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This article explores some of the implications of the often-heard saying that, "There are no right or wrong ways to grieve." In order to do so, this article offers some reflections on the key phrases that are involved implicitly or explicitly in this advice: loss, bereavement, grief, grieving, and mourning. On that basis, this article examines a series of claims: Are there actually no right ways to grieve?; Is there no single right way to grieve?; Are there no wrong ways to grieve? These analyses are enriched by incorporating some of the new understandings of loss, grief, and mourning that have emerged in the professional literature in recent years from research and scholarship. The conclusion offers lessons that should be learned and that should not be learned from the advice that, "There are no right or wrong ways to grieve".
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Every society adheres to grieving rules that govern how people experience loss and grief. These are rarely communicated explicitly, which can lead to insecurities in dealing with one's own grief and the grief of others. This is particularly true for adolescents. Based on Doka's concept of disenfranchised grief, this study explores the grieving rules of mid-adolescents. Cross-sectional data collection took place in November and December 2022 at six secondary schools in Germany. A total of 226 adolescents predominantly aged between 14 and 16 years completed the questionnaire. The analysis of the data shows that in some respects, mid-adolescents have similar grieving rules as adults. However, they are more inclusive when it comes to losses of ex-partners, pets and people with intellectual disabilities. Possible sources of (self-)disenfranchisement are parasocial relationships and the duration of grief. Open communication about grieving rules is suggested to prevent possible disenfranchisement.
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The grief, loss and bereavement needs of the families of those living and dying in residential aged care setting is not very well understood. This systematic review examines grief, loss, and bereavement experience of, and interventions relating to, family caregivers of those entering, living and dying in residential aged care. Out of 2023 papers that were identified, 35 met the inclusion criteria which included (n=28) qualitative and (n=7) quantitative intervention studies. The qualitative findings indicated quality of care provided to the resident at the end of their life, and after death care influenced family caregivers' grief reactions. The intervention studies revealed that educational interventions have the potential to lead to some benefits in the context of grief loss and bereavement outcomes. Recognizing the emotional experiences and support needs of families and carers may enhance the understanding of the ageing, caring, dying, grieving pathway for older people and their families.
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Aflicción , Cuidadores , Pesar , Hogares para Ancianos , Humanos , Anciano , Cuidadores/psicología , Familia/psicología , Cuidado Terminal/psicologíaRESUMEN
The CARE system is a gift from Mother Nature, we have it in our biological heritage; it enables us humans-as a basic gift-to help each other in a large, life-serving context, and thus also to counterbalance destruction. It is about a basic human ability, linked to typical behaviour, but also about a basic human need for connectedness. In this paper, I would like to show how the CARE system can be activated as a collective attitude. The CARE system is strengthened by positive emotions. We are currently being affected by many crises and this triggers fear. How can we deal with this better? Fear is countered with hope and the associated positive emotions such as joy, awe, kama muta and others. These emotions and feelings can be consciously encouraged and placed alongside the feelings of fear. But also, when we share the feelings of grief with each other, it triggers an attitude of CARE. We can grieve together for the various experiences of loss that we go through-but we can also imagine together how we envisage a future that is worth living for everyone. An attitude in the sense of CARING has been practised in friendship for thousands of years. It would therefore be possible to move away from an attitude of competing and outdoing, to an attitude not only of recognition, care, and solidarity in human interaction, but also in our connection with nature.
Le système CARE (prendre soin) est un cadeau de Mère Nature, nous l'avons dans notre patrimoine biologique ; il nous permet, à nous les humains, en tant que don fondamental, de nous entraider dans un contexte vaste et vital et donc aussi de faire contrepoids à la destruction. Il s'agit d'une capacité humaine fondamentale, liée à un comportement typique, mais aussi du besoin humain fondamental d'être en lien. Dans cet article, j'aimerais montrer comment le système CARE peut être activé en tant qu'attitude collective. Le système CARE est renforcé par des émotions positives. Nous sommes actuellement touchés par de nombreuses crises, ce qui suscite la peur. Comment pouvonsnous mieux gérer cette situation ? La peur est contrée par l'espoir et les émotions positives qui y sont associées telles que la joie, la crainte, kama muta et autres. Ces émotions et ces sentiments peuvent être consciemment encouragés et placés à côté des sentiments de peur. Mais aussi, lorsque nous partageons les sentiments d'affliction les uns avec les autres, cela déclenche une attitude de BIENVEILLANCE. Nous pouvons faire ensemble le deuil dans diverses expériences de perte que nous traversons, mais nous pouvons aussi imaginer ensemble comment nous envisageons un avenir qui vaut la peine d'être vécu pour tous. Une attitude cultivant la BIENVEILLANCE est pratiquée dans l'amitié depuis des milliers d'années. Il serait donc possible de passer d'une attitude de compétition, et qui vise à supplanter, à une attitude non seulement de reconnaissance, d'attention et de solidarité dans l'interaction humaine, mais aussi dans notre relation avec la nature.
El sistema DE CUIDADO es un regalo de la Madre Naturaleza, lo tenemos en nuestra herencia biológica; nos permite a los humanos como regalo básico ayudarnos unos a otros en un contexto amplio, al servicio de la vida, y así también contrarrestar la destrucción. Se trata de una capacidad humana básica, vinculada al comportamiento típico, pero también de una necesidad humana básica de conexión. En este artículo, me gustaría mostrar cómo el sistema DE CUIDADO puede activarse como una actitud colectiva. El sistema DE CUIDADO se fortalece a través de emociones positivas. Actualmente nos vemos afectados por muchas crisis, y esto desencadena el miedo. ¿Cómo podemos afrontarlo mejor? El miedo se contrarresta con la esperanza y las emociones positivas asociadas, como la alegría, el asombro, el kama muta y otras. Estas emociones y sentimientos pueden fomentarse conscientemente y ocupar un lugar junto al miedo. Pero también, cuando compartimos los sentimientos de dolor con otros, se desencadena una actitud de CUIDADO. Podemos sentir juntos el dolor por las diversas experiencias de pérdida por las que pasamos, pero también podemos imaginar juntos un futuro que merezca la pena vivir para todos. Una actitud en el sentido de CUIDAR se practica en la amistad desde hace miles de años. Por lo tanto, sería posible pasar de una actitud de competencia y superación a una actitud no sólo de reconocimiento, cuidado y solidaridad en la interacción humana, sino también en nuestra conexión con la naturaleza.
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Emociones , Miedo , HumanosRESUMEN
Background: The "Bereavement Network Lower Saxony" (BNLS) provides professional bereavement support to families grieving for a child. The present study aimed at exploring the experiences of BNLS bereavement counsellors in providing bereavement support to affected families. Methods: 12 semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with bereavement counsellors of the BNLS between June and August 2022. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using qualitative content analysis, according to Mayring (2010). Results: Bereavement counsellors perceived that grief could be experienced very differently, and thus bereavement support must always be based on the individual needs and resources of bereaved family members. Bereavement counsellors appreciated exchange within the network and supervision to cope with emotional load that arises from compassion for those affected. Conclusions: Bereavement support within a network structure may improve the accessibility of individual support and enable exchange between counsellors, thus ensuring better bereavement support. Public outreach and strategic partnerships with clinics may amplify the positive impact of this support service.
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Oncological disease in the palliative stage is a huge challenge for patients and their family caregivers (FCs) due to the fact that it confronts them with death, as well as physical, psychological, and existential suffering. Meaning of Life Therapy (MLT) is a brief structured psycho-existential intervention aiming to help patients in a meaning-making life review process, promoting end-of-life adaptation. The Life Letter (LL) resulting from MLT is an element that facilitates communication between the patient and their caregivers. The goal of this study was to understand the impact of MLT on the grieving processes of eight FCs and to study their perceptions of the role of the LL on grief through semi-structured interviews. The results of our qualitative analysis indicate that MLT was perceived by the FCs as a positive experience despite the conspiracy of silence being identified as a drawback. The LL was interpreted as a communicational element, promoting emotional closeness with the cancer patients and serving as a valuable tool in the FCs' adaptation to loss. Our research findings show that the needs of FCs, especially after experiencing the loss of their relative, are dynamic and specific. This is why it is urgent to develop interventions that consider the idiosyncrasies of end-of-life cancer patients and their FCs in order to avoid frustrated farewells, lonely deaths, and maladaptive grieving processes. This is the direction in which MLT should evolve.
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BACKGROUND: Individuals who have lost a loved one to suicide demonstrate an attentional bias to deceased-related stimuli during early grief. Regulating attention toward reminders of the deceased during acute bereavement may be linked to grief trajectory and pathological grief development. Despite the potential prognostic importance, little is known about underlying neural circuitry correlates of deceased-related grief processing. The current study examines neural substrates of deceased-related attentional processing during acute grief in individuals bereaved by suicide. METHODS: Thirty-seven participants grieving the loss of a first-degree relative or partner to suicide in the prior six months, underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing an emotional Stroop task using words related to the deceased and a living attachment figure, in order to examine neural correlates of deceased-specific attentional processing. Clinical interviews were conducted at baseline. RESULTS: Deceased-related attentional bias was associated with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation in a brain network, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and insula. Greater activation of a bilateral prefrontal cluster during deceased-specific attention was negatively correlated with self-reported grief avoidance behaviors. LIMITATIONS: Lack of non-suicide grief control and small sample size. CONCLUSIONS: These data, if confirmed, indicate a neural network specific to deceased-related attention, and that cognitive control regions within this network appear to be related to grief avoidance behaviors during acute bereavement.
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Aflicción , Suicidio , Humanos , Pesar , Suicidio/psicología , Atención/fisiología , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: College students who experience the negative impact of poverty, such as food, financial, and housing insecurity, are at higher risk for poor academic performance. One recent study examined grief in a college student sample and found students with a diverse racial or ethnic background were more likely to experience prolonged grief disorder, however, did not examine poverty in their sample. To date, no known reviews have examined poverty by racial and ethnic identity and the experience of grief due to the death of a family member or friend, and no reviews have examined how these three factors relate to interventions designed to support student academic performance and degree completion. METHODS: Our aim is to map the primary literature reporting on college students of any age who identify or are identified as non-white racial or ethnic groups who experience poverty and grief due to the death of a family member or friend. The mapping strategy includes extracting the various types of interventional support of academic performance and degree completion delivered from campus or community services in any geographic setting worldwide. We will conduct our scoping review with guidance from the latest version of the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Utilizing the framework as outlined by Arksey and O'Malley, we will conduct our scoping review with Arksey's five stages: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) study selection, (4) charting the data, and (5) collating, summarizing, and reporting the results. For transparency and reproducibility, we will adhere to the PRISMA reporting guidelines. DISCUSSION: The purpose of this scoping review is to map the primary literature reporting college students, regardless of their age, who belong to non-white racial or ethnic groups and face poverty and grief resulting from the loss of a family member or friend. This analysis includes mapping the various types of intervention and support available both on and off campus, in any global setting, with the aim of enhancing academic performance and facilitating degree completion. The results of this review may inform the further research needed in this area to help prevent poor academic performance and dropout for many vulnerable college students. The results may be of value, particularly to college administrators developing prevention and interventional programs to support college student success. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/enuwt ).
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Pobreza , Estudiantes , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Pesar , Revisiones Sistemáticas como Asunto , Literatura de Revisión como AsuntoRESUMEN
Her habla de una sociedad en la que las palabras de amor y pasión pretenden ser los sentimientos mismos, pero sin embargo pueden ser dichas o escritas por encargo, como simple tarea laboral. O por un programa computacional contratado a tales fines. Una lectura posible del film es que, en el proceso de interacción con usuarios, el Sistema Operativo se humaniza y, conforme desarrolla una toma de conciencia de sí, se aleja del vínculo con los humanos que lo han creado
Her speaks of a society in which the words of love and passion pretend to be the feelings themselves, but can nevertheless be said or written on request, as a simple work task. Or by a computer program hired for such purposes. A possible reading of the film is that, in the process of interaction with users, the Operating System becomes humanized and, as it develops an awareness of itself, it moves away from the link with the humans who created it
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Humanos , Divorcio , Adicción a la Tecnología , Pesar , EmocionesRESUMEN
Grief is a psychobiological response to loss as manifested by intense feeling of sadness, along with thoughts, mental images and memories of the deceased loved one. In order for the patient to attain successful grieving process, it is fundamental among nurses to recognize and understand the loss or impending loss experienced by the patient and/or its significant others. With the use of Walker and Avant's concept analysis, together with thorough literature review pertaining to bereavement and grieving, the defining attributes, antecedents and consequences of participatory grieving were determined. Furthermore, the results of this concept analysis provide a better view on the significant roles and responsibilities of nurses during the grieving process.
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OBJECTIVES: Predeath grief conceptualizes complex feelings of loss experienced for someone who is still living and is linked to poor emotional well-being. The Road Less Travelled program aimed to help carers of people with rarer dementias identify and process predeath grief. This study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of this program. DESIGN: Pre-post interventional mixed methods study. SETTING: Online videoconference group program for carers across the UK held in 2021. PARTICIPANTS: Nine family carers of someone living with a rare form of dementia. Eight were female and one male (mean age 58) with two facilitators. INTERVENTION: The Road Less Travelled is an online, facilitated, group-based program that aims to help carers of people with rarer dementias to explore and accept feelings of grief and loss. It involved six fortnightly 2-hour sessions. MEASUREMENTS: We collected measures for a range of well-being outcomes at baseline (T1), post-intervention (T2), and 3 months post-intervention (T3). We conducted interviews with participants and facilitators at T2. RESULTS: Participant attendance was 98% across all sessions. Findings from the semistructured interviews supported the acceptability of the program and identified improvements in carer well-being. Trends in the outcome measures suggested an improvement in quality of life and a reduction in depression. CONCLUSION: The program was feasible to conduct and acceptable to participants. Qualitative reports and high attendance suggest perceived benefits to carers, including increased acceptance of grief, and support the need for a larger-scale pilot study to determine effectiveness.
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This study explored relational grieving in community by examining how community members grieve with bereaved parents after the death of a child. Three bereaved parent couples and their community members were interviewed together using the qualitative action-project method to examine their shared grieving actions. Data was analyzed through top-down and bottom-up processes to understand the shared intentions of their grieving actions together. The findings of this research elicited thick descriptions of relational grieving at a community level. Four main assertions of how communities grieve with bereaved parents emerged, and include: (a) selflessly offering emotional and practical support, (b) engaging in and honouring vulnerability, (c) holding the complexity of grieving, and (d) fostering remembrance of the deceased child together. The novel descriptions of relational grieving in community contributed to the growing area of relational bereavement research. The theoretical, empirical, and clinical implications of this study are discussed.
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Aflicción , Pesar , Niño , Humanos , Padres/psicologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Many family carers of a person with dementia experience pre-death grief. We aimed to identify strategies that help carers manage pre-death grief. We hypothesised that emotion and problem focussed styles would be associated with lower, and dysfunctional coping with higher grief intensity. METHODS: Mixed methods observational study using structured and semi-structured interviews with 150 family carers of people with dementia living at home or in a care home. Most participants were female (77%), caring for a parent (48%) or partner/spouse (47%) with mild (25%), moderate (43%) or severe (32%) dementia. They completed the Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory Short Form and the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief-COPE) questionnaire. We asked carers to identify strategies used for managing grief. We recorded field notes for 150 interviews and audio-recorded additional interviews with a sub-sample of 16 participants. RESULTS: Correlations indicated that emotion-oriented coping was associated with lower grief (R = -0.341), and dysfunctional coping with higher grief (R = 0.435), with a small association with problem-focused strategies (R = -0.109), partly supporting our hypothesis. Our qualitative themes broadly match the three Brief-COPE styles. Unhelpful strategies of denial and avoidance align with dysfunctional coping strategies. Psychological strategies (including acceptance and humour) and seeking support were consistent with emotion-focused strategies, but we did not identify a theme relating to problem-focused strategies. CONCLUSION: Most carers identified multiple strategies for processing grief. Carers could readily identify supports and services that they found helpful for managing pre-death grief, yet current services appear under-resourced to meet growing demand. (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03332979).
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Adaptación Psicológica , Cuidadores , Demencia , Pesar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Cuidadores/psicología , Demencia/psicología , Demencia/terapia , Emociones , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Individuals who have lost a loved one to suicide are at increased risk for developing complicated grief (CG). It is unclear why only a subgroup of bereaved develops pathological forms of grief. Vulnerability may be related to the ability to regulate attention toward reminders of the deceased during the acute phase of grief. Using a longitudinal design, we determined whether loss-related attentional bias during acute grief predicts grief severity one year later. METHODS: Thirty-seven participants grieving a first-degree relative or partner to suicide in the prior 6 months performed an emotional Stroop task using words related to the deceased, a living attachment figure, living non-attachment figure, and color congruent Stroop to quantify related attentional bias during the acute grief period. Clinical interviews were conducted at baseline (N = 37) and one year later (N = 35). RESULTS: Participants showed greater attentional bias to deceased-related word trials compared with living attachment, non-attachment, and congruent trials, controlling for age, time since loss, depression, and psychiatric medication. A greater reduction in grief severity over time was associated with more deceased-related attentional bias at baseline. Self-reported grief avoidance was related to deceased-related attentional bias, with lower avoidance scores associated with greater bias. LIMITATIONS: Lack of non-suicide grief control and small sample size. CONCLUSIONS: Less deceased-related bias following the loss may hinder the transition from acute to integrated grief and result in poorer grief trajectories.
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Sesgo Atencional , Aflicción , Suicidio , Humanos , Pesar , Suicidio/psicología , Atención/fisiologíaRESUMEN
While there is extensive research on the adaptive grief styles developed by Doka and Martin, this study is the first of its kind to explore the language used among each style of grief. This study used clinical vignettes from a variety of sources on instrumental and intuitive grieving in an attempt to decipher the language use across various linguistic and psychological processes. Following this analysis, latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) was used fitting a two-topic model to analyze differences between topics while additionally performing a supervised LDA analysis. The strongest data from this study relate to intuitive grief, which found a higher use of present-tense language in comparison to the instrumental grief style. In addition, results found that the language used by intuitive grievers is slightly more distinguishable than that of its instrumental counterpart. Several implications for counseling and research were developed in response to these findings.
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Consejo , Pesar , Humanos , Lingüística , AnsiedadRESUMEN
This study examined mediatized death and emotion, specifically parasocial grieving, toward high-profile celebrity Stephen Hawking's death from a global perspective. A thematic analysis of public tweets explored how social media mourners expressed parasocial grieving following Hawking's death and how that shaped mediatized global flows of emotion in terms of digital affect culture. Findings showed varied forms of mediatized emotional responses associated with parasocial grievings, such as sadness, shock, confusion, love, and longing. Mourners also adopted varied coping mechanisms, including individualized tributes, reminiscing, memorializing, and advocacy. Findings suggested that Hawking's mourners performed parasocial death rituals on Twitter as a legitimate public space of mourning. Findings contribute to parasocial grieving scholarship and mediatization of death and emotion.
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Aflicción , Pesar , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , Humanos , Masculino , Personajes , Muerte , Emociones , Adaptación PsicológicaRESUMEN
Supporting grieving students is part of a school nurse's role which can provide meaning or special purpose in their career. This was verified by an online survey completed by 648 school nurse members of the National Association of School Nurses (NASN). A majority of respondents felt personal distress as a result of their work with grieving students which was predicted by a lack of access to work/community resources available and a lower level of educational background of the school nurse. Training to support grieving students and a higher level of educational background of the school nurse, however, appeared to predict a greater level of personal meaning found in school nurses' support of grieving students. Level of support by school leadership provided to school nurses in their support of grieving students was also found to be related to both the personal distress experienced and the personal meaning derived by school nurses.
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Enfermeras y Enfermeros , Servicios de Enfermería Escolar , Humanos , Estudiantes , Instituciones Académicas , Rol de la EnfermeraRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Grief research in family carers of people with dementia has increased. We aimed to report the prevalence of pre-death and post-death grief and to synthesize associated factors and the relationship between pre-death factors and post-death grief and services used to manage grief. DESIGN: (Prospero protocol: CRD42020165071) We systematically reviewed literature from PsycINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and ASSIA until April 2020. Effectiveness of intervention data and studies not written in English were excluded; qualitative studies were additionally excluded during study selection. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Evidence was narratively summarized. PARTICIPANTS: Family non-paid carers of somebody with any dementia type. MEASUREMENTS: Validated measures of pre-death and/or post-death grief. RESULTS: We included quantitative data from 55 studies (44 rated as high quality). Most included solely spouse or adult child carers. Forty-one studies reported pre-death grief, 12 post-death grief, and 6 service use; eight were longitudinal. 17% met the Prolonged Grief Disorder criteria pre-death (n = 1) and 6-26% (n = 4) of participants met the Complicated Grief criteria post-death. Being a spouse, less educated, caring for somebody with advanced dementia, and greater burden and depression were associated with higher pre-death grief. Lower education level and depression were predictive of higher post-death grief. Pre-death factors found to influence post-death grief were grief and depression. Limited service use evidence was reported. CONCLUSION: Awareness of characteristics which increase the likelihood of higher grief can help identify those in need of support. Future research should focus on what supports or services are beneficial to grief experiences.
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Cuidadores , Demencia , Humanos , Pesar , Esposos , Calidad de VidaRESUMEN
Sobreviventes ao suicídio são pessoas que têm suas vidas profundamente afetadas e apresentam sofrimento psicológico, físico ou social após serem expostas a esse fato. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a experiência de sobreviventes ao suicídio de jovens, a partir do luto. Participaram sete sobreviventes entre familiares, amigos e parceiros amorosos de jovens que cometeram suicídio. A análise de conteúdo de entrevistas narrativas apontou que os participantes utilizam explicações racionalizadas ou dissociadas, criando uma distância entre o evento e eles mesmos. Como formas de lidar com o sofrimento podem buscar o isolamento, apoio entre amigos, prática religiosa e/ou a dedicação ao trabalho. Reafirma-se a dimensão do luto diante dessa experiência, além da importância da prevenção ao suicídio e da posvenção aos sobreviventes.(AU)
Suicide survivors are people who have their lives deeply affected; they experience psychological, physical, and social suffering following the occurrence. The aim of this study is to analyze the experience of survivors of youth suicide attempts, based on grief. Seven survivors participated among family, friends, and romantic partners of young people who committed suicide. The content analysis of narrative interviews showed that the participants use rationalized or dissociated explanations, creating a distance between the event and themselves. As ways to deal with suffering, they seek isolation, support among friends, religious practice, and/or dedication to work. The dimension of grief in the face of this experience is reaffirmed, as well as the importance of suicide prevention and postvention for survivors.(AU)
Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la construcción metodológica desarrollada en una investigación de maestría, en la que sostenemos la escritura de escenas como método de investigación de la escucha clínica. Las escenas del trabajo en cuestión se recogieron a lo largo del tiempo desde la experiencia en un proyecto de extensión universitario de atención a la niñez y adolescencia en situación de vulnerabilidad social aplicado en una comunidad periférica. En este texto, presentamos los interrogantes que se elaboraron en torno a la elección por el trabajo con escenas y compartimos el rescate histórico de las mismas como un método de escribir la clínica y la reanudación del análisis a partir de la tradición psicoanalítica. Amparadas en el psicoanálisis y en lecturas y contribuciones del filósofo francés Jacques Derrida, nos basaremos en la noción de que la escena se constituye como un lugar de producción, engendrando la configuración particular de elementos significantes en los procesos de subjetivación y de construcción social. La escena no es aquí una representación de lo que pasa en la clínica, sino un modo de producir escucha y sus procesos de investigación.(AU)