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Phosphorous (P) is a limiting macronutrient for crop growth. Its deficiency prevents plant development leading to an extensive use of phosphatic fertilizers globally. Bio-organic phosphate (BOP) fertilizer provides a sustainable approach to optimize nutrient availability, enhance crop yield, and mitigate the negative impacts of chemical fertilizers on the environment. Therefore, the present study integrates the application of heat-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, rock phosphate, and organic materials for the development of BOP. For this purpose, potential heat-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were isolated from major wheat-growing areas of southern Punjab. Five isolates were the efficient phosphate solubilizers based on in vitro phosphate-solubilizing activity (291-454 µg ml-1 and 278-421 µg ml-1) with a concomitant decrease in pH (up to 4.5) at 45°C and 50°C, respectively. These PSB were used for the development of potential consortia that are compatible and showed high P solubilization. In planta evaluation of these PSB consortia in a pot experiment under net house conditions showed that consortium-2 had a favorable impact on growth parameter with enhanced grain yield (9.63 g plant-1) and soil available P (10 µg g-1) as compared with 80% uninoculated control. The microcosm study was conducted to evaluate PSB consortium-2 integrated with carrier material (plant material and filter mud) and rock phosphate as BOP increased total phosphorous (14%) as compared with uninoculated controls. Plant-based BOP showed higher viable count (3.5 × 108\u00B0CFU) as compared with filter mud-based BOP. Furthermore, the effect of BOP on wheat growth parameters revealed that BOP showed a promising influence on grain yield (4.5 g plant-1) and soil available P (10.7 µg g-1) as compared with uninoculated 80 and 100% controls. Principle component analysis (PCA) further validates a positive correlation between BOP with grain weight and plant height and soil available P as compared with both 80 and 100% controls. For the first time, this study reports the combined application of bio-organic phosphate fertilizer and heat-tolerant PSB, which offers an eco-friendly option to harvest better wheat yield with low fertilizer input.

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SKP1 (S-phase kinase protein1) is an essential regulatory component of SCF (Skp1-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in maintenance of cellular protein homeostasis through ubiquitin mediated proteasome system (UPS). UPS play a key role in stress response and grain yield. Earlier, we isolated TaSKP1-6B-4, highly induced in flag leaf tissues (Accession No. KJ830759.1) of developing wheat caryopses under heat stress. To further assess the functional role of SKP1, genetic variability analysis was carried out in a panel of 25 contrasting germplasm through extensive phenotyping and transcript profiling of TaSKP1-6B-4 during anthesis under ambient and terminal heat stress (THS) in field experiments for two consecutive years. The analysis of variance revealed significant variations for all the traits studied. Higher H2(%), GCV, PCV, GA and GA% mean observed in tiller number per plant (23.81, 17.65, 5.71, 28, 30.86%) and grain number per head (30.27, 82.79, 60.16, 105.00, 108.64%) under THS over ambient temperature. Higher fold induction of TaSKP1-6B-4 transcripts was recorded in 10 genotypes viz. HD2967 (9.9), IC145456 (6.18) in flag leaf; while C-306 (15.88), RAJ3765 (8.37) in ear head. Allele mining of SKP1-6B-4 showed genotypic sequence variations. Whole genome wide search of SKP1 gene family identified 95 SKP1 genes which were structurally characterized. Grain yield, leaf senescence and other agronomic-morpho-physiological parameters combined with transcript profiling, cvHD2967, was found to be the best positively responsive to THS which by pedigree was not heat tolerant. We report a novel 2 year comprehensive field based analysis on collective genetic variability and SKP1/UPS modulation under a natural environmental setting. The data reveals potential functional role of UPS under THS and tolerant cultivars can be further utilized for clarifying the role of UPS mechanistically at the molecular level and for developing terminal heat stress tolerant wheat.

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Heat stress affects production and health in cows severely. Since it is difficult to define heat-tolerant animals, studies of response to heat stress are important for understanding dairy cows' health and production. However, information on the impact of heat stress on various indicators in heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive cows is sparse. This study aimed to investigate the effects of heat stress (HS) on blood, production, and physiological indicators in heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive cows. A total of 43 dairy cows were used from 9 May to 7 August 2021, under Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) measurements that ranged from 65.9 to 86.7. We identified cows that were tolerant or sensitive to HS based on the slope of the response of physiological and production traits against THI during the HS period by using a clustering method. After HS, serum glucose (Glu), cortisol (COR), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels of cows in the heat-tolerant group were lower than in the heat-sensitive group (p < 0.05). With THI as the predictor, the R2 for predicting respiration rate (RR) and body surface temperature (BT) in heat-tolerant cows was 0.15 and 0.16, respectively, whereas the R2 for predicting RR and BT in heat-sensitive cows was 0.19 and 0.18, respectively. There were low to moderate, positive correlations between RR, BT, and MY with THI, with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from r = 0.11 to 0.4 in the heat-tolerant group, and from r = 0.24 to 0.43 in the heat-sensitive group. There was a low positive correlation between VT and THI, with a Spearman correlation coefficient of r = 0.07 in the heat-sensitive group. The heat-tolerant dairy cows had lower MY losses and had lower MY (p = 0.0007) in mixed models. Heat-tolerant cows with low-stress levels, through upregulating RR rapidly, increased their adaptability to thermal environments. They have better thermoregulation capability; the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulated the thermoregulatory in animals by releasing a variety of neurotransmitters and hormones.

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Understanding physicochemical interactions and mechanisms related to the cell membranes of lives under extreme conditions is of essential importance but remains scarcely explored. Here, using a combination of computer simulations and experiments, we demonstrate that the structural integrity and controllable permeability of cell membranes at high temperatures are predominantly directed by configurational entropy emerging from distorted intermolecular organization of bipolar tethered lipids peculiar to the extremophiles. Detailed simulations across multiple scales─from an all-atom exploration of molecular mechanism to a mesoscale examination of its universal nature─suggest that this configurational entropy effect can be generalized to diverse systems, such as block copolymers. This offers biomimetic inspiration for designing heat-tolerant materials based on entropy, as validated by our experiments of synthetic polymers. The findings provide new insight into the basic nature of the mechanism underlying the adaptation of organisms to extreme conditions and might open paths for designed materials inspired by entropic effects in biological systems.

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Heat stress around flowering is harmful to maize growth and yield. Ear traits are closely related to yield; however, the effects of heat stress before and after flowering on ear development and yield traits remain unclear for different heat-tolerant cultivars. In this study, field experiments were conducted in 2020 and 2021, including (i) three sowing dates, (ii) three temperature regimes: control (CK), heated before silking (V9-R1, TBS) and heated after silking (R1-R1 + 15 d, TAS), and (iii) two hybrids (ZD958: heat-tolerant; DH605: heat-sensitive). The results showed that heating had negative effects on all surveyed ear and yield traits except for increased ear length under TBS. The negative effects were larger (i) for TAS than for TBS, (ii) for DH605 than for ZD958, and (iii) for kernel number per plant (KNP) than for kernel weight (KW). The decreased ear traits were a result of a decreased growth rate during rapid ear growth periods. Floret pollination failure and kernel abortion were the main reasons for the decrease in KNP, mainly depending on the daily maximum temperature during V15-R1 + 7 d. The strong linear relationships between ear and yield traits suggested that ear traits could be used as important indicators for breeding heat-resistant varieties in the future.

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Legumes, including lentil, are a valuable source of carbohydrates, fiber, protein and vitamins and minerals. Their nutritional characteristics have been associated with a reduction in the incidence of various cancers, HDL cholesterol, type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Among these quality parameters, lectins have been associated with reducing certain forms of cancer, activating innate defense mechanisms and managing obesity. Protease inhibitors such as trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors have been demonstrated to reduce the incidence of certain cancers and demonstrate potent anti-inflammatory properties. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor has been associated with a reduction in hypertension. Therefore, legumes, including lentils, should be part of our daily food intake. However, high temperatures at the terminal stage is a major abiotic constraint leading to a reduction in lentil yield and seed quality. Thus, the selection of heat-tolerant genotypes is essential to identifying the potential for high yields with stable performance. To select lentil genotypes, an experiment was conducted with 60 genotypes including local landraces, advanced breeding lines, commercial varieties and exotic germplasm under stress and non-stress conditions from 2019 to 2020. This study was followed by a subset study involving screening based on a few physicochemical parameters and reproductive traits along with field performances. Different tolerance indices (i.e., stress susceptible index (SSI), relative heat index (RHI), tolerance (TOL), mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI), heat-resistance index (HRI), modified stress-tolerance index (MSTI), abiotic tolerance index (ATI) and stress susceptibility percentage (SSPI)) were used for the selection of the genotypes along with field performance. Biplot analysis was further performed for choosing the most suitable indices. Based on principal components analysis, the GMP, MP, RRI, STI, YI, YSI, ATI and MSTI indices were identified as the most reliable stress indicators, and these indicators might be used for distinguishing heat-tolerant genotypes. Based on the stress indices, the genotypes BLX 05002-3, BLX 10002-20, LRIL-21-1-1-1-1, LRIL-21-1-1-1-1-6 and BLX 09015 were selected as the most stable and heat-tolerant genotypes. In contrast, the genotypes LG 198, Bagura Local, BLX 0200-08-4, RL-12-178, Maitree, 91517 and BLX 11014-8 were selected as the most heat sensitive. Data also exhibited an average yield reduction of 59% due to heat stress on the lentils. Moreover, eight heat-tolerant (HT) genotypes (BLX 09015, PRECOZ, LRL-21-112-1-1-1-1-6, BLX 05002-3, LR-9-25, BLX 05002-6, BARI Masur-8 and RL-12-181), and two heat-susceptible (HS) genotypes (BLX 12009-6, and LG 198) were selected from the screened genotypes and subjected to further analysis by growing them in the following year under similar conditions to investigate the mechanisms associated with heat tolerance. Comparative studies on reproductive function and physiochemical traits revealed significantly higher pollen viability, proline accumulation, relative water content, chlorophyll concentration and a lower membrane stability index in HT genotypes under heat stress. Therefore, these heat-tolerant genotypes could be used as the parents in the hybridization program for achieving heat-tolerant transgressive segregation.

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Heat stress during grain filling is considered one of the major abiotic factors influencing wheat grain yield and quality in arid and semi-arid regions. We studied the effect of heat stress on flour quality and grain yield at moderate and continuous heat stress under natural field conditions using 147 lines of wheat multiple synthetic derivatives (MSD) containing Aegilops tauschii introgressions. The study aimed to identify the marker-trait associations (MTAs) for the quality traits and grain yield under heat-stress conditions and identify stress-resilient germplasm-combining traits for good flour quality and grain yield. The MSD lines showed considerable genetic variation for quality traits and grain yield under heat-stress conditions; some lines performed better than the recurrent parent, Norin 61. We identified two MSD lines that consistently maintained relative performance (RP) values above 100% for grain yield and dough strength. We found the presence of three high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) at the Glu-D1 locus derived from Ae. tauschii, which were associated with stable dough strength across the four environments used in this study. These HMW-GSs could be potentially useful in applications for future improvements of end-use quality traits targeting wheat under severe heat stress. A total of 19,155 high-quality SNP markers were used for the genome-wide association analysis and 251 MTAs were identified, most of them on the D genome, confirming the power of the MSD panel as a platform for mining and exploring the genes of Ae. tauschii. We identified the MTAs for dough strength under heat stress, which simultaneously control grain yield and relative performance for dough strength under heat-stress/optimum conditions. This study proved that Ae. tauschii is an inexhaustible resource for genetic mining, and the identified lines and pleiotropic MTAs reported in this study are considered a good resource for the development of resilient wheat cultivars that combine both good flour quality and grain yield under stress conditions using marker-assisted selection.

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Temperature is a significant parameter in agriculture since it controls seed germination and plant growth. Global warming has resulted in an irregular rise in temperature posing a serious threat to the agricultural production around the world. A slight increase in temperature acts as stress and exert an overall negative impact on different developmental stages including plant phenology, development, cellular activities, gene expression, anatomical features, the functional and structural orientation of leaves, twigs, roots, and shoots. These impacts ultimately decrease the biomass, affect reproductive process, decrease flowering and fruiting and significant yield losses. Plants have inherent mechanisms to cope with different stressors including heat which may vary depending upon the type of plant species, duration and degree of the heat stress. Plants initially adapt avoidance and then tolerance strategies to combat heat stress. The tolerance pathway involves ion transporter, osmoprotectants, antioxidants, heat shock protein which help the plants to survive under heat stress. To develop heat-tolerant plants using above-mentioned strategies requires a lot of time, expertise, and resources. On contrary, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) is a cost-effective, time-saving, and user-friendly approach to support and enhance agricultural production under a range of environmental conditions including stresses. PGPR produce and regulate various phytohormones, enzymes, and metabolites that help plant to maintain growth under heat stress. They form biofilm, decrease abscisic acid, stimulate root development, enhance heat shock proteins, deamination of ACC enzyme, and nutrient availability especially nitrogen and phosphorous. Despite extensive work done on plant heat stress tolerance in general, very few comprehensive reviews are available on the subject especially the role of microbes for plant heat tolerance. This article reviews the current studies on the retaliation, adaptation, and tolerance to heat stress at the cellular, organellar, and whole plant levels, explains different approaches, and sheds light on how microbes can help to induce heat stress tolerance in plants.

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Simultaneously achieving good mechanical properties and high tolerance to hot and cold environments in hydrogel materials remains a challenge. In this work, ethylene glycol (EG) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were introduced into chitosan/poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid) double-network hydrogels to improve their toughness and tolerance to hot and cold environments. The effect of EG and CNFs on the properties of the hydrogels was studied respectively. EG increases the tolerance of the hydrogel to hot and cold environments. However, EG had a negative effect on the mechanical properties of hydrogels. In addition, CNFs substantially enhanced the strength and toughness of the chitosan/poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid)/EG organohydrogels. Finally, with the cooperative action of EG and CNFs, high-strength and tough organohydrogels (tensile strength = 0.71 MPa, elongation at break = 787.2%) with a high tolerance to hot and cold environments (-23 °C to 60 °C) were obtained. Further, EG enabled the organohydrogel to revert to its original state after drying at 60 °C. This paper provides a new route to prepare high-strength and tough organohydrogels with a high tolerance to hot and cold environments.

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Isochrysis zhangjiangensis is widely used in the marine aquaculture as larval feed, especially for filter feeding cultures, as well as a good candidate for biofuels. However, the optimal cultivation temperature for I. zhangjiangensis is below 30 °C and this stain is seriously affected by high temperature, which causes the limited application during the summer. I. zhangjiangensis IM130005 is a strain generated by atmospheric and room temperature plasmas with relative higher growth rate and lipid production than the wide strain (WT), with the ability to tolerate several hours' high temperature during the outdoor cultivation. Here, a detailed comparison was performed by continuous monitoring growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and fatty acid profile between IM13005 and WT under a mimic temperature shock to the summer outdoor cultivation. Based on a nearly 20% increase of total fatty acid in IM13005, which was majorly contributed by saturated or monounsaturated FAs in form of neutral lipids, within 5 h under the heat shock, the fatty acids and lipids synthesis variation were postulated as the physiological reason for the high temperature tolerance.

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Heat stress has a detrimental effect on the physiological and production performance of buffaloes. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of heat stress is challenging, therefore identifying candidate genes is urgent and necessary. We evaluated the response of buffaloes (n = 30) to heat stress using the physiological parameters, ELISA indexes, and hematological parameters. We then performed mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles analysis between heat tolerant (HT, n = 4) and non-heat tolerant (NHT, n = 4) buffaloes, as well as the specific modules, significant genes, and miRNAs related to the heat tolerance identified using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The results indicated that the buffaloes in HT had a significantly lower rectal temperature (RT) and respiratory rate (RR) and displayed a higher plasma heat shock protein (HSP70 and HSP90) and cortisol (COR) levels than those of NHT buffaloes. Differentially expressed analysis revealed a total of 753 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 16 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified between HT and NHT. Using the WGCNA analysis, these DEGs assigned into 5 modules, 4 of which were significantly correlation with the heat stress indexes. Interestingly, 158 DEGs associated with heat tolerance in the turquoise module were identified, 35 of which were found within the protein-protein interaction network. Several hub genes (IL18RAP, IL6R, CCR1, PPBP, IL1B, and IL1R1) were identified that significantly enriched in the Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. The findings may help further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of heat tolerance in buffaloes.

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Recently, the use of filters has come into light for sanitizing water plants. This study investigated the role of heat-tolerant ultrafilters (UFs) for the remediation of reverse osmosis (RO) plants using periodic thermal disinfection. Two completely identical RO plants (RO plants A and B) were installed in 2006 for surgical hand antisepsis in the operating theater. RO water was stored in the 300 L storage tank and recirculated in the 190 meter-long loop delivering water to 12 faucets in each RO plant. Periodic thermal disinfection came into practice periodically when a UF module was retrofitted to the recirculation loop of each RO plant in 2010. Endotoxin was monitored closely before and after thermal disinfection. Before UF modules were retrofitted, endotoxin increased to a maximum of 0.301 EU/mL in RO plant A and 1.446 EU/mL in RO plant B after thermal disinfection, respectively. Since a UF module was retrofitted to each RO plant in 2010, endotoxin has been continuously below 0.025 EU/mL in RO plant A and exceeded this level five times in RO plant B. On one occasion, endotoxin increased in all samples collected simultaneously after solenoid valves were replaced in the recirculation loop near the air conditioner outlet. At this time, the inside of the pipework was exposed to the ventilation airflow. After the valves were replaced again, this time with the workplace isolated using a curing sheet, endotoxin decreased. On the other occasions, endotoxin increased only in one sample and decreased after thermal disinfection. Annually replaced UF modules were examined twice for estimating the amounts of immobilized endotoxin. The estimated amounts decreased in 2013 by the order of 10-3 in comparison with those in 2011 in both RO plants. The present study suggested that UFs acted synergistically with periodic thermal disinfection for the remediation of RO plants.

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AIMS: To obtain new cellulases and xylanases from thermophilic fungi; evaluate their potential for sugarcane bagasse saccharification. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-two heat-tolerant fungi were isolated from the environment, identified (morphological/molecular tools) and the production of the enzymes was evaluated by solid state fermentation using lignocellulosic materials as substrates. Myceliophthora thermophila JCP 1-4 was the best producer of endoglucanase (357·51 U g(-1) ), ß-glucosidase (45·42 U g(-1) ), xylanase (931·11 U g(-1) ) and avicelase (3·58 U g(-1) ). These enzymes were most active at 55-70°C and stable at 30-60°C. Using crude enzymatic extract from M. thermophila JCP 1-4 to saccharify sugarcane bagasse pretreated with microwaves and glycerol, glucose and xylose yields obtained were 15·6 and 35·13% (2·2 and 1·95 g l(-1) ), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: All isolated fungi have potential to produce the enzymes; M. thermophila JCP 1-4 enzymatic extract have potential to be better explored in saccharification experiments. Pretreatment improved enzymatic saccharification, as sugar yields were much higher than those obtained from in natura bagasse. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Myceliophthora thermophila JCP 1-4 produces avicelase (not commonly found among fungi; important to hydrolyse crystalline cellulose) and a ß-glucosidase resistant to glucose inhibition, interesting characteristics for saccharification experiments.

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UNLABELLED: Light aroma style liquor is one of the basic types of Chinese liquor and is produced with a special technique of using a combination of three types of Daqu as starter culture. The succession of incubation temperature, a main operating parameter, and microbial composition in Daqu were investigated during the manufacturing process. The most significant difference in temperature occurred during the middle stage at which the highest and the lowest temperatures were detected in Houhuo (HH) and Qingcha (QC), respectively. It was shown that for the counting data, the population of fungi was identical and that of bacteria was different between three types of Daqu. According to analysis results of microbial community structure using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), lactic acid bacteria were one of the dominant bacterial groups in all of Daqu and fungal diversity in QC was higher than that in HH and Hongxin (HX). The difference in incubation temperature led to the accumulation of different heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive fungi in the completed Daqu. PCA of DGGE profiles revealed that microbial community structure was distinct between three types of Daqu. It was presumed that temperature might play a decisive role in the formation of micro-organism composition in starter cultures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The usage of a combination of three types of Daqu including Qingcha, Hongxin and Houhuo as starter culture is an important characteristic of production technology of Chinese light aroma style liquor. Micro-organisms from the environment naturally inoculated in Daqu are propagated to form the special microbial community under the control of several operating parameters, especially temperature, and finally play various roles in the fermentation process of liquor. An in-depth study of the relationship between incubation temperature and microbiota in Daqu during the manufacturing is fundamental to understand this complicated process and to prepare high-quality starter culture for fermentation.

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BACKGROUND: Heat-tolerant rice cultivars have been developed as a countermeasure to poor grain appearance quality under high temperatures. Recent studies showed that elevated CO2 concentrations (E-[CO2]) also reduce grain quality. To determine whether heat-tolerant cultivars also tolerate E-[CO2], we conducted a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment with 12 rice cultivars differing in heat tolerance. RESULTS: The percentage of undamaged grains of five standard cultivars (Akitakomachi, Kinuhikari, Koshihikari, Matsuribare, Nipponbare) averaged 61.7% in the ambient [CO2] (AMB) plot and 51.7% in the FACE plot, whereas that of heat-tolerant cultivars (Eminokizuna, Wa2398, Kanto 257, Toyama 80, Mineharuka, Kanto 259, Saikai 290) averaged 73.5% in AMB and 71.3% in FACE. This resulted in a significant [CO2] by cultivar interaction. The percentage of white-base or white-back grains increased from 8.4% in AMB to 17.1% in FACE in the sensitive cultivars, but from only 2.1% in AMB to only 4.4% in FACE in the heat-tolerant cultivars. CONCLUSION: Heat-tolerant cultivars retained their grain appearance quality at E-[CO2] under present air temperatures. Further improvements in appearance quality under present conditions will be needed to achieve improvements under E-[CO2], because E-[CO2] will likely lower the threshold temperature for heat stress.

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Lepidopteran heat-tolerant(ht)cell lines have been obtained with sf-9,sf-21 and several Bombyx cells.They have a distinct karyotype,membrane lipid composition,morphology and growth kinetics from the parental cell lines.In this paper,we report the development of ht cell lines from other insect species and examination of their growth characteristics and virus susceptibility.Adaptation of cell lines sf-9,BTI-TN-5131-4(High5)and BTI-TN-MG1(MG 1)to 33℃ and 35℃ was carried out by shifting the culture temperature between 28℃ and higher temperatures by a gradual stepwise increase in temperature.The process of adaption to a higher culture temperature was accomplished over a period of 2 months.The cell lines with the temperature adaption were designated as sf9-ht33,sf9-ht35,High5-ht33,High5-ht35,MG1-ht33,MG1-ht35.These cell lines have been subcultured over 70 passages.Adaption to high temperatures was confirmed by a constant population doubling time with individual cell lines.The population doubling time of heat adapted cell lines were 1-4 h less than these of parental cell lines.Cell shapes did not show obvious change,however,the cell size of sf9-ht cells was enlarged and those of High5 and MG1 ht cells were reduced after heat adaption.When the cell lines were infected with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus(AcMNPV)at 28℃,33℃,35℃ and 37℃,production of budded virus and occlusion bodies in each cell line was optimum at its own adapted temperature.