding of hawthorn.

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Incorporating statistical characteristics of stimuli in perceptual processing can be highly beneficial for reliable estimation from noisy sensory measurements but may generate perceptual bias. According to Bayesian inference, perceptual biases arise from the integration of internal priors with noisy sensory inputs. In this study, we used a Bayesian observer model to derive biases and priors in hue perception based on discrimination data for hue ensembles with varying levels of chromatic noise. Our results showed that discrimination thresholds for isoluminant stimuli with hue defined by azimuth angle in cone-opponent color space exhibited a bimodal pattern, with lowest thresholds near a non-cardinal blue-yellow axis that aligns closely with the variation of natural daylights. Perceptual biases showed zero crossings around this axis, indicating repulsion away from yellow and attraction towards blue. These biases could be explained by the Bayesian observer model through a non-uniform prior with a preference for blue. Our findings suggest that visual processing takes advantage of knowledge of the distribution of colors in natural environments for hue perception.

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The development of inexpensive and portable point-of-care devices for measuring nutritional physiological parameters from blood (e.g., glucose, ketones) has accelerated our understanding and assessment of real-time variation in human health, but these have infrequently been tested or implemented in wild animals, especially in relation to other key biological or fitness-related traits. Here we used point-of-care devices to measure blood levels of glucose, ketones, uric acid, and triglycerides in free-ranging house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus)-a common songbird in North America that has been well-studied in the context of urbanization, nutrition, health, and sexual selection-during winter and examined (1) repeatability of these methods for evaluating blood levels in these wild passerines, (2) intercorrelations among these measurements within individuals, (3) how blood nutritional-physiology metrics related to a bird's body condition, habitat of origin (urban vs. suburban), poxvirus infection, and sex; and (4) if the expression of male sexually selected plumage coloration was linked to any of the nutritional-physiological metrics. All blood-nutritional parameters were repeatable. Also, there was significant positive covariation between concentrations of circulating triglycerides and glucose and triglycerides and uric acid. Urban finches had higher blood glucose concentrations than suburban finches, and pox-infected individuals had lower blood triglyceride concentrations than uninfected ones. Last, redder males had higher blood glucose, but lower uric acid levels. These results demonstrate that point-of-care devices can be useful, inexpensive ways of measuring real-time variation in the nutritional physiology of wild birds.

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Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) preparations in medical institutions, as a unique and important form of preparations in China, have a long history of human use and serve as a bridge between clinical experience prescriptions and new Chinese medicine preparations. The state encourages medical institutions to transform their preparations into new traditional Chinese medicines, emphasizing their role as "incubators". Since the proposal of the traditional Chinese medicine registration and evaluation evidence system with the integration of TCM theory, human use experience(HUE), and clinical experience, the idea of transforming preparations used in medical institutions into new drugs based on HUE has been increasingly valued by drug research and development organizations. In the transformation process, pharmaceutical changes should be concerned from multiple aspects. This paper discusses the pharmaceutical changes and countermeasures based on the transformation of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in medical institutions into new drugs based on HUE from the aspects of excipients, dosage forms, production technology, production scale, packaging materials and containers, production sites, and registration standards. It is emphasized that scientific decisions should be made according to the characteristics and clinical needs of drugs to ensure the stability of drug quality. The impacts of pharmaceutical changes on drug quality should be objectively assessed based on appropriate evaluation indexes and detection methods. The layout should be carried out in advance, and the key pharmaceutical information of the preparations should be kept stable, so as to underpin the transformation of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in medical institutions into new drugs based on HUE.

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This study aims to quantify the influence of hue, value and opacity on the variation in light transmittance of a full color palette of an ormocer-based dental composite. Samples with a thickness of 2 mm were cured in real time while the incident irradiance and light transmittance were recorded with a spectrophotometer, either in real time during the polymerization or through the polymerized composite at different exposure distances. Across the entire shade range, light attenuation was high, varying between 70.3% and 92.1%. The light transmittance during polymerization increased exponentially with exposure time in all shades. The differences between the cured and uncured composites decrease with increasing value and with increasing opacity within a value. The pattern of variation in light transmittance with increasing value is non-linear and depends on the hue, but not on the opacity within a hue. Small variations in value in lighter shades of hue B reduce the transmitted light more than in hue A, while the opposite is true for darker shades. The results strongly suggest an adequate curing of the lower increments in larger restorations, as the additional light expected from curing the upper increments is very small, regardless of hue, value or opacity. An additional unfavorable condition by increasing the exposure distance consistently contributes to a reduction in light transmission and thus further supports the above statement.

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Color can be an indicator of plant health, quality, and productivity, and is useful to researchers to understand plant nutritional content in their studies. Color may be related to chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity and provides information for those studying diseases and mineral nutrition because every nutrient deficiency and many diseases produce symptoms that affect color. In order to identify significant loci related to both leaf and pod color in a snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) diversity panel, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out. Leaf color in one and pod traits in multiple environments were characterized using a colorimeter. L*a*b* color data were recorded and used to calculate chroma (C*) and hue angle (H°). Leaves were evaluated at three positions (lower, middle, and upper) in the canopy and both pod exterior and interior colors were obtained. GWAS was conducted using two reference genomes that represent the Andean (G19833) and Middle American (5-593) domestication centers. Narrow sense heritabilities were calculated using the mixed linear model (MLM) method in genome association and prediction integrated tool (GAPIT), and significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for each color parameter were obtained using the Bayesian-information and linkage-disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway (BLINK) GWAS model with two principal components (PCAs). In comparison to pod color traits, narrow sense heritabilities of leaf traits were low and similar for both reference genomes. Generally, narrow sense heritability for all traits was highest in the lower, followed by middle, and then upper leaf positions. Heritability for both pod interior and exterior color traits was higher using the G19833 reference genome compared to 5-593 when evaluated by year and means across years. Forty-five significant SNPs associated with leaf traits and 872 associated with pods, totaling 917 significant SNPs were identified. Only one SNP was found in common for both leaf and pod traits on Pv03 in the 5-593 reference genome. One-hundred thirteen significant SNPs, 30 in leaves and 83 in pods had phenotypic variation explained (PVE) of 10% or greater. Fourteen SNPs (four from G19833 and ten from 5-593) with ≥10 PVE%, large SNP effect, and largest p-value for L* and H° pod exterior was identified on Pv01, Pv02, Pv03, and Pv08. More SNPs were associated with pod traits than with leaf traits. The pod interior did not exhibit colors produced by anthocyanins or flavonols which allowed the differentiation of potential candidate genes associated with chloroplast and photosynthetic activity compared to the pod exterior where candidate genes related to both flavonoids and photosynthesis affected color. Several SNPs were associated with known qualitative genes including the wax pod locus (y), persistent color (pc), purple pods (V), and two genes expressed in seeds but not previously reported to affect other plant tissues (B and J). An evaluation of significant SNPs within annotated genes found a number, within a 200 kb window, involved in both flavonoid and photosynthetic biosynthetic pathways.

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Wheat is one among the significant crops for humans. Significant fungal illnesses of wheat are brought on by multiple pathogens. Wheat output could be enhanced by the early identification of wheat leaf disease. Thus, a novel hyperparameter tanh-based convolutional neural network (HT-CNN)-based wheat leaf disease prediction is proposed with its severity level. Here, initially, the red, green, and blue (RGB) images are converted into a hue saturation value (HSV) image. Next, the small probability space filtering is applied to the V component. Afterward, the contrast of the V component has been enhanced. The obtained HSV image is converted into the RGB image. Then, by employing weighted Canberra distance-based K-means (WCD-K means), the affected and normal regions are segmented. Next, the image is binarized. Afterward, for tracing a boundary around disease-affected region, the hex directional vertex chain code (Hex-D-VCC) is applied over the binarized image, and then the features are extracted. By employing baker's map-based Harris hawks optimization (BM-HHO), the optimal features are selected. For classifying disease, the selected features are further given into the HT-CNN, and the severity level is calculated to minimize the yield loss. As per the experimental result, the proposed model shows higher accuracy and efficacy when analogized to the other methods.

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The US standard for maize commercially grown for grain specifies that yellow corn can contain at maximum 5% corn of other colors. Inbred parents of commercial hybrids typically have clear pericarp, but transgressive segregants in breeding populations can display variation in pericarp pigmentation. We identified 10 doubled haploid biparental populations segregating for pigmented pericarp and evaluated qualitative genetic models using chi-square tests of observed and expected frequencies. Pigmentation ranged from light to dark brown color, and pigmentation intensity was quantitatively measured across 1,327 inbred lines using hue calculated from RGB pixel values. Genetic mapping was used to identify loci associated with pigmentation intensity. For 9 populations, pigmentation inheritance best fit a hypothesis of a 2- or 3-gene epistatic model. Significant differences in pigment intensity were observed across populations. W606S-derived inbred lines with the darkest pericarp often had clear glumes, suggesting the presence of a novel P1-rw allele, a hypothesis supported by a significant quantitative trait locus peak at P1. A separate quantitative trait locus region on chromosome 2 between 221.64 and 226.66 Mbp was identified in LH82-derived populations, and the peak near p1 was absent. A genome-wide association study using 416 inbred lines from the Wisconsin Diversity panel with full genome resequencing revealed 4 significant associations including the region near P1. This study supports that pericarp pigmentation among dent maize inbreds can arise by transgressive segregation when pigmentation in the parental generation is absent and is partially explained by functional allelic variation at the P1 locus.

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Carotenoid pigments are the basis for much red, orange, and yellow coloration in nature and central to visual signaling. However, as pigment concentration increases, carotenoid signals not only darken and become more saturated but they also redshift; for example, orange pigments can look red at higher concentration. This occurs because light experiences exponential attenuation, and carotenoid-based signals have spectrally asymmetric reflectance in the visible range. Adding pigment disproportionately affects the high-absorbance regions of the reflectance spectra, which redshifts the perceived hue. This carotenoid redshift is substantial and perceivable by animal observers. In addition, beyond pigment concentration, anything that increases the path length of light through pigment causes this redshift (including optical nano- and microstructures). For example, male Ramphocelus tanagers appear redder than females, despite the same population and concentration of carotenoids, due to microstructures that enhance light-pigment interaction. This mechanism of carotenoid redshift has sensory and evolutionary consequences for honest signaling in that structures that redshift carotenoid ornaments may decrease signal honesty. More generally, nearly all colorful signals vary in hue, saturation, and brightness as light-pigment interactions change, due to spectrally asymmetrical reflectance within the visible range of the relevant species. Therefore, the three attributes of color need to be considered together in studies of honest visual signaling.

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AIM: This study aimed to examine the color discrimination ability of patients with transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia (TDß-T) in detail using the Farnsworth Munsell (FM) 100-hue test and to evaluate structural changes by swept source-optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective, sectional study included 40 patients (79 eyes) with TDß-T and 21 controls (42 eyes). The volunteers underwent a detailed ophthalmological examination and SS-OCT (DRI-OCT, Triton) imaging. Excluded were those with congenital color vision defects detected with the Ishihara pseudoisochromatic test. The patients' color vision was examined using the FM 100-hue test. The total error score (TES), the blue-yellow local error score (b-y LES), and the red-green local error score (r-g LES) were calculated. p <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The mean age was 30.34±6.94 years in the patient group and 32.26±6.43 years in the control group (p = 0.078). The patient group had a significantly lower hemoglobin level (9.25±0.87 g/dL vs. 14±1.79 g/dL, p <0.001) and a significantly higher ferritin level (2665.56±2658.05 µg/L vs. 52.87±69.59 µg/L, p<0.001) compared to the control group. The mean TES, b-y LES, and r-g LES were higher in the patients than in the controls (64.84±30.18 vs. 28.45±16.55, p<0.001, 34.21±17.54 vs. 15.67±10.07, p <0.001, and 29.32±15.72 vs. 12.12±7.94, p<0.001, respectively). The patients had a higher b-y LES than r-g LES (34.21±17.54 vs. 29.32±15.72, p = 0.015). Choroidal thickness was lower in the patients than in the controls (284.34±63.55 µm vs. 324.98±88.05 µm, p = 0.043). CONCLUSION: We found that the color discrimination ability of the patients with TDß-T was reduced in both the r-g and b-y color axes compared to the controls, and their color discrimination ability in the b-y color axis was more affected than in the r-g axis.

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We show that classical hue cancellation experiments lead to human-like opponent curves even if the task is done by trivial (identity) artificial networks. Specifically, human-like opponent spectral sensitivities always emerge in artificial networks as long as (i) the retina converts the input radiation into any tristimulus-like representation, and (ii) the post-retinal network solves the standard hue cancellation task, e.g. the network looks for the weights of the cancelling lights so that every monochromatic stimulus plus the weighted cancelling lights match a grey reference in the (arbitrary) color representation used by the network. In fact, the specific cancellation lights (and not the network architecture) are key to obtain human-like curves: results show that the classical choice of the lights is the one that leads to the best (more human-like) result, and any other choices lead to progressively different spectral sensitivities. We show this in two ways: through artificial psychophysics using a range of networks with different architectures and a range of cancellation lights, and through a change-of-basis theoretical analogy of the experiments. This suggests that the opponent curves of the classical experiment are just a by-product of the front-end photoreceptors and of a very specific experimental choice but they do not inform about the downstream color representation. In fact, the architecture of the post-retinal network (signal recombination or internal color space) seems irrelevant for the emergence of the curves in the classical experiment. This result in artificial networks questions the conventional interpretation of the classical result in humans by Jameson and Hurvich.

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This paper proposes a method for changing pixel shape by converting a CMYK raster image (pixel) to an HSB vector image, replacing the square cells of the CMYK pixels with different vector shapes. The replacement of a pixel by the selected vector shape is done depending on the detected color values for each pixel. The CMYK values are first converted to the corresponding RGB values and then to the HSB system, and the vector shape is selected based on the obtained hue values. The vector shape is drawn in the defined space, according to the row and column matrix of the pixels of the original CMYK image. Twenty-one vector shapes are introduced to replace the pixels depending on the hue. The pixels of each hue are replaced by a different shape. The application of this conversion has its greatest value in the creation of security graphics for printed documents and the individualization of digital artwork by creating structured patterns based on the hue.