RESUMEN
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that critically depend on their hosts to initiate infection, complete replication cycles, and generate new progeny virions. To achieve these goals, viruses have evolved numerous elegant strategies to subvert and utilize different cellular machinery. The cytoskeleton is often one of the first components to be hijacked as it provides a convenient transport system for viruses to enter the cell and reach the site of replication. The cytoskeleton is an intricate network involved in controlling the cell shape, cargo transport, signal transduction, and cell division. The host cytoskeleton has complex interactions with viruses during the viral life cycle, as well as cell-to-cell transmission once the life cycle is completed. Additionally, the host also develops unique, cytoskeleton-mediated antiviral innate immune responses. These processes are also involved in pathological damages, although the comprehensive mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we briefly summarize the functions of some prominent viruses in inducing or hijacking cytoskeletal structures and the related antiviral responses in order to provide new insights into the crosstalk between the cytoskeleton and viruses, which may contribute to the design of novel antivirals targeting the cytoskeleton.
Asunto(s)
Replicación Viral , Virus , Replicación Viral/fisiología , Virus/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Inmunidad Innata , Antivirales/metabolismo , Interacciones Huésped-PatógenoRESUMEN
The emerging coronavirus (CoV) pandemic is threatening the public health all over the world. Cytoskeleton is an intricate network involved in controlling cell shape, cargo transport, signal transduction, and cell division. Infection biology studies have illuminated essential roles for cytoskeleton in mediating the outcome of hostâvirus interactions. In this review, we discuss the dynamic interactions between actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and CoVs. In one round of viral life cycle, CoVs surf along filopodia on the host membrane to the entry sites, utilize specific intermediate filament protein as co-receptor to enter target cells, hijack microtubules for transportation to replication and assembly sites, and promote actin filaments polymerization to provide forces for egress. During CoV infection, disruption of host cytoskeleton homeostasis and modification state is tightly connected to pathological processes, such as defective cytokinesis, demyelinating, cilia loss, and neuron necrosis. There are increasing mechanistic studies on cytoskeleton upon CoV infection, such as viral proteinâcytoskeleton interaction, changes in the expression and post-translation modification, related signaling pathways, and incorporation with other host factors. Collectively, these insights provide new concepts for fundamental virology and the control of CoV infection.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Coronavirus/patogenicidad , Citoesqueleto/virología , Interacciones Microbiota-Huesped/fisiología , Citoesqueleto de Actina/fisiología , Citoesqueleto de Actina/virología , Animales , Transporte Biológico Activo , Encéfalo/patología , Cilios/patología , Coronavirus/clasificación , Coronavirus/fisiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/patología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/fisiopatología , Citoesqueleto/patología , Citoesqueleto/fisiología , Humanos , Filamentos Intermedios/fisiología , Filamentos Intermedios/virología , Microtúbulos/fisiología , Microtúbulos/virología , Modelos Biológicos , Filogenia , Receptores Virales/fisiología , Transducción de Señal , Ensamble de Virus , Internalización del Virus , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
The family of flaviviruses is one of the most medically important groups of emerging arthropod-borne viruses. Host cell cytoskeletons have been reported to have close contact with flaviviruses during virus entry, intracellular transport, replication, and egress process, although many detailed mechanisms are still unclear. This article provides a brief overview of the function of the most prominent flaviviruses-induced or -hijacked cytoskeletal structures including actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments, mainly focus on infection by dengue virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus. We suggest that virus interaction with host cytoskeleton to be an interesting area of future research.