RESUMEN
Background: Returning to work and performing housework tasks (HWT) is the final step in overcoming breast cancer (BC). Objective: To assess whether clinical characteristics and type of treatment impact employment status and performance of HWT. Material and methods: A total of 119 patients diagnosed with early BC were enrolled. Occupational and HWT-related variables were measured. Results: At diagnosis, most of the patients were employed and performed HWT. Two years after the end of treatment, 50% of the patients who were working continued to work and 68.6% of these had issues returning to work. Patients who did not return to work were diagnosed at more advanced stages and had more postoperative complications (p < 0.005). Regarding the execution of HWT, 83.3% had some degree of difficulty to perform them. Patients who underwent axillary nodal removal, those who received more frequent psychological support, and those who had more postoperative complications performed HWT with greater difficulty (p < 0.005). Conclusions: Once treatment had finished, 50% of patients did not come back to their work. In this case, the stage negative effect and the postoperative complications materialized. These data reveal that returning to work after BC diagnosis and treatment is complicated.
Introducción: la reinserción laboral y la reanudación de las tareas del hogar suponen el último paso en la superación del cáncer de mama (CM). Objetivo: evaluar si las características clínicas y el tipo de tratamiento afectan de forma negativa el desempeño en el puesto de trabajo y en el hogar. Material y métodos: se incluyeron 119 pacientes diagnosticadas de CM precoz. Se midieron las variables laborales y las relacionadas con las tareas del hogar. Resultados: al ser diagnosticadas, la mayoría de las pacientes tenía trabajo y realizaba las tareas del hogar. A los dos años de finalizado el tratamiento, el 50% de las pacientes que trabajaban continuaba trabajando y el 68.6% de estas tuvieron dificultades para retomar su trabajo. Las pacientes que no retomaron su actividad laboral fueron diagnosticadas en estadios más avanzados y tuvieron más complicaciones postoperatorias (p < 0.005). En cuanto a la ejecución de las tareas del hogar, el 83.3% tuvieron algún grado de dificultad para llevarlas a cabo. Las pacientes que fueron sometidas a vaciamiento axilar ganglionar, las que recibieron más frecuentemente apoyo psicológico y las que tuvieron más complicaciones postoperatorias realizaron las tareas del hogar con mayor esfuerzo (p < 0.005). Conclusiones: una vez terminado el tratamiento, el 50% de las pacientes no se reincorporó a su actividad laboral. En este caso, se objetivó el efecto negativo del estadio y de las complicaciones postoperatorias (p < 0.005). Estos datos revelan que la reinserción laboral tras el diagnóstico y tratamiento del CM es complicada.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama , Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Mama/terapia , Empleo , Femenino , Humanos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiología , Sobrevivientes/psicologíaRESUMEN
Considerando a importância da interação mãe-bebê para o desenvolvimento da criança, pesquisadores têm questionado se a inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho altera a dinâmica dessa interação. Este estudo teve o objetivo de comparar o tempo de cuidado com o bebê, a divisão de tarefas domésticas e a rede de apoio social de mães que não trabalham e mães que trabalham fora de casa. Em relação aos cuidados com o bebê, os resultados apontaram que mães que trabalham fora dedicam mais tempo aos filhos nos finais de semana, enquanto mães que não trabalham dedicam mais tempo durante os dias da semana. Além disso, a mãe foi apontada como maior responsável pelo cuidado com o bebê, seguida pelo pai e a avó. Na divisão de tarefas domésticas, observou-se maior tempo de dedicação pelas mães que não trabalham. De modo geral, a avó apareceu como figura fundamental na rede de apoio materna.
Considering the importance of mother-infant interaction for the child's development, researchers have questioned whether the insertion of women in the labor market changes the dynamics of this interaction. This study aimed to compare the time taken to care for the baby, the division of domestic tasks and the social support network of mothers who do not work and the mothers who work outside the home. Regarding baby care, the results indicated that mothers who work outside dedicate more time to their children on weekends, while mothers who do not work dedicate more time during weekdays. In addition, the mother was appointed as the main responsible for the care of the baby, followed by the father and the grandmother. In the division of domestic tasks, more time was devoted by mothers who do not work. In general, the grandmother appeared as a fundamental figure in the maternal support network.
Asunto(s)
Apoyo Social , Mercado de Trabajo , Psicología Social , Mujeres , Trabajo , Responsabilidad Parental , Relaciones Madre-HijoRESUMEN
Os programas de transferência de renda condicionada têm como público-alvo famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade e são pagos preferivelmente às mulheres. A crítica feminista em relação a tais programas argumenta que, ao se direcionarem os benefícios às mulheres, papéis sociais baseados na divisão sexual do trabalho são reforçados, o que gera uma sobrecarga feminina com o trabalho doméstico e do cuidado. Este artigo investiga a relação entre a titularidade feminina e o uso do tempo com o trabalho do cuidado, comparando mulheres e homens que recebem e que não recebem o benefício do Programa Bolsa Família. Para isso, foram analisados os dados disponíveis na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua de 2019. Os resultados mostram que as mulheres beneficiárias que cuidam de crianças de até cinco anos despendem mais horas do que todos os outros grupos. Contudo, os homens beneficiários que cuidam de crianças nessa faixa etária gastam menos horas do que os beneficiários que não cuidam.
Conditional cash transfer programs target vulnerable families and are preferentially paid to women. Feminist criticism regarding such programs argues that directing financial transfers to women reinforces social roles based on the Sexual Division of Labor, which places a burden on women regarding domestic and care work. This paper investigates the relationship between female ownership and the time spent doing care work, comparing women and men who receive and not receive benefits from Bolsa Família Program. To do so, available data from Continuous - PNAD from 2019 were analyzed. The results show that female beneficiaries who care for children up to 5 years old spend more hours doing domestic work than all other groups. However, male beneficiaries who care for children in this age group spend less hours in those activities than beneficiaries who do not.
Los programas de transferencia de renta condicional tienen como público objetivo familias en situación de vulnerabilidad y dan preferencia a la titularidad femenina. La crítica feminista en relación con tales programas argumenta que, al direccionar los beneficios hacia las mujeres, los roles sociales basados en la división sexual del trabajo se refuerzan, lo cual genera una sobrecarga femenina en relación con el trabajo doméstico y de cuidado. Este artículo investiga la relación entre la titularidad femenina y el uso del tiempo en el trabajo de cuidado, comparando mujeres y hombres que reciben y que no reciben prestaciones del programa Bolsa Familia. Para esto, fueron analizados los datos disponibles en la Encuesta Nacional Anual de Muestreo Residencial. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres beneficiadas que cuidan niños de hasta cinco años gastan más horas que todos los otros grupos, aunque los hombres beneficiados que cuidan niños en este rango de edad gastan menos horas que los que no los cuidan.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Mujeres Trabajadoras , Demografía , Factores Raciales , Programas de Gobierno , Brasil , Censos , FeminismoRESUMEN
Resumo Objetivo: discutir os elementos vivenciados pelos(as) trabalhadores(as) com a ampla implementação de atividades laborais remotas, realizadas em casa, com auxílio das tecnologias de informação-comunicação, no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: com base em dados oficiais e revisão de literatura, discutem-se características do trabalho remoto (TR) e suas potenciais repercussões, enfatizando-se questões de gênero. Resultados: medidas de controle e prevenção contra a COVID-19, sobretudo o distanciamento social, mudaram o cotidiano social e familiar. Uma parcela de trabalhadores(as) manteve suas atividades laborais em casa. O TR foi imposto sem as condições estruturais e de treinamento necessárias e intensificou os efeitos do trabalho sem limites temporais definidos. Em casa, novas demandas surgiram (acompanhamento escolar e aumento de demandas por higienização e limpeza). Discussão: com a perda de fronteiras, o mundo privado torna-se público, a casa é incorporada ao mundo do trabalho. Novas questões emergem. Quais demandas surgem nesse novo arranjo produtivo-reprodutivo? Quais alterações se produzem nas atividades domésticas e de cuidados da família? Essas questões tendem a perdurar, mesmo passada a situação crítica da pandemia. Parte desse modo de operar os processos de trabalho permanecerá, e a vida em sociedade será modulada por essas transformações. Esses desafios deverão mobilizar atenção e intervenção.
Abstract Objective: to discuss the workers' experiences with the wide implementation of remote work activities, carried out at home, using information-communication technologies, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: based on official data and literature review, we discussed the characteristics of remote work (RW) and its potential repercussions, emphasizing gender issues. Results: control and prevention measures against COVID-19, especially social distance, changed social and family life. Part of the workers kept engaged in their work activities at home. RW was imposed even without the necessary structure and training conditions, intensifying the effects of the working hours without defined limits. At home, new demands were put forward (educational support for children and increased housework). Discussion: by losing its borders, the private world becomes public; the household is incorporated into the world of work. New questions emerge. What demands rise from this new productive-reproductive arrangement? What changes take place in household and family care activities? These issues tend to persist, even after the critical situation of the pandemic. Part of this way of operating work processes will remain and life in society will be shaped by these changes. These challenges should demand attention and interventions.
RESUMEN
Resumo Este artigo analisa o trabalho doméstico remunerado no Brasil buscando articular dimensões conjunturais e estruturais, a partir das determinações inscritas na divisão sexual e racial do trabalho, que o conformam como um campo de trabalho assalariado majoritariamente ocupado por mulheres e, dentre elas, por mulheres negras, e marcado por relações de exploração e dominação conformadas pela imbricação das relações sociais de gênero, raça e classe, que atravessam a formação social brasileira. Analisa-se como o trabalho doméstico remunerado se inscreve no cerne das contradições sociais do país e como a luta das trabalhadoras domésticas e cada momento de conquista advindo desta luta movimentam reações que expressam os conflitos e antagonismos sociais inerentes a estas relações.
Resumen Este artículo analiza el trabajo doméstico remunerado en Brasil, buscando articular dimensiones coyunturales y estructurales, a partir de las determinaciones inscritas en la división sexual y racial del trabajo, que lo configuran como un campo de trabajo asalariado ocupado sobretodo por mujeres y, entre ellas, mujeres negras, y marcado por relaciones de explotación y dominación formadas por la superposición de relaciones sociales de género, raza y clase, que cruzan la formación social brasileña. Analiza cómo el trabajo doméstico remunerado está en el centro de las contradicciones sociales del país y cómo la lucha de las trabajadoras domésticas y cada momento de conquista resultante de esta lucha mueve reacciones que expresan los conflictos y los antagonismos sociales inherentes a estas relaciones.
Abstract This article analyzes paid domestic work in Brazil, seeking to articulate conjunctural and structural dimensions based on the determinations inscribed in the sexual and racial division of labor, which make it up as a wage labor field mainly occupied by women and, among them, black women, and marked by relations of exploitation and domination shaped by the imbrication of social relations of gender, race and class that cross the Brazilian social formation. The article analyzes how paid domestic work is at the core of the country's social contradictions as well as how the struggle of domestic workers and each moment of conquest resulting from this struggle trigger reactions that express the conflicts and social antagonisms inherent in these relationships.
Asunto(s)
Mujeres Trabajadoras , División del Trabajo Basado en el Género , Tareas del Hogar/historia , Relaciones Laborales , Factores Sociológicos , Relaciones InterpersonalesRESUMEN
Se presenta una descripción de las narrativas de parejas acerca de los ajustes causados por el desempleo masculino en la organización familiar. Se seleccionaron parejas residentes de municipios aledaños a Bogotá (Colombia), cuyos padres habían perdido su empleo como fuente principal de ingreso y llevaban un mínimo de 6 meses desempleados. Se realizaron entrevistas y un grupo de discusión. El método fue de tipo cualitativo, desde un enfoque social interpretativo. Como estrategia de procesamiento, se utilizó el análisis del discurso narrativo. En conclusión, se vio que en las parejas no hubo una negociación explícita sobre el reparto de las tareas domésticas, por lo que estas se van asumiendo de acuerdo con lo que cada esposo voluntariamente quiera asumir. En la toma de decisiones, las esposas adquieren mayor poder, mientras que los hombres tienden a retraerse. El miembro que obtiene un salario tiene mayor poder de decisión sobre gastos importantes, aunque la administración del dinero es compartida. Para solventar la situación de desempleo, la familia recurrió a restringir gastos no básicos, a sostenerse con los ingresos de la mujer y a apoyarse en amigos y familiares. En la mayoría de los casos no se alteraron significativamente los roles de género, debido a que el hombre no asume el trabajo doméstico como su función principal. Finalmente, la situación de desempleo puede manejarse mejor si las parejas están abiertamente de acuerdo acerca de las responsabilidades de cada cónyuge y si hay lexibilidad en los roles y funciones relativos a la organización familiar.
Job instability, economic conditions and the active entry of women to the productive sector, have produced a tension with roles and functions traditionally assigned to men and women. This situation becomes more evident when a man loses his job. This, because he has identified himself as an external individual who provides home sustenance. This article describe narratives of married couples about family organization adjustment caused by male unemployment. Participants were couples living in rural zones at north from Bogotá, in which the man lost his job, and maintained this unemployment status for at least six months. The selection criteria used for this sample was being a couple in a current marital status (married or cohabitating for more than two years) with one or more children (at least one living in the same household). The method used in this case was qualitative with a social interpretative approach, including interviews and focus groups as recollection techniques. The processing strategy used was an analysis of the narrative discourse, were the main categories were as follows: (a) distribution of house work, (b) handling money and power, and (c) coping strategies. The results showed that, in general, an important aspect of the activities assignment within the family were misled by gender conceptions, creating some conflicts; in this sense, the inhibition of dialogues of the unemployed father, to distribute functions and assignments can be attributed to his discomfort. There had been no explicit negotiation about family organization and role assignment, reason why every husband assumed the task that they wanted to contribute with. From job loss, the man usually takes the individual decision to increase his participation in household chores, as compensation for the efforts made by his wife to be the provider; but the role of men in housework is secondary, and fails to fulfill the expectations despite his efforts. Most women in the sample agreed that their husbands should not take the leading role in household tasks due to the lack of skills to carry them. On the other hand, women who accept the leading role of man at home are afraid that they may use this new role as an excuse for not seeking work. When both worked, the man's salary was considered the principal household income and so it was used to pay the main basic expenses such as utilities, food, transportation, and mortgage or rent. If the woman worked, her salary was taken as a supplement for this expenses and the rest was used for additional costs like recreation, clothing. Before unemployment, decisions about money management were made by the man in his role of contributor; when the man became unemployed, woman acquire more power on decision-making, while men tend to withdraw due to his new condition. Therefore, we can conclude that the member of the family (couple) who receives a salary has greater decision power over the other on what has to do with important expenses. Couples develop coping strategies like increasing female work: three of the four women get a job to cope with the economic situation, and two women have doubled their journeys to increase revenue to restrict non-core expenses. Other strategies were to receive support from friends and extended family diminish costs. Finally, we concluded that in most cases the gender roles did not have a significant alteration because couples did not assume housework as a main function of men. The proposed strategies along with family and social support can be useful; however, the situation can improve itself if couples openly agree on the responsibilities for each spouse and there is greater flexibility in the role assignment.
RESUMEN
Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivo investigar se o programa Bolsa Família contribui para o processo de individualização das mulheres pobres. Para tanto, foi utilizada a técnica de pareamento por escore de propensão, a fim de identificar mulheres e homens não atendidos pelo programa comparáveis a mulheres e homens atendidos. Com base na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio de 2006, estimaram-se a jornada de trabalho doméstico, a participação no mercado de trabalho e as horas de trabalho remunerado de homens e mulheres. Os resultados não foram conclusivos para participação no mercado de trabalho. Para a jornada de trabalho remunerado, há indícios de que o Programa Bolsa Família reduza as horas trabalhadas de homens e mulheres. Para a jornada de trabalho doméstico, há indicativos de aumento de tempo de cuidado doméstico para mulheres e redução para homens. Os resultados da pesquisa sugerem que o programa reforçaria papéis tradicionais de gênero, não contribuindo para a individualização das mulheres pobres.
Abstract This paper aims to investigate whether the Bolsa Família program contributes to the process of individualization of poor women. Propensity score matching techniques have been used to select comparable individuals, women and men, who are beneficiaries of the program and those who are not. Based on the 2006 Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (PNAD) data, the following estimations were estimated: hours of housework, participation in the labor market, and hours of paid work for men and women. Results were inconclusive for participation in the labor market; no evidence has been found that the Bolsa Família Program reduces hours of work of either men or women. Our results indicate that housework hours increase for women and diminish for men. The survey results suggest that the program reinforces gender stereotypes, not contributing to the individualization of poor women.
Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo investigar si el programa Bolsa Familia contribuye al proceso de individualización de las mujeres pobres. Para ello se utilizó la técnica de correspondencia del puntaje de propensión para encontrar hombres y mujeres no beneficiarios del programa que pudieran ser comparados con mujeres y hombres que sí lo fueran. Con base en los datos de la Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (PNAD) de 2006, se estimaron las horas de trabajo doméstico, la participación en el mercado de trabajo y las horas de trabajo remunerado de hombres y mujeres. Los resultados no fueron conclusivos para la participación en el mercado laboral. No hay evidencias de que el programa Bolsa Familia reduzca las horas de trabajo de hombres y mujeres, pero sí hay indicios de que aumenta el tiempo dedicado a las tareas del hogar de las mujeres y disminuye para los hombres. Los resultados sugieren que el programa reforzaría estereotipos de género, lo que no contribuye a la individualización de las mujeres pobres.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Programas de Gobierno/economía , Renta , Mujeres Trabajadoras , Horas de Trabajo , Brasil , Identidad de Género , Pobreza , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
INTRODUÇÃO: Os Transtornos Mentais Comuns (TMC) acometem mais frequentemente as mulheres. A baixa gratificação e a falta de visibilidade na realização do trabalho doméstico constituem quadro determinante para esse adoecimento psíquico. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a associação entre sobrecarga doméstica e a ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns em mulheres da zona urbana do município de Feira de Santana - BA. METODOLOGIA: Estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal incluindo 2.057 mulheres com 15 anos ou mais de idade, selecionadas através de amostragem aleatória por conglomerado. O indicador de sobrecarga doméstica foi criado a partir das atividades domésticas: lavar, passar, limpar e cozinhar, ponderadas pelo número de moradores do domicílio. Os transtornos mentais comuns foram avaliados através do SRQ-20. RESULTADOS: Mulheres com alta sobrecarga doméstica apresentaram prevalência de TMC mais elevada do que as mulheres com baixa sobrecarga: 45,6% contra 36,2%. A análise de regressão logística múltipla confirmou associação entre sobrecarga doméstica e TMC (RP: 1,23; IC95%: 1,05 - 1,44), ajustada pelas variáveis renda, escolaridade e atividades de lazer. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados sustentam a hipótese de que o trabalho doméstico, em elevada sobrecarga, está associado a transtornos mentais.
INTRODUCTION: Common mental disorders (CMD) are more frequent in women. Low reward and lack of visibility in performing housework are the determining factors for these psychological illnesses. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between housework overload and the occurrence of common mental disorders in women living in the urban zone of the municipality of Feira de Santana, Bahia. METHODS: cross-sectional epidemiological study that included 2,057 women aged 15 years or over selected by random sampling in clusters. The housework overload indicator was created from the domestic activities of washing, ironing, cleaning and cooking, weighted according to the number of individuals living in the home. The common mental disorders were assessed using SRQ-20. RESULTS: Women with a high housework overload had a higher prevalence of CMD than women with a low overload (45.6% versus 36.2%). Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed the association between housework overload and CMD (PR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.05 - 1.44), adjusted for income, level of schooling and leisure activities. CONCLUSION: The findings support the hypothesis that high housework overload is associated with mental disorders.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Adulto Joven , Tareas del Hogar/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/etiología , Carga de Trabajo/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
Este estudo tem por objetivo conhecer como acontece a divisão das tarefas domésticas e de cuidados com os filhos pequenos, a partir da percepção de professoras universitárias da cidade de Manaus. Utilizou-se o Questionário Famwork com 86 professoras que possuíam filhos menores de sete anos. Os resultados mostraram que as mulheres despendem mais horas no trabalho doméstico e nos cuidados com os filhos que seus companheiros. Entretanto, consideram justa esta divisão das tarefas entre o casal e não se sentem sobrecarregadas com os cuidados relativos aos filhos. Em tempos pós-modernos, apesar de homens e mulheres ambicionarem e considerarem desejável uma divisão mais igualitária do trabalho doméstico e de cuidado dos filhos, tais atividades continuam a ser uma responsabilidade predominantemente feminina.(AU)
This study aimed to understand how work and the care small children is done, from the perspective of women university teachers in Manaus, Brazil. The Famwork Questionnaire was used with 86 teachers who had children under seven years of age. The results showed that those women spent more time doing housework and caring for their children than their male partners. However, they considered that task sharing between the couple to be fair and did not feel overloaded with their children's care. It can be concluded that although men and women consider a more egalitarian sharing of housework and children's care desirable, those activities continue to be predominantly performed by women.(AU)
Este estudio tiene el objetivo de conocer cómo ocurre la división de las tareas domésticas y del cuidado de los hijos pequeños a partir de la percepción de profesoras universitarias de la ciudad de Manaus. Se utilizó el Cuestionario Famwork con 86 profesoras que tenían hijos menores de siete años. Los resultados mostraron que las mujeres se ocupan más horas en el trabajo doméstico y en el cuidado de los hijos que sus compañeros. Sin embargo, consideran justa esta división de las tareas entre la pareja y no se sienten sobrecargadas con los cuidados relativos a los hijos. En tiempos posmodernos, a pesar de que hombres y mujeres ambicionan y consideran deseable una división más igualitaria del trabajo doméstico y del cuidado de los hijos, tales actividades continúan siendo una responsabilidad predominantemente femenina.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Docentes , Práctica Profesional , Familia , Horas de TrabajoRESUMEN
Este estudo tem por objetivo conhecer como acontece a divisão das tarefas domésticas e de cuidados com os filhos pequenos, a partir da percepção de professoras universitárias da cidade de Manaus. Utilizou-se o Questionário Famwork com 86 professoras que possuíam filhos menores de sete anos. Os resultados mostraram que as mulheres despendem mais horas no trabalho doméstico e nos cuidados com os filhos que seus companheiros. Entretanto, consideram justa esta divisão das tarefas entre o casal e não se sentem sobrecarregadas com os cuidados relativos aos filhos. Em tempos pós-modernos, apesar de homens e mulheres ambicionarem e considerarem desejável uma divisão mais igualitária do trabalho doméstico e de cuidado dos filhos, tais atividades continuam a ser uma responsabilidade predominantemente feminina.
This study aimed to understand how work and the care small children is done, from the perspective of women university teachers in Manaus, Brazil. The Famwork Questionnaire was used with 86 teachers who had children under seven years of age. The results showed that those women spent more time doing housework and caring for their children than their male partners. However, they considered that task sharing between the couple to be fair and did not feel overloaded with their children's care. It can be concluded that although men and women consider a more egalitarian sharing of housework and children's care desirable, those activities continue to be predominantly performed by women.
Este estudio tiene el objetivo de conocer cómo ocurre la división de las tareas domésticas y del cuidado de los hijos pequeños a partir de la percepción de profesoras universitarias de la ciudad de Manaus. Se utilizó el Cuestionario Famwork con 86 profesoras que tenían hijos menores de siete años. Los resultados mostraron que las mujeres se ocupan más horas en el trabajo doméstico y en el cuidado de los hijos que sus compañeros. Sin embargo, consideran justa esta división de las tareas entre la pareja y no se sienten sobrecargadas con los cuidados relativos a los hijos. En tiempos posmodernos, a pesar de que hombres y mujeres ambicionan y consideran deseable una división más igualitaria del trabajo doméstico y del cuidado de los hijos, tales actividades continúan siendo una responsabilidad predominantemente femenina.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Docentes , Relaciones Familiares , Vivienda , Práctica ProfesionalRESUMEN
Este estudo examina a questão de gênero na divisão de tarefas domésticas e responsabilidades familiares entre membros de casais de aeronautas (comissários e pilotos). Homens e mulheres se veem divididos diante de propostas igualitárias de relacionamento, em contraposição a práticas mais tradicionais. A lacuna deixada pelas mulheres na vida privada, com sua entrada maciça no mercado de trabalho, não foi ocupada por outros, senão por elas próprias, para poder conciliar família e profissão. Foi possível perceber que, nos quatro casais de aeronautas entrevistados, as mulheres despendem mais tempo com o trabalho doméstico e com as responsabilidades familiares do que seus maridos, produzindo, com isso, um cenário desfavorável para a ascensão profissional das mulheres e para um maior envolvimento dos homens com a vida familiar.(AU)
The main subject of this study is the gender issue in the division of housework and child care between spouses who work as crew members in civil aviation. This study reports an investigation of the relationships of nonstanda rd work schedules and family balance. Women and men are confronted with an egalitarian social discourse and traditional patterns of behavior. Women started working outside the home dealing with multiple roles to balance housework and career. Interviews with four couples were made and the results were that these women still do much more routine housework than their husbands. The gender segregation of tasks associated with the traditional gender ideologies contribute to difficult women to grow in their careers as well as the fathers role to expand.(AU)
El presente trabajo examina la question de género en la división de tareas domésticas y responsabilidades familiares entre miembros de parejas de profesionales azafatas/comisários y pilotos. Hombres y mujeres se encuentran divididos frente a propuestas igualitárias de relación en contraposición a las práticas más tradicionales. El espacio vacío dejado por las mujeres en la vida privada, con su entrada en el mercado laboral, no fue ocupado por otros, sino por ellas mismas, para poder conciliar familia y profesión. Según las entrevistas con cuatro parejas de aeronautas, las mujeres entrevistadas dedican más tiempo a las tareas domésticas y responsabilidades familiares que sus maridos, produciendo com esto un escenario desfavorable a la ascención profesional de las mujeres y para una mayor responsabilidad de los hombres con la vida familiar.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Identidad de Género , Relaciones Interpersonales , Astronautas , PsicologíaRESUMEN
Este estudo examina a questão de gênero na divisão de tarefas domésticas e responsabilidades familiares entre membros de casais de aeronautas (comissários e pilotos). Homens e mulheres se veem divididos diante de propostas igualitárias de relacionamento, em contraposição a práticas mais tradicionais. A lacuna deixada pelas mulheres na vida privada, com sua entrada maciça no mercado de trabalho, não foi ocupada por outros, senão por elas próprias, para poder conciliar família e profissão. Foi possível perceber que, nos quatro casais de aeronautas entrevistados, as mulheres despendem mais tempo com o trabalho doméstico e com as responsabilidades familiares do que seus maridos, produzindo, com isso, um cenário desfavorável para a ascensão profissional das mulheres e para um maior envolvimento dos homens com a vida familiar.
The main subject of this study is the gender issue in the division of housework and child care between spouses who work as crew members in civil aviation. This study reports an investigation of the relationships of nonstanda rd work schedules and family balance. Women and men are confronted with an egalitarian social discourse and traditional patterns of behavior. Women started working outside the home dealing with multiple roles to balance housework and career. Interviews with four couples were made and the results were that these women still do much more routine housework than their husbands. The gender segregation of tasks associated with the traditional gender ideologies contribute to difficult women to grow in their careers as well as the fathers role to expand.
El presente trabajo examina la question de género en la división de tareas domésticas y responsabilidades familiares entre miembros de parejas de profesionales azafatas/comisários y pilotos. Hombres y mujeres se encuentran divididos frente a propuestas igualitárias de relación en contraposición a las práticas más tradicionales. El espacio vacío dejado por las mujeres en la vida privada, con su entrada en el mercado laboral, no fue ocupado por otros, sino por ellas mismas, para poder conciliar familia y profesión. Según las entrevistas con cuatro parejas de aeronautas, las mujeres entrevistadas dedican más tiempo a las tareas domésticas y responsabilidades familiares que sus maridos, produciendo com esto un escenario desfavorable a la ascención profesional de las mujeres y para una mayor responsabilidad de los hombres con la vida familiar.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Astronautas , Identidad de Género , Relaciones Interpersonales , PsicologíaRESUMEN
O presente trabalho visa a investigar como se dá a negociação de tarefas dentro do lar face às novas demandas impostas a reboque do movimento de emancipação feminina e do ingresso maciço das mulheres no mercado de trabalho. Procuramos avaliar atitudes e comportamentos acerca de diversos tópicos relativos ao cotidiano da vida em comum entrevistando 20 membros de casais heterossexuais de classe média, com idades entre 30 e 40 anos, com pelo menos 5 anos de união e ao menos um filho. Entre os principais resultados, destacamos que, apesar da existência de uma dupla jornada de trabalho e das dificuldades demonstradas pelos homens em compartilhar de forma igualitária as tarefas domésticas - recaindo sobre a mulher o peso maior (cuidar da casa e das crianças, fazer compras, arrumar, lavar e passar, etc.) - não observamos, como seria esperado, um aumento considerável de conflitos na relação marital....(AU)
The current article investigates how housework negotiations occur inside the home, due to the new demands that emerged with the women's lib movement and the increase of women in labor-force participation. We evaluated attitudes and behaviors regarding several topics in a couple's life by interviewing 20 heterosexual middle-class couples, with ages between 30-40 years, with at least 5 years of marriage and at least 1 child. Among our major results, we highlight the fact that despite the existence of a double working schedule and the difficulties expressed by men in sharing household chores in an egalitarian fashion - which greatest weight relies upon women (caring for the house and the children, shopping, organizing, doing laundry, ironing, etc.) - we did not observe, as could be expected, a great increase in conflicts in marital relationship....(AU)
El presente trabajo visa a investigar cómo se da la negociación de tareas dentro del hogar frente a las nuevas demandas impuestas a remolque del movimiento de emancipación femenina y del ingreso macizo de las mujeres en el mercado de trabajo. Procuramos evaluar actitudes y comportamientos acerca de diversos tópicos relativos al cotidiano de la vida en común entrevistando a 20 miembros de parejas heterosexuales de clase media, con edades entre 30 y 40 años, con por lo menos 5 años de unión y al menos un hijo. Entre los principales resultados, destacamos que, a pesar de la existencia de una doble jornada de trabajo y de las dificultades demostradas por los hombres en compartir de forma igualitaria las tareas domésticas - recayendo sobre la mujer el peso mayor (cuidar de la casa y de los niños, hacer compras, arreglar la casa, lavar y planchar, etc.) - no observamos, como sería esperado, un aumento considerable de conflictos en la relación marital....(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Identidad de Género , Matrimonio , Mercado de Trabajo , PsicologíaRESUMEN
O presente trabalho visa a investigar como se dá a negociação de tarefas dentro do lar face às novas demandas impostas a reboque do movimento de emancipação feminina e do ingresso maciço das mulheres no mercado de trabalho. Procuramos avaliar atitudes e comportamentos acerca de diversos tópicos relativos ao cotidiano da vida em comum entrevistando 20 membros de casais heterossexuais de classe média, com idades entre 30 e 40 anos, com pelo menos 5 anos de união e ao menos um filho. Entre os principais resultados, destacamos que, apesar da existência de uma dupla jornada de trabalho e das dificuldades demonstradas pelos homens em compartilhar de forma igualitária as tarefas domésticas - recaindo sobre a mulher o peso maior (cuidar da casa e das crianças, fazer compras, arrumar, lavar e passar, etc.) - não observamos, como seria esperado, um aumento considerável de conflitos na relação marital.(AU)
The current article investigates how housework negotiations occur inside the home, due to the new demands that emerged with the women's lib movement and the increase of women in labor-force participation. We evaluated attitudes and behaviors regarding several topics in a couple's life by interviewing 20 heterosexual middle-class couples, with ages between 30-40 years, with at least 5 years of marriage and at least 1 child. Among our major results, we highlight the fact that despite the existence of a double working schedule and the difficulties expressed by men in sharing household chores in an egalitarian fashion - which greatest weight relies upon women (caring for the house and the children, shopping, organizing, doing laundry, ironing, etc.) - we did not observe, as could be expected, a great increase in conflicts in marital relationship.(AU)
El presente trabajo visa a investigar cómo se da la negociación de tareas dentro del hogar frente a las nuevas demandas impuestas a remolque del movimiento de emancipación femenina y del ingreso macizo de las mujeres en el mercado de trabajo. Procuramos evaluar actitudes y comportamientos acerca de diversos tópicos relativos al cotidiano de la vida en común entrevistando a 20 miembros de parejas heterosexuales de clase media, con edades entre 30 y 40 años, con por lo menos 5 años de unión y al menos un hijo. Entre los principales resultados, destacamos que, a pesar de la existencia de una doble jornada de trabajo y de las dificultades demostradas por los hombres en compartir de forma igualitaria las tareas domésticas - recayendo sobre la mujer el peso mayor (cuidar de la casa y de los niños, hacer compras, arreglar la casa, lavar y planchar, etc.) - no observamos, como sería esperado, un aumento considerable de conflictos en la relación marital.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Identidad de Género , Actitud , Relaciones Familiares , Esposos , Mercado de Trabajo , Horas de Trabajo , Matrimonio , FeminismoRESUMEN
Este estudio tiene como objeto identificar las variables implicadas en la participación parental. Los participantes fueron 130 parejas de doble ingreso y con niños menores de 12 años. Los resultados muestran que las diferentes formas de distribución de las tareas domésticas en la pareja se relacionan con los roles de género y la percepción de injusticia, mientras que la variable más eficaz en las tareas de cuidado es la conciencia de género. Por otra parte, se aprecia que las variables predictoras de la participación en las tareas domésticas son diferentes a las del cuidado de los hijos. Mientras para los hombres son las variable psicosociales (normas de estatus, conciencia de género y trabajo emocional) los mejores predictores de su participación, en las mujeres son las variables sociolaborales (horario e ingresos) las más significativas. Estos resultados sugieren que la participación de los hombres en la esfera familiar está mucho más influenciada por su ideología de género que en el caso de las mujeres.(AU)
This study investigates predictors of paternal involvement. Participants were 130 couples with children smaller than twelve. The results show that the different ways of household distribution between the couple is related to gender role and the perception of injustice. In relation to care children, the most relevant variable to differentiate among groups was gender awareness. It is also appreciated that the predictors of the participation in the domestic tasks are different to those of care of children. While the predictors of mens participation were psychosocial variables (status norms, gender awareness and emotional work), in women were structural variables (schedule and incomes) the most significant. Those findings suggest that father involvement is more related to gender ideology than in mother, also fathers spent more time in care children than domestic task.(AU)
RESUMEN
Nas últimas décadas, o mercado de trabalho no Brasil tem apresentado um aumento de trabalhadores não registrados. Trabalhadores informais, além de remunerações abaixo do mínimo legal, não contam com seguridade social, e medidas de prevenção de riscos. Este estudo teve por objetivo a análise das representações e percepções sobre a informalidade do contrato de trabalho e dos riscos à saúde entre trabalhadores informais acidentados. A pesquisa foi qualitativa, baseada em entrevistas em profundidade realizadas com dezessete trabalhadores, nove trabalhadoras domésticas e oito operários da construção civil. Observou-se que os trabalhadores reconhecem a importância do trabalho formal, principalmente pela garantia dos direitos trabalhistas, apontando a desvalorização simbólica do trabalho informal com repercussão em sua auto-estima. Ambos os grupos tenderam a minimizar os riscos de acidentes de trabalho, e não associaram o trabalho informal a maior risco de acidentes ou doenças. Identificou-se a necessidade sentida de formalização dos vínculos de trabalho pelos trabalhadores. Os resultados do estudo demonstram a necessidade de maior divulgação e discussão dos direitos trabalhistas e da construção de políticas públicas que contemplem a segurança e saúde destes trabalhadores.
During the past few decades, the Brazilian labor market has been characterized by an increase of unregistered workers, earning lower wages, not covered by social insurance or occupational risk prevention programs. This study describes the representations and perceptions about informal work contracts and job-related health risks, analyzed in a group of injured unregistered workers. This was a qualitative study based on in-depth interviews carried out with seventeen laborers, nine housemaids and eight construction workers. The findings indicate that workers recognize the importance of formal jobs, mainly because of legal guarantees of labor rights, mentioning the symbolic downgrading of informal jobs that undermines their self-esteem. Both work groups tended to minimize occupational health risks in the work environment, and did not recognize associations between informal job contracts and occupational accidents or diseases. It was clear that workers want to have job contracts. The findings of the study demonstrate the need for broader dissemination and discussion about labor rights and the construction of public policies that encompass health and safety programs for these workers.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Condiciones de Trabajo , Industria de la Construcción , Riesgos Laborales , Grupos Profesionales , Brasil , Entrevistas como Asunto , Factores Socioeconómicos , Investigación CualitativaRESUMEN
PIP: The author discusses some recommendations that arose out of field research in northern Honduras. The research included policy recommendations to the International Development Research Center Project for Participatory Research in Central America (IPCA) on gender issues. The IPCA aims to build the research capacity of small hillside farmers by involving them in the design and evaluation of appropriate agricultural technologies. The author states that women are not an "underused asset" as Ostergard (1992) contends. Women are heavily burdened workers who provide in their reproductive roles essential services for maintaining agricultural production and for sustaining the family for the next agricultural cycle and the next generations. Women's housework is hard and time-consuming. There is a need for time- and energy-saving technology for domestic chores if living conditions are to be improved. IPCA programs must develop flexible programs to fit women's needs and to include women fully in the participatory process. Useful technologies could be community mills for grinding corn and improved stoves. Cooking and grinding corn are both labor-intensive tasks. In another community outside the study area, women travel to a community mill under private ownership for corn grinding that costs about 30 cents per day. The women reported that the cost is worth the time and energy saved. The mill also serves as a community gathering place. Women could potentially pool resources and operate a cooperative mill service. Lorena stoves are popular due to reduced fuel consumption, time saved in collecting wood, savings in cooking time, and fewer respiratory problems. Decisions would need to be made about venting smoke outside or continuing to use the smoke to dry grains in lofts overhead. Men need to be made aware of women's needs and women's opportunities to engage in income generation activities owing to the time saved.^ieng
Asunto(s)
Directrices para la Planificación en Salud , Tareas del Hogar , Cambio Social , Tecnología , Mujeres , Américas , América Central , Países en Desarrollo , Economía , Honduras , América Latina , América del NorteRESUMEN
This qualitative study was based on individual interviews with 75 Brazilian women in an impoverished peri-urban squatter community (favela) in southeastern Brazil. The purposes of the study were to describe women's role involvement in domestic and employment contexts; identify stresses and satisfactions of maternal, spousal, and employment roles; and assess personal and environmental role constraints and resources from the perspective of women's health. The analytic approach to the interview data was qualitative content analysis, through which thematic categories of maternal, spousal, and employment role satisfactions and stresses were identified by the researchers. Women's unrelenting work in the face of harsh social and economic environments was a broad theme woven throughout the women's descriptions of their lives. The confluence of role constraints affecting the participants' lives included poverty, marginalization, abuse, and lack of support and recognition by partners and society. In order to overcome great adversity and meet heavy role demands, these women relied on self, faith in God, family, and health resources. Implications for women's health promotion are discussed.
PIP: This article describes a qualitative study of women's role in an impoverished peri-urban squatter community in Brazil. The convenience sample included 75 women, comprised of Roman Catholics (51%), Protestants (17%), Spiritists (17%), and unreligiously-affiliated (11%). 26 women were illiterate. 49 had some primary school education. 59% had income that was below the poverty line. 92% reported their income as inadequate. 17 households did not have piped water, and 5 households did not have electricity. None had telephones. Only 28 had refrigerators. Interviews were conducted at the local health post among a sample that was largely unexposed to the questionnaire survey process, which sometimes posed difficulties. Attempts were made to seek out divergent cases or experiences and alternative explanations. Findings indicate that all the women identified themselves as the member of the household responsible for domestic housekeeping, and all saw that role as their most time- and energy-consuming. Most had at least 1 child. 72% were married, and 16% lived with a male partner. 12% were single, widowed, or divorced. Most were dependent upon spouses for economic support. 29 women had some employment outside the home. Women reported the lack of child care as a major reason for not being employed. There were other barriers. The women valued their role as mothers, but work and worries were dominant themes. Women complained about their partner's alcohol and drug misuse, domestic violence, and a lack of appreciation or affection. Working women reported socioeconomic satisfaction and work overload. Women's living conditions were harsh. Women showed considerable inner strength and creativity in dealing with demands and stresses.
Asunto(s)
Recursos en Salud , Pobreza , Salud de la Mujer , Adulto , Brasil , Femenino , Tareas del Hogar , Humanos , Madres , Áreas de Pobreza , Rol , Factores Socioeconómicos , Mujeres TrabajadorasRESUMEN
PIP: To cover subsistence requirements, peasant women from the Peruvian Andes increasingly are being forced to engage in income-generating activities, including domestic service, marketing, manufacturing, and herding. In many cases, recruitment into waged labor involves migration from rural communities. Case studies of the placement of peasant women in external labor markets illustrate the complex micro- and macro-level factors that determine the mix of productive and reproductive labor. The sexual division of labor in the domestic economy and community is the critical in regulating the length of absence of peasant women from the home, the types of jobs taken, and the migratory destination. In 1 such case study, 56 women from the village of Kallarayan (all of whom had migrated at some point) were interviewed during 13 months of fieldwork in 1984-85. There is no paid employment in Kallarayan, so 14% of the village's population is involved in migration to urban areas or commercial agricultural areas in jungle valleys at any point. Male migration is high in the 11-40-year age group, but becomes seasonal once men marry. Female migrants tend to remain away from the village for longer periods, but are almost exclusively single. Recruitment of peasant women into paid labor is achieved by 5 types of agents: family, godparents and friends, authority figures, recruiting agents, and employers. Peasant girls under 15 years of age tend to be allocated to external labor markets (largely domestic services) by parents and godparents; after 15 years, however, when children are considered to reach adulthood, there is a shift toward self-motivated migration or recruitment by employers and agents. The eldest daughter typically enters migration at age 14 years and sacrifices her education, while younger siblings remain in the home longer. In all but the poorest families, female migration for waged labor ends with marriage.^ieng