RESUMEN

Calcium (Ca) and carbohydrate (CHO) supply in sweet cherry have been associated with fruit quality at harvest and during storage. There is little published information integrating CHO and Ca availability and distribution in sweet cherry and their effects on fruit quality. Accordingly, in the 2019-20 season, vascular restrictions were imposed on the phloem (girdling, G, stopping phloem flow) and xylem (transverse incision, S, cutting 50% of xylem cross-section area) of individual vertical branches of the sweet cherry combination 'Lapins'/Colt trained as Kym Green Bush system to modify mineral and CHO composition in fruit and associate such changes with quality at harvest and storage. The girdling to the phloem was used to induce changes in CHO distribution. The transverse incision to the xylem was a tool to modify Ca distribution. Five treatments (TR) were implemented: TR1-CTL = Control (without vascular restriction), TR2-G, at its base, TR3-G + G: at its base, and G further up at the change of year between the second and the third years of growth TR4--S and TR5-S + G. The vegetative (i.e., shoot and leaf growth), reproductive (i.e., fruit set and yield) development and stomatal conductance were monitored. Each branch was divided into the upper (1-and 2-year-old wood) and the lower (3-and 4-year-old wood) segments of the restriction applied. The quality and mineral composition (Ca, Mg, K, and N) of fruit borne on each segment were measured at harvest. The upper segment of TR3-G + G branches were harvested 10 d before the lower segment. The fruit from the upper segment of TR3-G + G was the largest, the sweetest, and had the higher titratable acidity concentration. However, fruits of this segment were the softest, had the lowest Ca concentrations, and had the highest ratios of N:Ca and K:Ca, compared with the other TRs. TR3-G + G branches developed the highest number of lateral current season shoots including shoots below the second girdling in the lower segment of the branch. This vegetative flow of growth would explain the mineral unbalance produced in the fruit from the upper segment of the branch. TR2-G did not register changes in fruit quality and mineral concentration compared with TR1-CTL. Surprisingly, the fruit from the branches with xylem restriction did not show changes in Ca concentration, suggesting that the xylem stream was enough to supply the fruit in branches without lateral shoot development. Fruit firmness was positively related to fruit Ca concentration and negatively related to the ratios of K:Ca and N:Ca.

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT The Cerambycidae Oncideres impluviata (Germar, 1823) is an important insect pest for Acacia mearnsii De Wild in Southern Brazil. The damage caused by their girdling behavior reduces tree productivity, specially in the early years of plant establishment, when girdling is performed on the main trunk of trees. Here, we used a fragment of the mtDNA COI gene to analyze the genetic diversity, population structure and demography of O. impluviata in Southern Brazil, as well as to present the first hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among species of the genus Oncideres. Our results identified five distinct haplotypes among the populations of O. impluviata, with the most common haplotype identified as O.imp_COI_01. The phylogenetic inferences corroborated the monophyly of O. impluviata with maximum statistical support. In addition, the phylogeny recovered three main population strains that are largely congruent with the haplotype network, which includes two lineages that are found in different edaphic regions of Rio Grande do Sul (Serra do Sudeste and Encosta Inferior do Nordeste). This is the first molecular phylogenetic assessment of O. impluviata. Our findings provide insights into the evolution of a significant species for the Brazilian forestry sector, as well as new resources for planning of pest management strategies.

RESUMEN

'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las) is an unculturable, phloem-limited, insect-transmitted bacterium associated with the Asiatic form of huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive citrus disease. In Asia and the Americas, it is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwavama). Despite considerable research, little is known about the processes involved in plant infection and colonization by Las. This study was conducted to determine whether the basal portion (below girdling) of the plant is an important route for Las to move laterally from a point of inoculation on a branch to pathogen-free branches elsewhere in the canopy, and to quantify the influence of actively growing tissues on vertical upward (acropetally) or downward (basipetally) movement of Las. Nongirdled and fully or partially girdled stems of potted plants of 'Pera' sweet orange, graft-inoculated above or below girdling, were sampled in distinct regions and assessed by qPCR, 6 months postinoculation. Las invaded all regions of partially and nongirdled plants but remained restricted to the inoculated regions of fully girdled plants, evidence that in planta bacterium movement is limited to the phloem. In fully girdled plants, starch accumulated above the girdling site, probably because of changes in flow of phloem sap. To study the influence of actively growing tissues, inoculated 'Valencia' sweet orange plants were kept intact or were top- or root-pruned to force production of new tissues, and sampled at 15-day intervals. Las migrated rapidly and most predominantly toward newly developing root and leaf tissues. The rapid and predominant movement of Las to newly developed shoots and roots would explain failures of canopy heat treatments and pruning to cure HLB-affected trees, and reinforces the need to protect rapidly growing new shoots from feeding by D. citri in order to minimize transmission and spread of the pathogen by the vector within and between orchards.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Nonstructural carbon (NSC) reserves act as buffers to sustain tree activity during periods when carbon (C) assimilation does not meet C demand, but little is known about their age and accessibility; we designed a controlled girdling experiment in the Amazon to study tree survival on NSC reserves. We used bomb-radiocarbon (14 C) to monitor the time elapsed between C fixation and release ('age' of substrates). We simultaneously monitored how the mobilization of reserve C affected δ13 CO2 . Six ungirdled control trees relied almost exclusively on recent assimilates throughout the 17 months of measurement. The Δ14 C of CO2 emitted from the six girdled stems increased significantly over time after girdling, indicating substantial remobilization of storage NSC fixed up to 13-14 yr previously. This remobilization was not accompanied by a consistent change in observed δ13 CO2 . These trees have access to storage pools integrating C accumulated over more than a decade. Remobilization follows a very clear reverse chronological mobilization with younger reserve pools being mobilized first. The lack of a shift in the δ13 CO2 might indicate a constant contribution of starch hydrolysis to the soluble sugar pool even outside pronounced stress periods (regular mixing).

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

As diversas tentativas falhas de produção de peras no Brasil são impulsionadas pelo elevado consumo, que apresenta um cenário crescente de importação para atender a demanda interna. Em 2015, foram importadas 179 mil toneladas de peras, sendo a maior parte da Argentina e Portugal. A limitação do cultivo de pereira não tem sido por falta de mercado, mas devido a diversos fatores, como por exemplo, a baixa frutificação efetiva, a insuficiente formação de estruturas de produção e o excesso de crescimento vegetativo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento vegetativo e frutificação efetiva de pereiras europeias submetidas a diferentes técnicas de redução de vigor. O experimento foi instalado na safra 2012/13 em um pomar comercial de pereiras localizado no município de Vacaria RS, situada a 971 m de altitude. As pereiras Packhams Triumph, Williams, Red Bartlett, Abate Fetel e Carrick, todas enxertadas sobre o portaenxerto Pyrus calleryana, foram submetidas aos tratamentos de anelamento simples, anelamento duplo, corte de tronco simples, corte de tronco duplo e aplicação do fitorregulador Trinexapac-etil (1600 ppm). De acordo com os resultados obtidos foi possível observar que houve redução do crescimento vegetativo apenas na cultivar Packhams submetida ao anelamento duplo, corte de tronco simples e Trinexapac-etil. A utilização da técnica de anelamento e corte de tronco incrementa o retorno de floração e também a produtividade das pereiras ‘Abate Fetel’ e ‘Carrick’, bem como a aplicação de Trinexapac-etil reduz o retorno de florescimento destas cultivares nas condições do estudo.

The various failed attempts to produce pears in Brazil are driven by high consumption, which presents a growing scenario of imports to attend to the consumers demand. In 2015, 179 thousand tons of pears were imported, most from Argentina and Portugal. The limitation of pear cultivation has not been due to lack of market, but due to several factors, such as low fruit set, insufficient formation of production structures and excessive vegetative growth. The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative growth and fruit set of European pear trees submitted to different growth control techniques. The experiment was conducted during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 season in a commercial pear orchard located in Vacaria city, Rio Grande do Sul State, at 971 m altitude. Packham’s Triumph, William’s, Red Bartlett, Abate Fetel and Carrick, all grafted on Pyrus calleryana, were submitted to treatments of simple girdling, double girdling, single trunk cutting, double trunk cutting and application of the Trinexapac-ethyl plant growth regulator (1600 mg L-1). According to the results, it was possible to observe that there was a reduction of vegetative growth only in the Packham’s cultivar submitted to double girdling, single trunk cutting and Trinexapac-ethyl. The use of the trunk cutting and girdling technique increases the flowering return and also the productivity of ‘Abate Fetel’ and ‘Carrick’ pear trees, and the Trinexapac-ethyl decreases the return bloom of ‘Abate Fetel’ and ‘Carrick’ pear trees in the studied conditions.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

As diversas tentativas falhas de produção de peras no Brasil são impulsionadas pelo elevado consumo, que apresenta um cenário crescente de importação para atender a demanda interna. Em 2015, foram importadas 179 mil toneladas de peras, sendo a maior parte da Argentina e Portugal. A limitação do cultivo de pereira não tem sido por falta de mercado, mas devido a diversos fatores, como por exemplo, a baixa frutificação efetiva, a insuficiente formação de estruturas de produção e o excesso de crescimento vegetativo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento vegetativo e frutificação efetiva de pereiras europeias submetidas a diferentes técnicas de redução de vigor. O experimento foi instalado na safra 2012/13 em um pomar comercial de pereiras localizado no município de Vacaria RS, situada a 971 m de altitude. As pereiras Packhams Triumph, Williams, Red Bartlett, Abate Fetel e Carrick, todas enxertadas sobre o portaenxerto Pyrus calleryana, foram submetidas aos tratamentos de anelamento simples, anelamento duplo, corte de tronco simples, corte de tronco duplo e aplicação do fitorregulador Trinexapac-etil (1600 ppm). De acordo com os resultados obtidos foi possível observar que houve redução do crescimento vegetativo apenas na cultivar Packhams submetida ao anelamento duplo, corte de tronco simples e Trinexapac-etil. A utilização da técnica de anelamento e corte de tronco incrementa o retorno de floração e também a produtividade das pereiras ‘Abate Fetel e ‘Carrick, bem como a aplicação de Trinexapac-etil reduz o retorno de florescimento destas cultivares nas condições do estudo.(AU)

The various failed attempts to produce pears in Brazil are driven by high consumption, which presents a growing scenario of imports to attend to the consumers demand. In 2015, 179 thousand tons of pears were imported, most from Argentina and Portugal. The limitation of pear cultivation has not been due to lack of market, but due to several factors, such as low fruit set, insufficient formation of production structures and excessive vegetative growth. The objective of this work was to evaluate the vegetative growth and fruit set of European pear trees submitted to different growth control techniques. The experiment was conducted during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 season in a commercial pear orchard located in Vacaria city, Rio Grande do Sul State, at 971 m altitude. Packhams Triumph, Williams, Red Bartlett, Abate Fetel and Carrick, all grafted on Pyrus calleryana, were submitted to treatments of simple girdling, double girdling, single trunk cutting, double trunk cutting and application of the Trinexapac-ethyl plant growth regulator (1600 mg L-1). According to the results, it was possible to observe that there was a reduction of vegetative growth only in the Packhams cultivar submitted to double girdling, single trunk cutting and Trinexapac-ethyl. The use of the trunk cutting and girdling technique increases the flowering return and also the productivity of ‘Abate Fetel and ‘Carrick pear trees, and the Trinexapac-ethyl decreases the return bloom of ‘Abate Fetel and ‘Carrick pear trees in the studied conditions.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Ecosystem engineering by insect herbivores occurs as the result of structural modification of plants manipulated by insects. However, only few studies have evaluated the effect of these modifications on the plant responses induced by stem-borers that act as ecosystem engineers. In this study, we evaluated the responses induced by the herbivory of the twig-girdler beetle Oncideres albomarginata chamela (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) on its host plant Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae), and its relationship with the ecosystem engineering process carried out by this stem-borer. Our results demonstrated that O. albomarginata chamela branch removal induced the development of lateral branches increasing the resources needed for the development of future insect generations, of its own offspring and of many other insect species. Detached branches represent habitats with high content of nitrogen and phosphorous, which eventually can be incorporated into the ecosystem, increasing nutrient cycling efficiency. Consequently, branch removal and the subsequent plant tissue regeneration induced by O. albomarginata chamela represent key mechanisms underlying the ecosystem engineering process carried out by this stem-borer, which enhances arthropod diversity in the ecosystem.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi avaliar se o anelamento de ramos reduz o crescimento vegetativo em limeiras ácidas 'Tahiti' e se a aplicação de AG3 é capaz de recuperá-lo. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, com cinco repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu na aplicação foliar de quatro concentrações de AG3 (0, 7, 14 e 21mg L-1), quando cerca de 80 por cento das pétalas haviam sofrido abscisão. O segundo fator referiu-se aos tratamentos sem anelamento, anelamento no início do florescimento e anelamento um mês após o florescimento. As variáveis analisadas foram altura das plantas, comprimento dos ramos, diâmetro e volume das copas, e intensidade de cor verde das folhas. A aplicação de AG3 não causou efeito sobre o crescimento vegetativo e intensidade de cor verde das folhas. O anelamento de ramos, independentemente da época em que foi realizado, retardou o crescimento vegetativo das plantas e reduziu a intensidade de cor verde das folhas da limeira ácida 'Tahiti'; porém, na última avaliação, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas em relação às plantas sem anelamento.

The objective was to assess whether the girdling reduces the vegetative growth in acid lime 'Tahiti' and the application of GA3 is able to retrieve it. The design was a randomized block design, in factorial with five replications. The first factor consisted of four concentrations of foliar application of GA3 (0, 7, 14 and 21mg L-1) when about 80 percent of the petals had abscised. The second factor referred to the treatments without girdling, girdling at flowering, and girdling a month after flowering. The variables were plant height, branch length, diameter and canopy volume, and intensity of green color of the leaves. The application of GA3 had no effect on vegetative growth and intensity of green color of leaves. Girdling, regardless of the time it was done, delayed vegetative growth of plants and reduced the intensity of green color of the leaves of acid lime 'Tahiti' tree, but in the last evaluation there was no statistically significant differences regarding the plants without girdling.

RESUMEN

The objective was to assess whether the girdling reduces the vegetative growth in acid lime 'Tahiti' and the application of GA3 is able to retrieve it. The design was a randomized block design, in factorial with five replications. The first factor consisted of four concentrations of foliar application of GA3 (0, 7, 14 and 21mg L-1) when about 80% of the petals had abscised. The second factor referred to the treatments without girdling, girdling at flowering, and girdling a month after flowering. The variables were plant height, branch length, diameter and canopy volume, and intensity of green color of the leaves. The application of GA3 had no effect on vegetative growth and intensity of green color of leaves. Girdling, regardless of the time it was done, delayed vegetative growth of plants and reduced the intensity of green color of the leaves of acid lime 'Tahiti' tree, but in the last evaluation there was no statistically significant differences regarding the plants without girdling.

Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi avaliar se o anelamento de ramos reduz o crescimento vegetativo em limeiras ácidas 'Tahiti' e se a aplicação de AG3 é capaz de recuperá-lo. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, com cinco repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu na aplicação foliar de quatro concentrações de AG3 (0, 7, 14 e 21mg L-1), quando cerca de 80% das pétalas haviam sofrido abscisão. O segundo fator referiu-se aos tratamentos sem anelamento, anelamento no início do florescimento e anelamento um mês após o florescimento. As variáveis analisadas foram altura das plantas, comprimento dos ramos, diâmetro e volume das copas, e intensidade de cor verde das folhas. A aplicação de AG3 não causou efeito sobre o crescimento vegetativo e intensidade de cor verde das folhas. O anelamento de ramos, independentemente da época em que foi realizado, retardou o crescimento vegetativo das plantas e reduziu a intensidade de cor verde das folhas da limeira ácida 'Tahiti'; porém, na última avaliação, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas em relação às plantas sem anelamento.

RESUMEN

The objective was to assess whether the girdling reduces the vegetative growth in acid lime 'Tahiti' and the application of GA3 is able to retrieve it. The design was a randomized block design, in factorial with five replications. The first factor consisted of four concentrations of foliar application of GA3 (0, 7, 14 and 21mg L-1) when about 80% of the petals had abscised. The second factor referred to the treatments without girdling, girdling at flowering, and girdling a month after flowering. The variables were plant height, branch length, diameter and canopy volume, and intensity of green color of the leaves. The application of GA3 had no effect on vegetative growth and intensity of green color of leaves. Girdling, regardless of the time it was done, delayed vegetative growth of plants and reduced the intensity of green color of the leaves of acid lime 'Tahiti' tree, but in the last evaluation there was no statistically significant differences regarding the plants without girdling.

Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi avaliar se o anelamento de ramos reduz o crescimento vegetativo em limeiras ácidas 'Tahiti' e se a aplicação de AG3 é capaz de recuperá-lo. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, com cinco repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu na aplicação foliar de quatro concentrações de AG3 (0, 7, 14 e 21mg L-1), quando cerca de 80% das pétalas haviam sofrido abscisão. O segundo fator referiu-se aos tratamentos sem anelamento, anelamento no início do florescimento e anelamento um mês após o florescimento. As variáveis analisadas foram altura das plantas, comprimento dos ramos, diâmetro e volume das copas, e intensidade de cor verde das folhas. A aplicação de AG3 não causou efeito sobre o crescimento vegetativo e intensidade de cor verde das folhas. O anelamento de ramos, independentemente da época em que foi realizado, retardou o crescimento vegetativo das plantas e reduziu a intensidade de cor verde das folhas da limeira ácida 'Tahiti'; porém, na última avaliação, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas em relação às plantas sem anelamento.

RESUMEN

The objective was to assess whether the girdling reduces the vegetative growth in acid lime 'Tahiti' and the application of GA3 is able to retrieve it. The design was a randomized block design, in factorial with five replications. The first factor consisted of four concentrations of foliar application of GA3 (0, 7, 14 and 21mg L-1) when about 80% of the petals had abscised. The second factor referred to the treatments without girdling, girdling at flowering, and girdling a month after flowering. The variables were plant height, branch length, diameter and canopy volume, and intensity of green color of the leaves. The application of GA3 had no effect on vegetative growth and intensity of green color of leaves. Girdling, regardless of the time it was done, delayed vegetative growth of plants and reduced the intensity of green color of the leaves of acid lime 'Tahiti' tree, but in the last evaluation there was no statistically significant differences regarding the plants without girdling.

Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi avaliar se o anelamento de ramos reduz o crescimento vegetativo em limeiras ácidas 'Tahiti' e se a aplicação de AG3 é capaz de recuperá-lo. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, com cinco repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu na aplicação foliar de quatro concentrações de AG3 (0, 7, 14 e 21mg L-1), quando cerca de 80% das pétalas haviam sofrido abscisão. O segundo fator referiu-se aos tratamentos sem anelamento, anelamento no início do florescimento e anelamento um mês após o florescimento. As variáveis analisadas foram altura das plantas, comprimento dos ramos, diâmetro e volume das copas, e intensidade de cor verde das folhas. A aplicação de AG3 não causou efeito sobre o crescimento vegetativo e intensidade de cor verde das folhas. O anelamento de ramos, independentemente da época em que foi realizado, retardou o crescimento vegetativo das plantas e reduziu a intensidade de cor verde das folhas da limeira ácida 'Tahiti'; porém, na última avaliação, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas em relação às plantas sem anelamento.

RESUMEN

The present trial was carried out aiming to increase fruit set of 'Monte Parnaso' (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) navel oranges budded on trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf.) rootstocks grown in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In 1996, six-year-old navel orange trees were sprayed with growth regulators combined or not with girdling. The following treatments (T) was conducted: T1) Control; T2) spraying of five ppm of GA3 at the end of petal fall; T3) girdling 10 days after petal fall; T4) T2 plus T3; T5) spraying of 15ppm 2.4-D; T6) T4 plus T5; T7) girdling in November 15th; T8) T5 plus T7; T9) T6 plus T7; T10) T6 plus spraying of 10ppm of GA3 and 15ppm of 2.4-D in May of 1998; T11) T9 plus spraying of 10ppm of GA3 and 15ppm 2.4-D in May of 1998. The results showed increased the weight (45%) and number of fruits produced. The treatments did not affect the fruits average and total soluble solids, titratable total acidity and percentage of juice contents.

Com o propósito de reduzir a queda prematura de frutos e aumentar a produção de laranjeiras de umbigo 'Monte Parnaso' (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck), no ano agrícola de 1997/98, plantas com seis anos de idade, enxertadas sobre Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., de um pomar comercial, da empresa Panorama Citros, situado no Município de Butiá, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foram pulverizadas com os seguintes tratamentos: T1) Testemunha; T2) 5ppm de AG3 no final da queda das pétalas, em setembro de 1988; T3) Incisão anelar da casca dos ramos principais 10 dias após a floração, em setembro de 1988; T4) Idem T2 + T3; T5) 15ppm de 2,4-D em novembro de 1988; T6) Idem T4 + T5; T7) Incisão anelar da casca dos ramos principais em novembro de 1988; T8) Idem 5 + 7; T9) Idem T6 + T7; T10) Idem T6 + 10ppm de AG3 com 15ppm de 2,4-D em maio de 98; T11) Idem T9 + 10ppm de AG3 e 15ppm de 2,4-D em maio de 1988. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições usando-se três plantas úteis por parcela. Todos os tratamentos em relação a testemunha promoveram um aumento na ordem de 45% na produção de frutas em número e peso. O peso médio, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e a percentagem de suco nos frutos não foram afetados significativamente.

RESUMEN

The present trial was carried out aiming to increase fruit set of 'Monte Parnaso' (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) navel oranges budded on trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf.) rootstocks grown in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In 1996, six-year-old navel orange trees were sprayed with growth regulators combined or not with girdling. The following treatments (T) was conducted: T1) Control; T2) spraying of five ppm of GA3 at the end of petal fall; T3) girdling 10 days after petal fall; T4) T2 plus T3; T5) spraying of 15ppm 2.4-D; T6) T4 plus T5; T7) girdling in November 15th; T8) T5 plus T7; T9) T6 plus T7; T10) T6 plus spraying of 10ppm of GA3 and 15ppm of 2.4-D in May of 1998; T11) T9 plus spraying of 10ppm of GA3 and 15ppm 2.4-D in May of 1998. The results showed increased the weight (45%) and number of fruits produced. The treatments did not affect the fruits average and total soluble solids, titratable total acidity and percentage of juice contents.

Com o propósito de reduzir a queda prematura de frutos e aumentar a produção de laranjeiras de umbigo 'Monte Parnaso' (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck), no ano agrícola de 1997/98, plantas com seis anos de idade, enxertadas sobre Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., de um pomar comercial, da empresa Panorama Citros, situado no Município de Butiá, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foram pulverizadas com os seguintes tratamentos: T1) Testemunha; T2) 5ppm de AG3 no final da queda das pétalas, em setembro de 1988; T3) Incisão anelar da casca dos ramos principais 10 dias após a floração, em setembro de 1988; T4) Idem T2 + T3; T5) 15ppm de 2,4-D em novembro de 1988; T6) Idem T4 + T5; T7) Incisão anelar da casca dos ramos principais em novembro de 1988; T8) Idem 5 + 7; T9) Idem T6 + T7; T10) Idem T6 + 10ppm de AG3 com 15ppm de 2,4-D em maio de 98; T11) Idem T9 + 10ppm de AG3 e 15ppm de 2,4-D em maio de 1988. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições usando-se três plantas úteis por parcela. Todos os tratamentos em relação a testemunha promoveram um aumento na ordem de 45% na produção de frutas em número e peso. O peso médio, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e a percentagem de suco nos frutos não foram afetados significativamente.

RESUMEN

This work was conducted to evaluate the response of grapevine cultivar Maria (IAC 514-6) to branches and trunk girdling at the beginning or after flowering, associated or not with gibberellic acid sprating (200ppm) on clusters, berries and raquis characteristics. The experiment was conducted at Jundiaí, SP, Brasil, in a complete randomized design, with 12 treatments and 5 replications. No effect of girdling time nor GA3 application were detected. Significative effects of trunk or branche girdling and GA3 application or from both treatments together for all the characteristics evaluated of the berries, clusters and raquis were observed. The application of each treatment alone or in combination influenced grape quality in a similar manner.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta do cultivar Maria (IAC 514-6) ao anelamento e à aplicação de ácido giberélico na concentração de 200ppm, no início ou após o florescimento, para as características dos cachos, bagos e engaços. O experimento foi realizado em Jundiaí, SP, e o delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado, com doze tratamentos e cinco repetições. Não foram detectados efeitos de época de anelamento ou de aplicação de ácido giberélico. Efeitos significativos do anelamento no tronco ou nos ramos e da aplicação do ácido giberélico ou de ambos os tratamentos foram detectados para as características estudadas. Os incrementos verificados para essas características foram semelhantes ao serem aplicados os fatores isoladamente ou em conjunto.

RESUMEN

This work was conducted to evaluate the response of grapevine cultivar Maria (IAC 514-6) to branches and trunk girdling at the beginning or after flowering, associated or not with gibberellic acid sprating (200ppm) on clusters, berries and raquis characteristics. The experiment was conducted at Jundiaí, SP, Brasil, in a complete randomized design, with 12 treatments and 5 replications. No effect of girdling time nor GA3 application were detected. Significative effects of trunk or branche girdling and GA3 application or from both treatments together for all the characteristics evaluated of the berries, clusters and raquis were observed. The application of each treatment alone or in combination influenced grape quality in a similar manner.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta do cultivar Maria (IAC 514-6) ao anelamento e à aplicação de ácido giberélico na concentração de 200ppm, no início ou após o florescimento, para as características dos cachos, bagos e engaços. O experimento foi realizado em Jundiaí, SP, e o delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado, com doze tratamentos e cinco repetições. Não foram detectados efeitos de época de anelamento ou de aplicação de ácido giberélico. Efeitos significativos do anelamento no tronco ou nos ramos e da aplicação do ácido giberélico ou de ambos os tratamentos foram detectados para as características estudadas. Os incrementos verificados para essas características foram semelhantes ao serem aplicados os fatores isoladamente ou em conjunto.

RESUMEN

With the aim of studying the effect of branch conditioning through girdling and banding on Valência orange cuttings a rooting trial was carried out from February to December of 1993. The girdling was performed with a thin cooper wire tightly tied at the branch base reaching the log, and the banding with black poliethylene tape, covering the branch at the base of the sprouts. Each conditioned branch gave one cutting of 15 cm length, 0.5 cm diameter and a pair of half cut apical leaves. Cuttings were planted on Dec.04, 93, in washed and sieved sand substrate. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a factorial 3 x 3 from 0, 30 and 60 day periods, girdling and banding. There was no rooting in cuttings that remained three months in the substrate and there was up to 26.04% rooting for those ones that lasted for eight months in the substrate. The banding period significantly affected the cuttings rooting percentage.

Objetivando estudar a influência do condicionamento de ramos, através do anelamento e estiolamento parcial, sobre o enraizamento de estacas de laranjeira cv. Valência, conduziu-se o experimento no período de fevereiro a dezembro de 1993. Para o anelamento foi utilizado arame fino de cobre com o qual provocou-se um estrangulamento na base do ramo. No estiolamento, utilizou-se fita preta de polietileno, que foi enrolada na base das brotações. De cada ramo condicionado, obteve-se apenas uma estaca com 15 cm de comprimento, diâmetro médio de 0,5 cm e um par de folhas apicais, cortadas pela metade. O plantio das estacas foi realizado em 12.04.93, em substrato de areia lavada e peneirada. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3, resultante das combinações entre os períodos de zero, 30 e 60 dias dos fatores anelamento e estiolamento. Verificou-se que não ocorreu enraizamento nas estacas que permaneceram três meses no substrato e variou de 0 até 26,04% para aquelas que permaneceram oito meses. O período de estiolamento influenciou significativamente o percentual de estacas enraizadas.

RESUMEN

With the aim of studying the effect of branch conditioning through girdling and banding on Valência orange cuttings a rooting trial was carried out from February to December of 1993. The girdling was performed with a thin cooper wire tightly tied at the branch base reaching the log, and the banding with black poliethylene tape, covering the branch at the base of the sprouts. Each conditioned branch gave one cutting of 15 cm length, 0.5 cm diameter and a pair of half cut apical leaves. Cuttings were planted on Dec.04, 93, in washed and sieved sand substrate. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a factorial 3 x 3 from 0, 30 and 60 day periods, girdling and banding. There was no rooting in cuttings that remained three months in the substrate and there was up to 26.04% rooting for those ones that lasted for eight months in the substrate. The banding period significantly affected the cuttings rooting percentage.

Objetivando estudar a influência do condicionamento de ramos, através do anelamento e estiolamento parcial, sobre o enraizamento de estacas de laranjeira cv. Valência, conduziu-se o experimento no período de fevereiro a dezembro de 1993. Para o anelamento foi utilizado arame fino de cobre com o qual provocou-se um estrangulamento na base do ramo. No estiolamento, utilizou-se fita preta de polietileno, que foi enrolada na base das brotações. De cada ramo condicionado, obteve-se apenas uma estaca com 15 cm de comprimento, diâmetro médio de 0,5 cm e um par de folhas apicais, cortadas pela metade. O plantio das estacas foi realizado em 12.04.93, em substrato de areia lavada e peneirada. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3, resultante das combinações entre os períodos de zero, 30 e 60 dias dos fatores anelamento e estiolamento. Verificou-se que não ocorreu enraizamento nas estacas que permaneceram três meses no substrato e variou de 0 até 26,04% para aquelas que permaneceram oito meses. O período de estiolamento influenciou significativamente o percentual de estacas enraizadas.