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In recent years, mental practice (MP), which involves repetitive motor imagery (MI), has been applied in rehabilitation to actively enhance exercise performance. MP is a method that involves repetitive MI, consciously evoking the intentions and content of the exercise without actual exercise. Combining actual exercise with MP promotes the development of exercise skills. However, it is possible that the MI recall ability differs greatly between individuals, affecting the therapeutic effect. In contrast, the vibration-induced illusory movement (VIM) task acts as a method to induce a motor illusion by somatosensory stimuli without actual motor. VIM, actual movement, and MI are thought to share a common neural basis in the brain. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the VIM task would complement the differences in MI recall in individual patients with hemiplegic stroke and may be a new treatment to enhance MI recall. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of the VIM task in patients with hemiplegic stroke. In Study I, the therapeutic effect of the VIM task in 14 patients with post-stroke hemiplegia was evaluated by motor function assessment. In Study II, treatment effects were investigated by examining the ability of the same group of patients to recall MI and by neurophysiological examination of the electroencephalogram (EEG) during MI recall in four patients who consented to the study. Motor function and MI were assessed four times: before the intervention, after occupational therapy, after the VIM task (which used the motor illusion induced by tendon vibration), and one month after acceptance of therapy. Compared with occupational therapy, the VIM task showed a statistically significant improvement in upper limb function and MI ability. In addition, we found an increase in event-related desynchronization intensity during MI in the affected hemisphere only after the VIM task. It is possible that the VIM task facilitates motor function and MI. VIM task implementation of MI recall variability between individuals, which is a problem in mental practice, possible to increase the effectiveness of the brain-machine interface.

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BACKGROUND: After stroke, gait training is a key component of rehabilitation, and most individuals use a variety of walking aids depending on their physical condition and environment. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the potential effect of a one-arm motorized gait device for gait assist of chronic hemiplegic stroke survivors through comparison with traditional gait devices (parallel bar and hemi-walker). METHODS: This study was conducted on 14 chronic hemiplegic stroke survivors. The participants were asked to walk under three conditions using different gait devices, and their gait parameters during walking were collected and analyzed. The first condition involved walking on parallel bars; second condition, walking using hemi-walkers; and third condition, walking using one-arm motorized gait devices. With the use of a gait analysis system, the spatio-temporal gait parameters in each condition were collected, such as gait velocity, cadence, step length, stride length, single support time, and double support time. RESULTS: In the results by repeated-measures ANOVA or the Friedman test, a significant difference was found in the gait parameters among all three conditions (p< 0.05). The post-hoc test showed a significant change in the spatio-temporal gait parameters (especially, velocity, cadence and affected side single and double support time) when one-arm motorized gait device were used compared with parallel bars and hemi-walkers (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that one-arm motorized gait devices developed for hemiplegic stroke survivors may be more effective potentially than parallel bars and hemi-walkers in gait assistance of chronic hemiplegic stroke survivors.

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Background: A stroke is described by the World Health Organization as "a clinical syndrome with rapidly developing symptoms that consist of a focal (or global, in a situation of coma) disruption of cerebral function that lasts more than 24 hours or leads to mortality without a known cause other than a vascular origin". Stroke is the most prevalent cause of impairment and mortality on a global scale. Modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) is an approach to therapy for motor disabilities that involves constraining the movements of the nonparetic limb, diligent practice and behaviour modification to extend the time the paretic limb is utilized for daily tasks. The motor relearning program (MRP) method involves many aspects of motor learning theory and is helpful in providing instructions for retraining practical skills (including walking, standing and sitting in balance and transferring abilities). So, the objective of this study is to assess the impact of the MRP and mCIMT on balance and gait in sub-acute hemiplegic stroke patients. Methods: In this study, each group will consist of 17 people in total. The randomization procedure will be conducted using a computer-generated random number system. For sample distribution, we will use the sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelope technique. Outcome measures will be as follows: Berg balance scale, Dynamic gait index, Trunk impairment scale, Functional reach test, 10 Meter walk test and Fall efficacy test. Each patient will be evaluated prior to and during treatment at baseline and six weeks later. Conclusions: There is sufficient evidence to derive the conclusion that the functional mobility and balance of stroke victims can be improved with physiotherapy. Therefore, this study will try to seek the comparison of mCIMT (group A) and MRP (group B) in sub-acute stroke subjects and compare the two regimes to determine which one will be superior. Registration: CTRI ( CTRI/2023/05/052674; 16/05/2023).

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Fujii R, Tamari M, Nonaka Y, Tamiya F, Hosokawa H, Tanaka S. Influence of gait exercise using a walking-assist robot for swing-leg motion in hemiplegic stroke patients: A preliminary study focusing on the immediate effect. Jpn J Compr Rehabil Sci 2022; 13: 49-55. Objective: We analyzed the effect of gait training using a walking-assist robot that assists a subject's knee joint movement and leg swing to achieve toe clearance of the paralyzed-side lower limb during treadmill walking. Methods: The subjects were 10 hemiplegic stroke patients in a rehabilitation ward. The intervention consisted of gait training using the Welwalk WW-1000 (Welwalk) robot for 40 min. Immediately before and after this intervention, a gait analysis of the patients' treadmill walking was performed by a three-dimensional motion capture system. Statistical analyses compared the foot-to-floor distance and the shortening of hip-toe length (SHTL) of the paralyzed side before and after the intervention, and examined the relationship between the change of lower-limb joint kinematics and toe clearance before and after the intervention. Results: The post-intervention SHTL was significantly lower compared to before the intervention, and there was a significant negative correlation between the change in the SHTL and the knee flexion angle from before to after the intervention. Conclusion: Gait exercise using the Welwalk could contribute to the acquisition of more normal leg-swing strategies.

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OBJECTIVES: In post-stroke patients, shifts in the center of gravity may affect joint movement patterns of the paraplegic lower limb during walking. The impact of changes in ankle dorsiflexion angle and trailing limb angle due to slight weight-shifting is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the abovementioned parameters on gait characteristics measured by trunk acceleration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During walking, the ankle dorsiflexion angle and trailing limb angle were assessed using two-dimensional motion analysis. Shifts in the center of gravity were assessed to evaluate symmetry, regularity, and sway of trunk movements by calculating the harmonic ratio, autocorrelation coefficient, and root mean square using a wearable trunk accelerometer. RESULTS: Ankle dorsiflexion angle showed a significant negative correlation with the root mean square of the anteroposterior axis (r = -0.460, p = 0.005). Trailing limb angle was significantly correlated with the autocorrelation coefficient of the vertical axis (r = 0.585, p < 0.001) and root mean square of the vertical (r = -0.579, p < 0.001), mediolateral (r = -0.474, p = 0.004), and anteroposterior axes (r = -0.548, p = 0.001). Trailing limb angle was a significant predictor (autocorrelation coefficient vertical axis, p = 0.001; root mean square vertical axis, p = 0.001; mediolateral axis, p = 0.007; anteroposterior axis, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Trailing limb angle can indicate the acquisition of forward propulsion during walking; an increase in it may contribute to improvements of the regular vertical movement ability and stability of the center of gravity sway.

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BACK GROUND: Balance impairment could occur due to weakness of the core muscles in stroke patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between functional ability, including trunk balance and core muscle thickness using ultrasonography in subacute hemiplegic stroke patients. METHODS: The muscle thickness of the anterior and posterior trunk muscles was measured using ultrasonography. For the evaluation of trunk balance, trunk impairment scale and Berg balance scale (BBS) were used. The functional ambulatory scale (FAS), timed up-and-go test, 10 m gait velocity, functional reach (FR), and functional independence measure were also assessed for functional ability. RESULTS: Overall, 41 patients with subacute hemiplegic stroke were included. Partial correlation analysis showed that posterior trunk muscle thickness was significantly correlated with BBS, FAS, and FR. As for the paralytic side, the posterior trunk muscle thickness of both paretic and nonparetic sides presented a significant relationship with BBS, FAS, and FR. The quadratus lumborum (QL) thickness of both sides showed a significant relationship with BBS, FAS, and FR. CONCLUSIONS: The thickness of the posterior trunk muscles, especially the QL, on both the paretic and nonparetic sides, was significantly related with the functional ability after stroke. The exercise program of core posterior trunk muscles closely related with functional ability would be helpful to improve trunk balance and ambulatory function in subacute stroke patients.

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OBJECTIVES: : A pilot study was conducted primarily to examine the effect of rehabilitation using the Screw Block® kit on the upper limb function of hemiplegic stroke patients. METHODS: : In this pilot, single-center, quasi-randomized, controlled trial, 30 stroke patients were randomly allocated to either the experimental group or the control group. They received training with either Screw Block® for 20 min in addition to conventional occupational therapy (20-40 min) or conventional occupational therapy, which included upper limb functional training for 40-60 min. In both groups, training was conducted 5 days a week for 3 weeks (15 sessions in total). Upper extremity function on the paralyzed side, which was the primary outcome, was evaluated using the Simple Test for Evaluating Hand Function (STEF) before and after the interventions. RESULTS: : The study sample included 28 men and 2 women (mean age, 62.5 years). The experimental group showed a significant improvement in mean STEF score compared with the control group (T=2.252, P=0.032, Cohen's d=0.82). CONCLUSION: : Occupational therapy using Screw Block® was more effective than conventional occupational therapy alone in improving the upper limb function in stroke patients.

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[Purpose] We evaluated the reliability of the measurement function of the Honda Walking Assist Device and investigated the effect of the device on walking improvements, and foot and ankle function, in hemiplegic stroke patients. [Participants and Methods] We recruited 16 hemiplegic stroke patients who performed 10-meter walk tests, twice without assistance and once with device assistance. Based on the rate of change of velocity, we divided the participants into two groups and compared the walking parameters, the toe grip strength, the cross tests, and the maximum step width. Two examiners assessed the 10-meter walk test results, and the authors calculated the intraclass correlation coefficients for walking speed, stride length, cadence, flexion, extension, and scissor angles. [Results] The intraclass correlation coefficients were greater than 0.70 for all the walking parameters we measured. The device increased hip joint movement but did not alter the maximum walking speed of the stroke patients. The patients in the group with a greater change in velocity displayed lower toe grip strength and decreased maximum step width and used orthoses more commonly. [Conclusion] The walking measurement function of the device was reliable. The immediate effect of the device in stroke patients may be influenced by the level of paralysis and the presence of an orthosis.

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OBJECTIVE: A high number of stroke survivors experience limitations in balance and gait abilities. Thus, an improvement in gait ability is an important goal in the rehabilitation of hemiplegic stroke survivors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of using the one-arm motorized walker, a hemi-walker developed to assist hemiplegic stroke survivors in gait training and activities of daily living, on the improvement in gait ability in hemiplegic stroke survivors. METHODS: Eleven hemiplegic stroke survivors who met the inclusion criteria were included. The participants were instructed to walk thrice using traditional walking aids on a gait mat and then to walk thrice using the one-arm motorized walker. During each walk, spatiotemporal gait parameters, including velocity, cadence, step length, stride length, single support time, and double support time, were evaluated using a gait analysis system. RESULTS: Velocity and cadence significantly increased when the participants walked using the one-arm motorized walker compared to those who used traditional walking aids (p< 0.05), whereas double support time significantly decreased for both the more affected and less affected sides (p< 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in terms of step length and single support time. CONCLUSION: The one-arm motorized walker may have a positive effect on the improvement of gait ability in hemiplegic stroke survivors. It can be an effective walking aid for hemiplegic stroke survivors who experience difficulties in independent walking.

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[Purpose] The aim of this study was to clarify whether the motor imagery of walking and physical function are related in mild hemiplegic stroke patients. [Participants and Methods] Sixteen mild hemiplegic stroke patients were included in this study. We evaluated motor imagery with a 10-m walking, the estimation error and the kinesthetic and visual imagery questionnaire. Physical function was evaluated with the actual 10-m walk test time, Brunnstrom recovery stage, stroke impairment assessment set, and functional independent measure. The correlation coefficient was calculated using Spearman's correlation coefficient for all evaluation methods. [Results] The 10-m walking motor imagery took an average of 23.36 ± 22.14 s. The actual 10-m walk test averaged 24.87 ± 21.41 s. The 10-m walking motor imagery and the 10-m walking speed were significantly correlated. There was a significant correlation between the 10-m walking motor imagery and the Brunnstrom recovery stage, stroke impairment assessment set, and functional independent measure. There were no significant correlations between the estimation error and all the assessments. [Conclusion] These results show that the motor imagery of walking is related to physical function in mild hemiplegic stroke patients.

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This study examined whether the walking and balance ability of adult patients with chronic hemiplegic stroke are associated differentially with the degree of gain after two types of gait intervention. Twenty-four subjects with hemiplegic stroke were enrolled in this randomized study. Each subject participated in one of two gait intervention strategies: gait training with auditory feedback caused by active weight bearing on the paralyzed side (experimental group; EG), or general gait intervention over the ground (control group; CG). The walking and balance abilities were assessed before and after gait intervention. Significant improvements in the 10-m walking test, functional gait assessment (FGA) score, and center of pressure (COP) path length were observed after gait training in both groups (p < 0.05). The EG showed a larger increase in the 10-m walking test, FGA score, and COP path length in the state of eyes opened and closed than the CG (18.2%, 27.0%, 24.8%, and 18.2%, respectively). The auditory feedback caused by active weight bearing on the paralyzed side appeared to be a more effective approach for improving the walking and balance ability in adult patients with hemiplegic stroke during walking training than general gait intervention.

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BACKGROUND: A hemiplegic stroke survivor with a moderate to severe gait disturbance may have difficulty walking using a one-arm walker. This study aimed to test the safety and feasibility of a prototype one-arm motorized walker that uses a power-driven device to provide gait assistance to hemiplegic stroke survivors with moderate to severe gait disturbances. METHODS: A one-arm motorized walker with a power-driven device was developed and tested with respect to 10 distinct variables, including weight, degrees of freedom, handle, handle substitution function, two-sided use function, variable handle height, redirecting function, electric moving parts through the handle control, brake function using the handle control, folding chairs, and design stability. Its safety and feasibility were tested in 19 hemiplegic stroke individuals using the Likert scale and a simple interview. RESULTS: The walker consists of a frame platform including a handle, electric motor for driving, one wheel for driving, two wheels for turning, unlocking sensor, driving button, and turning buttons. The walker is programmed so that a touch sensor in the handle can unlock the locking system. Furthermore, it is programmed so that a user can propel it by pushing the handle downward or pressing a button and can control directions for turning right or left by pressing buttons. Safety and performance testing was achieved for 10 separate variables, and a Likert scale score of 3.5 of 5 was recorded. CONCLUSION: This walker's novel design was developed for hemiplegic stroke survivors with moderate to severe gait disturbances. Our findings indicate that the walker is both safe and feasible for providing walking assistance to hemiplegic stroke survivors and establish the potential advantages of the one-arm motorized walker.

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Stroke survivors with gait disturbances may use ankle foot orthoses (AFOs). However, most AFOs come in one-piece styles, which make it difficult for spasticity-affected stroke survivors to don. AFOs are also limited since they do not properly prevent ankle joint for foot drop by itself. Therefore, the present study developed a novel hinged AFO by adding a locking device to a hinged joint. We then tested its feasibility in 9 hemiplegic stroke survivors by investigating temporal-spatial gait parameters using the GAITRite in the following 3 conditions: no AFO, traditional AFO, and novel hinged AFO. There was no significant difference in spatiotemporal gait parameters among the different conditions. There were greater decreases in gait velocity, cadence, step length, and stride length in the novel hinged AFO group than in the no AFO and traditional AFO groups. This novel hinged AFO was developed to prevent foot drop. However, the AFO did not show significant differences in gait parameters because it consists of metal with extra weight and volume. Functionally, it prevented foot drop. It also improved convenience by its releasable design. Thus, further studies are needed to develop an AFO that improves gait and is convenient to use for hemiplegic stroke survivors.

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Stroke survivors with gait disturbances may use ankle foot orthoses (AFOs). However, most AFOs come in one-piece styles, which make it difficult for spasticity-affected stroke survivors to don. AFOs are also limited since they do not properly prevent ankle joint for foot drop by itself. Therefore, the present study developed a novel hinged AFO by adding a locking device to a hinged joint. We then tested its feasibility in 9 hemiplegic stroke survivors by investigating temporal–spatial gait parameters using the GAITRite in the following 3 conditions: no AFO, traditional AFO, and novel hinged AFO. There was no significant difference in spatiotemporal gait parameters among the different conditions. There were greater decreases in gait velocity, cadence, step length, and stride length in the novel hinged AFO group than in the no AFO and traditional AFO groups. This novel hinged AFO was developed to prevent foot drop. However, the AFO did not show significant differences in gait parameters because it consists of metal with extra weight and volume. Functionally, it prevented foot drop. It also improved convenience by its releasable design. Thus, further studies are needed to develop an AFO that improves gait and is convenient to use for hemiplegic stroke survivors.

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OBJECTIVE: Hemiplegia after stroke leads to impairment of the affected limbs and induces more weight on the non-paretic lower limb to form postural asymmetry. Studies of asymmetric cerebral functions have found similarly asymmetric functions in the cerebellum. Crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) is defined as reduced blood flow and hypometabolism in the cerebellar hemisphere contralateral to supratentorial cerebral pathology. No study explored the relationship between posture (standing balance) and CCD in those persons yet. It was hypothesized that CCD would impair postural control and tend toward lateralization of cerebellar perfusion. METHODS: To determine the relationship between postural asymmetry and CCD among patients with chronic stroke while testing in the upright position. Based on images from Tc-99m-ECD brain perfusion, 42 patients were retrospectively allocated into three groups: left CCD, right CCD and no CCD. The ability to maintain an upright stance as assessed by postural parameters was evaluated using a force platform. RESULTS: The sway intensity differed significantly between the groups with left CCD and no CCD (p = 0.0052), as did the sway velocities (p = 0.0010). The association between the duration of stroke and sway intensity was highly significant (p < 0.0001). The interval from the stroke onset to the postural analysis was significantly associated with sway intensity and velocity. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the impairment of posture sway control was more severe in left CCD than the other CCD types. The results support a relationship between the postural asymmetry and lateralization of CCD in patients with chronic stroke.

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BACKGROUND: It is important to predict walking ability for stroke patients, because rehabilitation programs are planned on such predictions. We therefore examined predictive factors that are available before discharge from a rehabilitation hospital. METHODS: Seventy-two consecutive patients with a first attack of stroke with severe hemiplegia were included in this study. We retrospectively evaluated background factors (age, gender, time from stroke onset, paresis side, and stroke type). Other neurological and physical parameters were collected by means of the modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Trunk Control Test (TCT), and the knee extension strength/body weight ratio on the unaffected side (KES/BW-US) at the time of admission. We divided the patients into 2 groups, the independent group (n = 49) and the dependent group (n = 23), on the basis of the Barthel Index of mobility at the time of discharge. We then compared the 2 groups with respect to the aforementioned parameters. We also performed stepwise discriminant analyses to ascertain which parameters are the best predictors of walking ability at the time of discharge. RESULTS: Age, TCT score, and the KES/BW-US ratio were significantly different between the groups. Discriminant analysis revealed that younger age and a higher KES/BW-US ratio were significantly associated with walking ability at discharge, which could be precisely predicted using the following formula: Y = .093 × (age) - 4.316 × (KES/BW-US) - 4.984. CONCLUSIONS: At the time of admission, age and the KES/BW-US ratio permit the prediction of independent walking ability at the time of discharge. Our formula predicts walking ability with an accuracy of more than 91%.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Falls Efficacy Scale using Rasch analysis in patients with hemiplegic stroke. [Subjects] Fifty-five community-dwelling hemiplegic stroke patients were selected as participants. [Methods] Data were analyzed using the Winsteps program (version 3.62) with the Rasch model to confirm the unidimensionality through item fit, reliability, and appropriateness of the rating scale. [Results] There were no misfit persons or items. Furthermore, infit and outfit statistics appeared adjacent. The person separation value was 3.07, and the reliability coefficient was 0.90. The reliability of all items was at an acceptable level for patients with hemiplegic stroke. [Conclusion] This was the first study to investigate the psychometric properties of the Falls Efficacy Scale using Rasch analysis. The results of this study suggest that the 6-point Falls Efficacy Scale is an appropriate tool for measuring the self-perceived fear of falling in patients with hemiplegic stroke.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the lower extremity subscale of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment lower extremity (FMA-LE) for community-dwelling hemiplegic stroke patients. [Subjects] The participants were 140 community-dwelling hemiplegic stroke patients. [Methods] To determine the psychometric properties of the FMA-LE, we examined construct validity, response characteristics, item discrimination, and internal consistency. [Results] Factor analysis of the FMA-LE revealed that the first factor explained 61.73% of the variance and provided evidence of unidimensionality. The FMA-LE did not show ceiling or floor effects; Cronbach's α was 0.935 (95% CI: 0.919-0.950). [Conclusion] Because the FMA-LE seems to be both valid and reliable, we conclude that it is appropriate for the measurement of the lower extremity motor impairment of community-dwelling hemiplegic stroke patients.

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[Purpose] Rheobase and chronaxie are used to confirm muscle degeneration. For stroke patients, however, the uses of rheobase and chronaxie in determining paretic side muscle degeneration is not yet fully understood. Thus, in this study, we examined the electrical properties of the quadriceps muscles of stroke patients' paretic side and compared them with their respective values on the non-paretic side. [Method] The subjects were six stroke patients (three females, three males). The pad of an electrical stimulator was applied to the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis regions to measure rheobase and chronaxie until the contractive muscle response to electrical stimulation became visible. [Result] Rheobase was significantly increased on the paretic side compared to that of the non-paretic side of hemiplegic stroke patients. Furthermore, chronaxie was significantly increased on the paretic side compared to the non-paretic side of hemiplegic stroke patients. [Conclusion] These results suggest that stroke affects the sensitivity of skeletal muscle contraction. Therefore, this data may contribute to our understanding of the muscle status of stroke patients.