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Physical inactivity represents a global challenge in public health, being the second most significant factor contributing to mortality. In Latin America, the prevalence of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour is notable, affecting medical students as well, who play a crucial role as behavioural role models for the population. This study addresses the prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behaviour among medical students in Latin America during the year 2023. A total of 864 participants from 12 institutions across eight countries were surveyed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Significant variations in physical activity and sedentary behaviour were observed according to sex, age, body mass index, academic year, and country. Notably, Costa Rica exhibited the highest levels of moderate physical activity in leisure time (90 min/day). Strength training was more common among men (60 min/day) and in Argentina (60 min/day). Sedentary behaviour was higher in women (420 min/day) and during the first academic year (485 min/day). Uruguay stood out with high levels of sedentary behaviour (600 min/day). Correlations indicated positive moderate associations between academic year and moderate leisure-time PA (r:0,128, p:0,007). In conclusion, there are associations between the level of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with the variables studied in this research, with the main findings being that the female sex has more time spent in sedentary behaviour (minutes/day) and less time spent in strength training (minutes/day). Additionally, there are higher levels of sedentary behaviour in the early years of medical study compared to the later years of the program.

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Background Internship is the time period when young doctors learn to balance between professional and personal lives. If they have good awareness and practice of any kind of physical activity during this period, it will help them to continue it forward. This enables them to educate and inspire people and patients around them. The main objectives of this study were to assess patterns of physical activity among medical interns and to understand the factors preventing physical activity among them. Methodology This cross-sectional survey was carried out among interns of a tertiary care hospital in western Maharashtra from July 2022 to September 2022. Ethical clearance was obtained before starting data collection. The survey was administered to those who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The questionnaire was adopted from the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The data collected were entered into Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) and analysis was done using MedCalc v.18.2.1 (MedCalc Software Ltd, Ostend, Belgium). Results A total of 220 interns were enrolled in the survey, of which 13 were removed due to incomplete data and 28 interns did not participate in the study. Finally, 179 interns were included for analysis in the study. The response rate was 87.27%. The mean age of participants was 23.12 years. The study population consisted of 72 (40.22%) males and 107 (59.78%) females. Among participants, 33 interns (18.44%) were involved in vigorous activity during work, and 108 interns (60.34%) were involved in moderate physical activity during work. The median time of a sedentary lifestyle was 300 minutes per day and was more common among males. Cumulatively busy working schedules and exam preparation were the important reasons for reduced physical activity. Conclusion There is a gap in the practice of physical activity among interns. A sedentary lifestyle was more prevalent among male interns than in female interns. The main constraints were demanding working hours and the pressure of competitive exams. Medical students will become doctors in the future who can advise their patients on healthy lifestyle habits. We recommend that it is necessary to promote physical activity in medical schools and to reinforce the importance of physical exercise in the medical curriculum.

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BACKGROUND: Monitoring survey methods, as well as movement recommendations, evolves over time. These changes can make trend observations over time difficult. The aim of this study was to examine the differences between 2 computer-assisted survey administration methods and the effect of the omission of the 10-minute minimum bout requirement in physical activity (PA) questions on PA outcomes. METHODS: We used data from the second Austrian PA Surveillance System for 2998 adults (18-64 y), applying computer-assisted personal interviewing and computer-assisted web interviewing. Within the computer-assisted web interviewing sample only, we added PA questions without the 10-minute requirement. Quantile and logistic regressions were applied. RESULTS: Between computer-assisted web interviewing and computer-assisted personal interviewing, within the computer-assisted personal interviewing sample, we found lower PA estimates in the leisure domain and work and household domain, but not in the travel domain, and no significant difference in the proportion of people meeting the PA recommendations. In all 3 PA domains, the median minutes did not differ when assessed with or without the 10-minute requirement. However, the percentage participation in the travel domain and work and household domain performing >0 minutes per week PA was higher when there was no 10-minute requirement. The proportion of people meeting the Austrian aerobic recommendation for adults when computed with or without the 10-minute requirement did not differ. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the omission of the 10-minute requirement does not seem to result in marked differences in PA estimates or the proportion of adults meeting the recommendations.

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INTRODUCTION: Current guidelines suggest that regular aerobic training might lower blood pressure in hypertensive individuals. However, evidence linking resistant hypertension (RH) with total daily physical activity (PA), including work-, transport-, and recreation-related PA, is limited. Therefore, this study assessed the association between daily PA and RH. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data acquired from a nationwide survey in the US (the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES). The weighted prevalence of RH was calculated, and moderate and vigorous daily PA was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). A multivariate logistic regression model determined the association between daily PA and RH. RESULTS: A total of 8,496 treated hypertension patients were identified, including 959 RH cases. The unweighted prevalence of RH among treated hypertension cases was 11.28%, while the weighted prevalence was 9.81%. Participants with RH had a low rate of recommended PA levels (39.83%), and daily PA and RH were significantly associated. PA exhibited significant dose-dependent trends with a low probability of RH (p-trends < 0.05). Additionally, participants with sufficient daily PA had a 14% lower probability of RH than those with insufficient PA [fully adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.74-0.99). CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that RH has an incidence of up to 9.81% in treated hypertension patients. Hypertensive patients tended to be physically inactive, and insufficient PA and RH were significantly associated. Sufficient daily PA should be recommended to reduce the RH probability among treated hypertension patients.

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BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity (PIA) is the fourth leading risk factor in an estimated global death of 3.2 million annually. To reverse this negative impact of PIA, there is a need to increase physical activity (PA). This could be achieved through creation of awareness, promotion, and good practice of PA by healthcare workers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate physical activity among healthcare workers (HCW) in a major tertiary hospital, southeast Nigeria. METHODS: The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was researcher-administered to investigate PA level among consenting HCW who met the inclusion criteria. Participants were recruited from their workstations in the hospital. The questionnaire recorded age, anthropometrics, demographics, and physical activity. Data were summarized with descriptive statistics of frequency and percentages. The spearman rank correlation test was used to assess for the relationship between PA and socio-demographic factors. RESULTS: There were 209 participants with 93 (44.5%) males and 116 (55.5%) females. The mean age was 34.32±9.88 years. Amongst different professions, Nurses were 53(25.3%), Doctors, 31 (14.8%), and Dietitians, 21 (10%), Accountants, 19 (9.1%). The majority of the participants 100 (47.8%) had physical activity level that was high (extra sufficient), 31 (14.8%) had a moderate PA level while 78 (37.3%) had a low physical activity level. There was a significant negative relationship between PA and age, marital status, number of children, and other dependents respectively, whereas there was no significant relationship between PA and gender, income, and family type. CONCLUSION: HCWs have the minimum required PA in a week. About 63% met the minimum required PA in a week. Age, marital status, and having children or dependents reduce participation in PA. However, there is a need for conscious awareness and practice of PA among HCW in the hospital.

CONTEXTE: L'inactivité physique (AIP) est le quatrième facteurde risque dans une mortalité mondiale estimée à 3,2 millions de personnes par an. Pour inverser cet impact négatif du PIA, il est nécessaire d'augmenter l'activité physique (AP). Cela pourrait être réalisé par la sensibilisation, la promotion et les bonnes pratiques de l'AP par les travailleurs de la santé. OBJECTIFS: Évaluer l'activité physique chez les travailleurs de la santé (HCW) dans un grand hôpital tertiaire, au sud-est du Nigeria. METHODES: Le questionnaire global sur l'activité physique (GPAQ) a été administré par des chercheurs pour étudier le niveau d'activité physique chez les travailleurs de la santé consentants qui répondaient aux critères d'inclusion. Ils ont été recrutés à partir de leurs postes de travail à l'hôpital. Le questionnaire enregistrait l'âge, l'anthropométrie, la démographie et l'activité physique. Les données ont été résumées avec des statistiques descriptives de fréquence et de pourcentages. Lacorrélation du rang de lanceur pour le test de la relation entre l'AP et les facteurs sociodémographiques. RESULTATS: Il y avait 209 participants avec 93 (44,5 %) hommes et 116 (55,5 %) femmes. L'âge moyen était de 34,32 ± 9,88 ans. Parmi les différentes professions, les infirmières étaient 53 (25,3%), les médecins, 31 (14,8%), et les diététiciens, 21 (10%), les comptables, 19 (9,1%) etc. La majorité des participants 100 (47,8%) avaient des problèmes physiques niveau d'activité élevé (extra suffisant), 31 (14,8%) avaient un niveau d'AP modéré tandis que 78 (37,3 %) avaient un niveau d'activité physique faible. Il y avait une relation négative significative entre l'AP et l'âge, l'état matrimonial, le nombre d'enfants et d'autres personnes à charge, respectivement, alors qu'il n'y avait pas de relation significative entre l'AP et le sexe, le revenu et le type de famille, respectivement. CONCLUSION: les travailleurs de la santé ont l'AP minimale requise en une semaine. 62,6 % ont atteint l'AP minimale requise en une semaine. L'âge, l'état matrimonial et le fait d'avoir des enfants ou des personnes à charge réduisent la participation à l'AP. Cependant, il existe un besoin de sensibilisation consciente et de pratique de l'AP parmi les travailleurs de la santé à l'hôpital. Mots-clés: Inactivité physique, Facteurs de risque, Nigéria, Questionnaire global sur l'activité physique, Équivalent métabolique.

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Introduction: Lifestyle modifications can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension. Our study investigated whether domain-specific physical activity (such as work, transport and leisure) and sedentary behaviour were associated with T2DM and hypertension, and whether these associations were moderated by sex and age. Method: For this cross-sectional study, data were obtained from a population survey in Singapore (n=2,867) conducted from February 2019 to March 2020. T2DM and hypertension were self-reported. Global physical activity questionnaire was used to assess domain-specific physical activity (in metabolic equivalent of task [MET]-minutes) and sedentary time (in hours). Logistic regression models were generated to examine the abovementioned associations, and adjusted for age, sex, education, ethnicity, personal income, body mass index, diet and hypertension/diabetes. Interaction terms were included individually to investigate whether age and sex moderated the associations. Results: Individuals with >826 MET-minutes of leisure-related physical activity per week had lower odds of having T2DM (odds ratio [OR] 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24-0.86) and hypertension (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.37-0.94) than those with no leisure-related physical activity. Individuals with >8 hours of sedentary time daily had higher odds of having hypertension (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.06-2.69) than those with 0-5 hours of sedentary time. Logistic regression models including interaction terms showed that the association between leisure-related physical activity and hypertension was significant for those aged 18-34 (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.66) and 50-64 years (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21-0.91). The association between sedentary time and hypertension was significant for those aged 18-34 years (OR 15.07, 95% CI 1.69-133.92). Conclusion: Our results support the widespread promotion of an active lifestyle to lower the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in Singapore.

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BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the three most common chronic diseases worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) among patients with diabetes. METHOD: This cross-sectional study was carried out on DM patients who visited King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) between August 2021 and February 2022. We used the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) questionnaire to determine if the patients had DN. In addition, we used the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) to assess the level of physical activity (PA) in these DM patients. RESULTS: A total of 336 patients consented to participate in the study. We found a DN prevalence of 23.8% amongst DM patients treated at the KAUH. In addition, the prevalence of DN amongst T1DM and T2DM patients was found to be 16% and 24.4%, respectively. Furthermore, we found that 65% of DM patients developed complications, with a significant correlation observed between the duration of DM and the development of complications. However, patient age and sex were non-statistically significantly correlated with the development of complications. Analysis of the GPAQ showed that among the 249 patients who completed the questionnaire, none had a high physical activity level, while 4% and 96% had moderate and low physical activity levels, respectively. No association was found between physical activity and patients' age, sex, type of DM, duration of DM, and development of complications. CONCLUSION: DN prevalence amongst DM patients treated at KAUH was 23.8%. The duration of diabetes was found to be a risk factor for DN. However, patient age and sex were non-statistically significantly associated with DN.

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether physical activity is independently associated with physical and global function in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), and to analyse the relationship between subtypes of physical activity (work, transport, and recreation) and functional impairment. METHODS: One-hundred-and-eighty-five patients were included. Physical function was assessed using BASFI, and global function was assessed using the ASAS health index (HI). Physical activity was measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Levels of physical activity were categorised as low, moderate or high. The associations between levels of physical activity and the BASFI and ASAS HI scores were analysed using multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 185 patients, 46, 63 and 76 reported low, moderate and high levels of physical activity, respectively. There was a negative correlation between the BASFI and total physical activity. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that a high level of physical activity was independently associated with BASFI after adjusting for age, ASDAS. sacroiliitis and syndesmophyte number (ß (95% CI) =-0.88 (-1.49--0.26); p=0.006). One-hundred-and-forty-six had good global functioning (ASAS HI≤5). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that moderate physical activity was independently associated with good global functioning (OR (95% CI) = 2.82 (1.02-7.86); p = 0.047). Recreational activity, but not work- and transport-related activity, showed a significant relationship with ASAS HI scores (ß (95% CI) =-0.55 (-1.02-0.08); p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity in those with axSpA is associated independently with physical and global functioning. Among the subtypes of physical activity, recreational activity is related to global functioning.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Physical inactivity, has been linked to development of metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Aim of the study was to assess the level of physical activity and it's association with prevalence of metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress in a semiurban foothill population of India. METHODS: Participants (n = 288), >18 years of age were enrolled. Their demographics and clinical details were recorded. Fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity were measured. Physical activity was estimated using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and converted into metabolic equivalent in minutes per week. RESULTS: 37.5% of study population was found to be physically active, with more males (43.3%) being active than females (23.3%). Inactivity was associated with higher triglycerides levels in males and with higher hip circumference, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides and fasting plasma glucose in females. No significant difference was found in the oxidative stress, indicated by decreased glutathione peroxidase activity, between active and inactive persons or persons with normal and increased body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of physical inactivity in this region of India, with prevalence of physical inactivity higher is females as compared to males. No significant co-relation was found between the levels of activity and components of metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress in the study population.

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BACKGROUND: Monitoring population-level physical activity is crucial for examining adherence to global guidelines and addressing obesity. This study validated self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) against an accurate device-based method in Namibia. METHODS: Adolescent girls (n = 52, mean age 16.2 years [SD 1.6]) and adult women (n = 51, mean age 31.3 years [SD 4.7]) completed the PACE+/GPAQ self-report questionnaires and were asked to wear an Actigraph accelerometer for 7 days. Validity of self-reported MVPA was assessed using rank-order correlations between self-report and accelerometry, and classification ability of the questionnaires with Mann-Whitney tests, kappa's, sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: In the adolescents, Spearman's rank coefficients between self-reported MVPA (days/week) and accelerometry measured MVPA were positive but not significant (r = 0.240; P = 0.104). In the adults, self-reported MVPA (minutes/day) was moderately and significantly correlated with accelerometer-measured MVPA (r = 0.396; P = 0.008). In both groups, there was fair agreement between accelerometry and questionnaire-defined tertiles of MVPA (adolescents κ = 0.267; P = 0.010; adults κ = 0.284; P = 0.008), and measured MVPA was significantly higher in the individuals self-reporting higher MVPA than those reporting lower MVPA. CONCLUSIONS: The PACE+ and GPAQ questionnaires have a degree of validity in adolescent girls and adult females in Namibia, though more suitable for population than individual level measurement.

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PURPOSE: To examine intensity- and domain-specific physical activity (PA) levels between Korean cancer survivors compared with non-cancer individuals. METHODS: We used data from the 2014-2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) to compare PA levels between 639 cancer survivors and 15,352 non-cancer individuals. Using the 1:5 propensity score matching analysis by sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and education level, 3195 non-cancer individuals were selected. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was used to assess PA levels. RESULTS: Cancer survivors were more likely to participate in a leisure-time PA (64.5 ± 157.9 vs. 51.8 ± 145.3 min/week, p < 0.002) compared with non-cancer individuals, while no difference was observed between groups in work and transportation. Cancer survivors undergoing treatment participated in more leisure-time PA (80.9 ± 169.2 vs. 56.6 ± 151.8 min/week, p < 0.02) compared with cancer survivors who completed cancer treatment. However, we found no significant difference in vigorous-intensity PA (18.8 ± 113.9 vs. 20.5 ± 156.1 min/week, p = 0.56) and moderate-intensity PA (186.2 ± 313.1 vs. 203.1 ± 355.3 min/week, p = 0.17) levels between cancer survivors and non-cancer individuals. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that cancer survivors were more participated in leisure-time PA compared with age, gender, BMI, and education levels matched non-cancer individuals.

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Context: Physical activity is an important factor for healthy aging, and lack of it has been associated with chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Research in sedentary behavior has indicated that it is an independent risk factor of morbidity and mortality, separate from lack of physical activity. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of medicine in a tertiary care hospital on apparently healthy relatives of patients without chronic NCDs. Metabolic equivalents of tasks (METs) were calculated by the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Statistical Analysis: We correlated the various parameters [age, sex, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and lipid panel with METs] by Pearson correlation coefficient. Observations and Results: Total of 750 patients with a mean age of 42.55 ± 10.93 years were included, and 389 (51.9%) were male in the present study. In our study, a strong negative correlation was found between physical activity and BMI, moderate negative correlation between physical activity with triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and WHR. There was a high degree of positive correlation between sedentary lifestyle (SLS) duration with BMI and TC. A moderate degree positive correlation was found between SLS duration and WHR, TG, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Conclusion: The clinician should be aware of various obesity indices, and it was found that lipid profile is inversely correlated with physical activity and directly correlated with SLS in healthy individuals. Lifestyle changes and exercise may reduce obesity and lipid disorders and thereby reduce further development of complications in those patients.

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Background and aims: COVID-19 is likely to affect the lives of individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, the effect of COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity and glycemic control in such individuals is not known. We studied the physical activity and glycemic control during lockdown in comparison to pre-lockdown parameters in individuals with long-standing type 2 diabetes. Methods: This prospective, observational study includes 2240 people with T2DM regularly attending diabetes clinic prior to lockdown. Glycemic record, HbA1c, and physical activity assessed with Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) as metabolic equivalents (MetS min/week) were obtained during lockdown (minimum duration of 3 months). Results: A total of 422 out of 750 participants (nest) responded. The median (IQR) for age was 58 (52 to 64) years, duration of diabetes 11 (6 to 16) years, prevalent foot complications in 59.7%, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in 21.3% of participants. There was a decrease in HbA1c from 7.8% (6.9 to 9.4) prior lockdown to 7.4% (6.6 to8.7) during lockdown [ΔHbA1c - 0.41 ± 0.27% (p = 0.005)] and postprandial blood glucose 200.0 mg/dl (152.0 to 252.0) to 158.0 (140.0 to 200.0) mg/dl (p < 0.001). The physical activity increased during lockdown from a GPAQ score 140 (0.0 to 1260) MetS to 840 (0.0 to 1680) MetS (p = 0.014). The improvement of glycemic control was observed in either gender and independent of the presence of foot complications or increase in physical activity. Conclusions: There is an overall improvement of glycemic control during COVID-19 lockdown independent of increase in physical activity in people with long duration of diabetes.

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BACKGROUND: Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is an important contributor to total physical activity and the focus of many interventions promoting activity in high-income populations. Little is known about LTPA in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and with expected declines in physical activity due to rapid urbanisation and lifestyle changes we aimed to assess the sociodemographic differences in the prevalence of LTPA in the adult populations of this region to identify potential barriers for equitable participation. METHODS: A two-step individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted using data collected in SSA through 10 population health surveys that included the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. For each sociodemographic characteristic, the pooled adjusted prevalence and risk ratios (RRs) for participation in LTPA were calculated using the random effects method. Between-study heterogeneity was explored through meta-regression analyses and tests for interaction. RESULTS: Across the 10 populations (N = 26,022), 18.9% (95%CI: 14.3, 24.1; I2 = 99.0%) of adults (≥ 18 years) participated in LTPA. Men were more likely to participate in LTPA compared with women (RR for women: 0.43; 95%CI: 0.32, 0.60; P < 0.001; I2 = 97.5%), while age was inversely associated with participation. Higher levels of education were associated with increased LTPA participation (RR: 1.30; 95%CI: 1.09, 1.55; P = 0.004; I2 = 98.1%), with those living in rural areas or self-employed less likely to participate in LTPA. These associations remained after adjusting for time spent physically active at work or through active travel. CONCLUSIONS: In these populations, participation in LTPA was low, and strongly associated with sex, age, education, self-employment and urban residence. Identifying the potential barriers that reduce participation in these groups is necessary to enable equitable access to the health and social benefits associated with LTPA.

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Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la validez concurrente y la confiabilidad test-retest del Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) y el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, versión corta) en una comunidad universitaria. Metodología: Un total de 76 personas de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín (Colombia), con edades entre 18 y 44 años, portaron un acelerómetro (ActiGraph GT3X+) durante siete días y posteriormente diligenciaron los dos cuestionarios; estos se repitieron una semana después. La validez y la confiabilidad para evaluar el gasto energético (GE) y el tiempo sedentario (TS) se determinó con el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI); la concordancia para clasificar el nivel de actividad física (NAF) se evaluó con el índice de Kappa ponderado (IKp). Resultados: Para medir el GE, el IPAQ mostró una validez "moderada" (CCI=0,434, IC95%=0,231-0,600; p<0,001) y el GPAQ "pobre" (CCI= 0,335, IC95%=0,123-0,519; p<0,001); para el TS, la validez de ambos cuestionarios fue "pobre" (IPAQ: CCI=0,234, IC95%=0,011-0,435, p<0,020; GPAQ: CCI=0,231, IC95%=0,009-0,432, p<0,021). Para clasificar el NAF (bajo, moderado o alto), ambos cuestionarios mostraron concordancias "bajas" (IPAQ: IKp=0,298, p=0,001; GPAQ: IKp=0,137, p=0,119). La confiabilidad del GPAQ para evaluar el GE fue "buena/excelente" (CCI=0,838; IC95%=0,754-0,895; p<0,001) y del IPAQ fue "moderada" (CCI=0,655; IC95%=0,505-0,766; p<0,001). La confiabilidad para el TS fue "moderada" en ambos instrumentos (IPAQ: CCI=0,716; IC95%=0,583-0,811; p<0,001; GPAQ: CCI=0,736; IC95%=0,613-0,824; p<0,001). Conclusiones: Los cuestionarios mostraron poca validez para la medición del NAF y del TS. Sin embargo, ambos instrumentos presentaron una buena confiabilidad para la medición de las variables estudiadas. No se recomienda el uso de los cuestionarios para la población estudiada.

Abstract Objective: Evaluate the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, short version) in a university community. Methodology: A total of 76 people from the University of Antioquia, Medellín (Colombia), aged between 18 and 44, carried an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X +) for seven days and subsequently filled out the two questionnaires; these were repeated a week later. The validity and reliability for assessing energy expenditure (EE) and sedentary time (ST) was determined with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC); concordance to classify the physical activity level (PAL) was evaluated with the weighted Kappa index (wKI). Results: To measure the EE , IPAQ showed a "moderate" validity (ICC = 0.434, CI 95% = 0.231-0.600; p <0.001) and the "poor" QPAQ (ICC = 0.335, CI 95% = 0.123-0.519; p <0.001); for ST , the validity of both questionnaires was "poor" (IPAQ : ICC = 0.234, CI 95% = 0.011-0.435, p <0.020; GPAQ: ICC = 0.231, CI 95% = 0.009-0.432, p <0.021). To classify the PAL (low, moderate or high), both questionnaires showed "low" concordance (IPAQ: wKI = 0.298, p = 0.001; GQAP: wKI = 0.137, p = 0.119). The reliability of the GPAQ for assessing EE was "good/excellent" (ICC = 0.838; CI 95% = 0.754-0.895; p <0.001) and the IPAQ was "moderate" (ICC = 0.655; IC 95% = 0.505-0.766 ; p <0.001). The reliability for ST was "moderate" in both instruments (IPAQ: ICC = 0.716; CI 95% = 0.583-0.811; p <0.001; GPAQ: ICC = 0.736; CI 95% = 0.613-0.824; p <0.001). Conclusions: The questionnaires showed little validity for measuring PAL and ST . However, both instruments presented good reliability for measuring the variables studied. The use of questionnaires for the population studied is not recommended.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a validade concorrente e a confiabilidade teste-reteste do Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) e do International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, versão curta) em uma comunidade universitária. Metodologia: 76 pessoas da Universidade de Antioquia, Medellín (Colômbia), com idades entre 18 e 44 anos, carregaram um acelerômetro (ActiGraph GT3X +) por sete dias e, posteriormente, preencheram os dois questionários, que foram repetidos uma semana depois. A validade e a confiabilidade para avaliar o gasto de energia (GE) e o tempo sedentário (TS) foram determinadas com o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI); a concordância para classificar o nível de atividade física (NAF) foi avaliada com o índice Kappa ponderado (IKp). Resultados: Para medir o GE, o IPAQ mostrou uma validade "moderada" (CCI=0,434, IC95%=0,231-0,600; p<0,001) e o GPAQ "pobre" (CCI= 0,335, IC95%=0,123-0,519; p<0,001); para o TS, a validade de ambos os questionários foi "pobre" (IPAQ: CCI=0,234, IC95%=0,011-0,435, p<0,020; GPAQ: CCI=0,231, IC95%=0,009-0,432, p<0,021). Para classificar o NAF (baixo, moderado ou alto), ambos os questionários mostraram concordâncias "baixas" (IPAQ: IKp=0,298, p=0,001; GPAQ: IKp=0,137, p=0,119). A confiabilidade do GPAQ para avaliar o GE foi "boa/excelente" (CCI=0,838; IC95%=0,754-0,895; p<0,001) e do IPAQ foi "moderada" (CCI=0,655; IC95%=0,505-0,766; p<0,001). A confiabilidade para o TS foi "moderada" em ambos os instrumentos (IPAQ: CCI=0,716; IC95%=0,583-0,811; p<0,001; GPAQ: CCI=0,736; IC95%=0,613-0,824; p<0,001). Conclusões: Os questionários mostraram pouca validade para a medição do NAF e do TS. No entanto, ambos os instrumentos apresentaram boa confiabilidade para a mensuração das variáveis estudadas. O uso de questionários para a população estudada não é recomendado.

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BACKGROUND: Insufficient physical activity (IPA) is one of the leading causes of premature mortality through the increased burden of non-communicable diseases. From 1990 to 2017, the percentage of low physical activity attributable disability-adjusted life years (DALY) increased globally by 1.5 times and 2-fold in Iran, causing more than 1.2 million deaths worldwide and 18,000 deaths in Iran in 2017. Reports suggest that Iran, a developing middle-income country, suffers from a high level of IPA. Socioeconomic and cultural alterations along with the country's developments expose the population to IPA risk. We aimed to describe IPA prevalence in Iran's adult population, categorized by demographics, geographical region, and activity domains to assess the present pattern of physical inactivity and its domains in the country. METHODS: In 2016, in order to represent Iran's adult population, adult participants (n: 30541) from 30 provinces were selected using systematic proportional to size cluster sampling. Physical activity (PA) was assessed via the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, calculating the Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) value in minutes per week for work, recreation, and transport domains. Insufficient physical activity (IPA) was defined according to WHO's recommendation (less than 600 METs per week). Adjusted odds ratios of IPA associates for sociodemographic, lifestyle related variables, and metabolic risk factors were reported. RESULTS: A high prevalence of IPA was seen in the total population (54.7%, 95%CI: 54.0-55.3) with a considerable difference between the two genders (males: 45.3% (95%CI: 44.3-46.3); females: 61.9% (95%CI: 61.0-62.7)). Work-related activity was the domain with the greatest percentage of total PA, whereas, both genders lacked recreational activities. In our findings, being female, a housekeeper, younger and living in urban areas were significantly associated with higher levels of IPA. Moreover, insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption, lack of alcohol consumption, having a personal vehicle, and finally, having a medical history of diabetes were significantly associated with the presence of IPA in our population. Among the study population, 33.6% (95%CI: 33.0-34.2) had at least 4 h of sedentary behavior in a typical day. CONCLUSIONS: Widespread IPA among the Iranian adult population is of major concern. In our findings, we observed a considerable gap in the prevalence and pattern of IPA between the two genders. Additionally, IPA was associated with living in urban areas, unhealthy lifestyle habits and a history of other metabolic risk factors. Thus, a prompt initiative for population-specific actions should be taken.

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BACKGROUND: Data on adolescents' physical activity and determinants are scarce in Nepal. In this study, we aim to assess the level of physical activity, its correlates and the sedentary behavior of high school students in an urban district of Nepal. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Participants were selected using two-stage cluster sampling technique. We used Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) to collect information regarding physical activity and sedentary behavior. We also collected information about socio-demographic, academic, environmental and lifestyle-related factors. Data from 945 high school students from 23 randomly selected schools were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of low physical activity separately for male and female students. RESULTS: Based on GPAQ classification, one out of five respondents reported low physical activity. The prevalence of low physical activity was 8% for males and 31% for females. About 31% of the adolescents and 14% of young adults did not meet the WHO recommendations of physical activity. Forty-seven percent of the total physical activity was borne by recreational activities. Correlates of low physical activity included school type and mode of transport among females, family support and drinking among males, and playground/park around home among both. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence estimate of low physical activity among adolescents is high, with higher odds among females. Several different factors are associated with physical activity among males and females, therefore, interventions to promote physical activity in school may need to weigh these factors prior to/during implementation.

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Background: Work may contribute significantly to daily physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB). Physical inactivity and SB at work might be two major risk factors for premature morbidity. Therefore, the aim of this research was to describe self-reported past PA and SB at work and during leisure time within the PROOF cohort subjects, and to determine consequences of PA and SB on late health of these now retired workers. Material and Methods: The PROOF cohort study was used to prospectively allow assessment of the predictive value of PA and SB at work and during leisure time among a healthy retired French population, with regard to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. PA (MET-h/week) and SB (h/d) were assessed using the Population Physical Activity Questionnaire (POPAQ) and the modified Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Odds ratios (ORs with 95% CIs) for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events were associated with each level of PA at work: light (<3 METs), moderate (3-5.9 METs), vigorous (≥6 METs) and were compared to SB at work. Results: Out of the 1011 65-year-old subjects initially included, the 15-year follow-up has been currently completed for 688 (68%) subjects; 89 deaths (all-cause mortality, 9%) and 91 fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (9%), were reported. An active work (light, moderate, or vigorous intensity) was associated with a 21% reduced risk of cardiovascular (myocardial infarction) and cerebrovascular events (stroke) (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.32-0.91, p < 0.02) compared to sedentary work. This relationship was already significant for light intensity work (32%; i.e., OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.31-0.87, p < 0.02). Conclusion: There is strong causal evidence linking PA and SB at work with late cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. All in all, the risk for onset of myocardial infarction and stroke was lower among those who had a previous active work compared to those with previous sedentary work. Even previous light active work produced substantial health benefits. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT00759304.

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Strategies for increasing adherence to physical activity assessments are often linked to extra financial or personal effort. This paper aims to investigate the influence of the recruitment strategy on participants' adherence to accelerometry and resulting PA data. Data were used from two previous studies conducted in 2013 and 2016 in Cologne, Germany, differing in recruitment strategy (N = 103, 40.8% male, mean age 20.9 ±â€¯3.7 years, mean BMI 23.7 ±â€¯4.1 kg/m2). In the passive recruitment (PR) group, vocational students took part in the accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X+) in line with the main study unless they denied participation. In the active recruitment (AR) group, vocational students were invited to actively volunteer for the accelerometry. Impact of recruitment strategy on adherence and PA data was examined by regression analysis. Average adherence to the accelerometry was 66.7% (AR) and 74.0% (PR). No statistically significant influence of recruitment strategy on adherence and resulting PA was found (all p > 0.05). The difference in recruitment strategy did not affect adherence to accelerometry. The data imply that AR may be applicable. Future studies using larger sample sizes and diverse populations should further investigate these trends.