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Objective: Very limited data are available exploring the potential influence of gender on Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery outcomes. This study investigates the gender-specific influence of ShuoTongureteroscopy (ST-urs) and Flexible Ureteroscopy (F-urs) surgeries on operation efficacy and patient recovery in a sample of the Somali population. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 390 participants. Participants were stratified into four gender-specific subgroups based on ureteroscopy operation type: 27.7% males in S-urs (group1), 44.4% females in S-urs (group2), 18.7% males in F-urs (group3), and 9.2% females in F-urs (group4). Primary outcomes included operation time, postoperative hospital stay duration, and VAS Pain Score. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess associations. Results: The mean age was 29.53 ± 7.61 years, 72.1% male and 27.9% female, with 46.4% of the patients undergoing ST-urs and 53.6% undergoing F-urs. Women had higher odds of prolonged hospital stays (OR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.43-4.82, p < 0.001) and post-operation pain (OR = 5.06, 95% CI: 2.95-8.68, p = 0.002). Among men who underwent F-urs procedure, there was a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) of 6.14 (95% CI: 2.86-13.19, p < 0.001) for experiencing a long operation time. Conversely, for females, those who underwent S-urs surgery had a notably lower OR of 0.32 (95% CI: 0.13-0.79, p = 0.013) for long operation time, whereas those who underwent F-urs surgery exhibited a substantially elevated OR of 5.36 (95% CI: 1.85-15.53, p < 0.001). Both females undergoing F-urs surgery (OR: 5.16, 95% CI: 2.61-10.21, p < 0.001) and those undergoing F-urs surgery (OR: 5.25, 95% CI: 2.17-12.73, p < 0.001) experienced significantly higher post-operative pain. Conclusion: Our research reveals gender disparities in retrograde intrarenal surgery outcomes. Women experience longer hospital stays and higher postoperative pain levels compared to men. F-urs procedures are associated with longer operation times and hospital stays, particularly affecting women. Contrarily, ST-urs offers shorter operation times for women but leads to prolonged hospital stays and heightened postoperative pain.

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There has been extensive evidence that aging affects human brain function. However, there is no complete picture of what brain functional changes are mostly related to normal aging and how aging affects brain function similarly and differently between males and females. Based on resting-state brain functional connectivity (FC) of 25,582 healthy participants (13,373 females) aged 49-76 years from the UK Biobank project, we employ deep learning with explainable AI to discover primary FCs related to progressive aging and reveal similarity and difference between females and males in brain aging. Using a nested cross-validation scheme, we conduct 4200 deep learning models to classify all paired age groups on the main data for females and males separately and then extract gender-common and gender-specific aging-related FCs. Next, we validate those FCs using additional 21,000 classifiers on the independent data. Our results support that aging results in reduced brain functional interactions for both females and males, primarily relating to the positive connectivity within the same functional domain and the negative connectivity between different functional domains. Regions linked to cognitive control show the most significant age-related changes in both genders. Unique aging effects in males and females mainly involve the interaction between cognitive control and the default mode, vision, auditory, and frontoparietal domains. Results also indicate females exhibit faster brain functional changes than males. Overall, our study provides new evidence about common and unique patterns of brain aging in females and males.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a sex-specific pathogen that is more severe in males than in females. Sex disparities in HBV infection have been attributed to hormonal differences between males and females. However, whether HBV infection affects the metabolic signatures of steroid hormones and how these influences viral replication remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether HBV infection alters steroid metabolism and its effects on HBV replication. Serum samples from male and female mice obtained after the hydrodynamic injection of replication-competent HBV plasmids were subjected to quantitative steroid profiling. Serum steroid levels in mice were analyzed using an in vitro metabolism assay with the mouse liver S9 fraction. The alteration of steroids by HBV infection was observed only in male mice, particularly with significant changes in androgens, whereas no significant hormonal changes were observed in female mice. Among the altered steroids, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels increased the most in male mice after HBV infection. An in vitro metabolism assay revealed that androgen levels were significantly reduced in HBV-infected male mice. Furthermore, the genes involved in DHEA biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in HBV-infected male mice. Interestingly, reduced dihydrotestosterone in male mice significantly inhibits viral replication by suppressing HBV promoter activity, suggesting a viral strategy to overcome the antiviral effects of steroid hormones in males. Our data demonstrated that HBV infection can cause sex-specific changes in steroid metabolism.

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OBJECTIVES: Degenerative mitral regurgitation is associated with heart failure, arrhythmia and mortality. The impact of sex on timing of surgical referral and outcomes has not been reported comprehensively. We examined preoperative status and surgical outcomes of male versus female degenerative mitral valve regurgitation patients undergoing surgery. METHODS: We reviewed our institutional database for all patients undergoing surgery for degenerative mitral regurgitation between 2013 and 2021. Preoperative clinical and echocardiographic variables, surgical characteristics and outcomes were compared, and left atrial strain in available images. RESULTS: Of 963 patients, 314 (32.6%) were female. Women were older (67 vs 64 years, P = 0.031) and more often had bileaflet prolapse (19.4% vs 13.8%, P = 0.028), mitral annular calcification (12.1% vs 5.4%, P < 0.001) and tricuspid regurgitation (TR; 31.8% vs 22.5%, P = 0.001). Indexed left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters were higher in women, with 29.4 vs 26.7 mm/m2 (P < 0.001) and 18.2 vs 17 mm/m2 (P < 0.001), respectively, and left atrial conduit strain lower (17.6% vs, 21.2%, P = 0.001). Predicted risk of mortality was 0.73% vs 0.54% in men (P = 0.023). Women required mechanical circulatory support more frequently (1.3% vs 0%, P = 0.011), had longer intensive care unit stay (29 vs 26 h, P < 0.001), mechanical ventilation (5.4 vs 5 h, P = 0.036), and overall hospitalization (7 vs 6 days, P < 0.001). There was no difference in long-term reoperation-free survival (P = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS: Women undergoing mitral valve repair are older and show indicators of more advanced disease with long-standing left ventricular impairment. Guidelines may need to be adjusted and address this disparity, to improve postoperative recovery times and outcomes.

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Diseases of the peritoneum are divided into benign and malignant, whereby malignant diseases are more frequent. The incidence of peritoneal metastases is difficult to determine as they are frequently not listed separately in cancer databases and registries. Peritoneal metastases can be caused by many primary tumors but are particularly frequent in gastric, ovarian and colorectal carcinomas. Systemic chemotherapy shows gender-specific differences in the tolerability, especially gastrointestinal side effects and hematological toxicity occur more often in women. Surgical treatment options in selected patients include cytoreductive surgery with or without hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (HIPEC). The treatment recommendations depend on the primary tumor entity and the stage of the disease. Hysterectomy and/or salpingo-oophorectomy is often necessary during cytoreductive surgery. As the incidence of cancerous diseases is increasing in younger patients, the aspect of fertility is becoming increasingly more important. The iatrogenically induced menopause is another aspect that needs to be addressed after these types of procedures. Women with gastric and colorectal cancer tend to have a slightly better survival rate, especially in localized tumors; however, in advanced tumor stages the survival rates are comparable. Even if gender-specific differences in incidence, treatment response and adverse events are conspicuous, there is so far no exact explanation for these differences. More studies are needed in order to treat both genders as adequately as possible, with low adverse events and to achieve the best possible outcome.

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Benign and malignant diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract show gender-specific differences. The frequent gastroesophageal reflux disease is a prime example: men have an erosive reflux disease more often than women and are also younger at the time of onset. The rate of progression to a metaplastic Barrett's esophagus is also higher in men. In the case of achalasia, there are indications that surgical treatment by laparoscopic Heller's myotomy and semifundoplication 180° according to Dor leads to a markedly better improvement in the symptoms in women compared to men, although they showed a more pronounced dilation of the tubular esophagus. The female hormone status influences the localization and histopathology of adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction and gastric carcinoma. Premenopausal and postmenopausal carcinomas differ significantly in women. In addition, high microsatellite instability (MSI high) is more frequent in women and is associated with a generally significantly better prognosis. The MSI high gastric carcinomas of women show better survival than MSI high carcinomas of men. The future inclusion of gender-specific aspects in studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract is desirable in order to generate adequate data and to enable differentiated treatment stratification in the future.

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Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a representative five-membered polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, has been extensively studied as a pollutant for decades. Despite this, sex-specific responses to BaP exposure remain poorly understood. This study employed a life-cycle exposure approach to investigate the effects of prolonged BaP exposure on marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), highlighting sex-specific responses. After a 90-day exposure period, significant variations in biometric measurements and oxidative stress markers were observed between male and female fish. BaP exposure resulted in weak detoxification defense in males, while females exhibited an opposite response. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 13 significantly enriched pathways in males and 11 in females, with varying numbers of differentially expressed genes between the sexes, highlighting distinct biological responses. Host resistance assay showed higher mortality rates among BaP-exposed males, and suppressed immune gene expressions and lysozyme activity, while females demonstrated enhanced immune genes and lysozyme activity post-challenge, indicating a more resilient defense response. Furthermore, after a one-month depuration period following BaP exposure, male medaka demonstrated slower recoverability compared to females. These findings underscore sex-specific effects of BaP exposure on fish, with females displaying stronger resilience. Understanding these distinctions are crucial for accurately assessing the impact of environmental pollutants on the aquatic population and ecosystem maintenance.

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BACKGROUND: Suicidal ideation (SI) assumes a pivotal role in predicting suicidal behaviors. The incidence of SI among high (junior and senior) school students is significantly higher than that of other age groups. The aim of this study is to explore the gender differences in SI among high school students in Yunnan Province. METHOD: A total of 6180 students in grades 7-12 in Yunnan province, China from May 2021 to May 2022 participated in this survey. Univariate analysis was employed to describe the influencing factors of male and female students' SI. Subsequently, data were stratified by gender. Adopting machine learning technique, including Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) and Boruta algorithm, and logistic regression model to estimate the direction and effect magnitude of the influencing factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of SI was significantly higher for females (31.34 %) than males (16.73 %). The logistic regression model was established using the variables screened by Boruta algorithm, indicated that anxiety, depression, suffering emotion abuse or emotion neglect in childhood, non-suicidal self-injury, evening chronotype are common risk factors for SI in male and female students. Notably, female students who exhibited aggressive behavior, have experienced bullying, and were in the junior high school learning stage were more likely to report SI than their male counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Females showed more vulnerability to SI than males especially among females in junior high school, reporting aggressive behavior and bullying experiences. Tailored prevention strategies, informed by these gender-related distinctions, should be developed and implemented.

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This review systematically examines gender differences in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), identifying the influence of sex hormones, genetic variance, and environmental factors on the disease's epidemiology and treatment outcomes. Recognizing the liver as a sexually dimorphic organ, we highlight how gender-specific risk factors, such as alcohol consumption and obesity, contribute differently to hepatocarcinogenesis in men and women. We explore molecular mechanisms, including the differential expression of androgen and estrogen receptors, which mediate diverse pathways in tumor biology such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Our analysis underscores the critical need for gender-specific research in liver cancer, from molecular studies to clinical trials, to improve diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic effectiveness. By incorporating a gender perspective into all facets of liver cancer research, we advocate for a more precise and personalized approach to cancer treatment that acknowledges gender as a significant factor in both the progression of HCC and its response to treatment. This review aims to foster a deeper understanding of the biological and molecular bases of gender differences in HCC and to promote the development of tailored interventions that enhance outcomes for all patients.

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Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) establishes life-long latency in sensory neurons in trigeminal ganglia (TG), brainstem neurons, and other CNS neurons. Two important segments of the brainstem were examined in this study: principal sensory nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (Pr5) because it receives direct afferent inputs from TG, and locus coeruleus (LC) because it is indirectly connected to Pr5 and LC sends axonal projections to cortical structures, which may facilitate viral spread from brainstem to the brain. The only viral gene abundantly expressed during latency is the latency associated transcript (LAT). Previous studies revealed 8-week old female C57Bl/6 mice infected with a LAT null mutant (dLAT2903) versus wild-type (wt) HSV-1 exhibit higher levels of senescence markers and inflammation in LC of females. New studies revealed 1-year old mice latently infected with wt HSV-1 or dLAT2903 contained differences in neuroinflammation and senescence in Pr5 and LC versus young mice. In summary, these studies confirm HSV-1 promotes neuro-inflammation in the brainstem, which may accelerate neurodegenerative disease.

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Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a crucial role in regulating the functions of both bone and adipose tissue. Given that TH exerts its cholesterol-lowering effects in hepatic tissue through the TH receptor-ß (TRß), we hypothesized that TRß agonist therapy using MGL3196 (MGL) would be effective in treating increased adiposity and bone loss in response to a 12-week high-fat diet (HFD) in adult C57BL/6J mice. Transcriptional and serum profiling revealed that HFD-induced leptin promoted weight gain in both males and females, but MGL only suppressed leptin induction and weight gain in males. In vitro studies suggest that estrogen suppresses MGL activity in adipocytes, indicating that estrogen might interfere with MGL-TRß function. Compared to systemic adiposity, HFD reduced bone mass in male but not female mice. Paradoxically, MGL treatment reversed macroscopic bone mineral density loss in appendicular bones, but micro-CT revealed that MGL exacerbated HFD-induced trabecular bone loss, and reduced bone strength. In studies on the mechanisms for HFD effects on bone, we found that HFD induced Rankl expression in male femurs that was blocked by MGL. By ex vivo assays, we found that RANKL indirectly represses osteoblast lineage allocation of osteoprogenitors by induction of inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1ß, and CCL2. Finally, we found that MGL functions in both systemic adiposity and bone by nongenomic TRß signaling, as HFD-mediated phenotypes were not rescued in TRß147F knockout mice with normal genomic but defective nongenomic TRß signaling. Our findings demonstrate that the negative effects of HFD on body fat and bone phenotypes are impacted by MGL in a gender-specific manner.

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Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is considered a strong risk factor for suicide. Although NSSI is prevalent among adolescents and varies by gender, few studies have examined the gender-specific trajectory of NSSI and its predictors. This study examined the trajectory of NSSI among Chinese adolescent boys and girls separately, and the roles of distal (i.e., childhood maltreatment and its specific subtypes) and proximal risk factors (i.e., emotional dysregulation, peer victimization) on their trajectories. A total of 3290 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 13.08; SD = 0.84; 57.6% boys) participated in assessments at three time points. Latent class growth models identified three trajectories for boys: Low stable (92.5%), moderate increasing (5.0%) and high decreasing (2.5%). Four trajectories were identified for girls: Low stable (87.9%), moderate increasing (7.6%), high decreasing (3.0%) and high stable (1.5%). Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that both emotional dysregulation and emotional abuse predicted the trajectories of moderate increasing, high decreasing and high stable for girls, as well as predicted moderate increasing and high decreasing trajectories for boys. Peer victimization served as a significant risk factor predicting the moderate increasing and high decreasing trajectories only for girls, while overall childhood maltreatment was a remarkable predictor for the moderate increasing and high decreasing trajectories of boys. The findings highlighted the importance of gender differences in understanding the progression of NSSI and the key predictors, informing effective strategies for prevention and intervention.

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Understanding the intricate relationship between nutrition, hormonal balance, and gender-specific factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions to mitigate obesity-related endocrine disruptions and improve metabolic health. This narrative review examines the impact of various dietary patterns on hormonal regulation in both men and women, focusing on their effects on hormonal balance and metabolic health in the context of obesity. Calorie restriction, the Western diet, high-fat diets, low-CHO diets, plant-based diets, and the Mediterranean diet are analyzed in relation to their influence on obesity-related endocrine disruptions and metabolic health. Future research directions include investigating the specific mechanisms underlying dietary influences on hormonal regulation, addressing the gender-specific metabolic differences and body fat distribution, and exploring the dietary needs of individuals undergoing gender transition. Personalized dietary interventions tailored to individual metabolic and hormonal profiles are essential for optimizing health outcomes across the gender spectrum. By integrating gender-specific considerations into dietary recommendations, healthcare professionals can better support individuals in achieving optimal metabolic health and hormonal balance.

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Monitoring heavy metal accumulation is essential for assessing the viability of aquatic ecosystems. Our methodology involved integrating analysis of immunological, stress, inflammatory, and growth-related gene expression in male and female Nile tilapia with on-site recordings of physicochemical parameters. Additionally, we assessed the effect of different physicochemical parameters on heavy metal bioavailability and residual concentration in fish and water. Samples of fish and water were gathered from three different localities: Lake Brullus, a brackish lake sited in northern Egypt; Lake Nasser, an artificial freshwater reservoir located in southern Egypt; and El-Qanater El-Khayria, a middle-freshwater location belonging to the Rashid branch of the river Nile. The assessment of heavy metal residues (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Ni) revealed that their concentrations were higher in fish specimens compared to their counterparts in water (except for Ni). In addition, Lake Brullus emerges as the most polluted area, exhibiting elevated levels of heavy metals concentrations in water and fish specimens. In contrast, Lake Nasser showed the least degree of heavy metals pollution. Gene expression analysis revealed gender-specific responses to heavy metal exposure at the three investigated water bodies. The expression of hepatic antioxidant genes (GST and MT) and inflammatory-related genes (CC-chemokine and TNFα) increased in males compared to females. In females, the immune and pro-inflammatory-related genes (IgM and CXC2-chemokine) transcripts were upregulated. Additionally, growth-related genes were downregulated in both Lake Brullus and El-Qanater; on the contrary, fish samples from Lake Nasser exhibited a normal expression pattern of growth-related genes. Stress-related genes (HSP70 and HSP27) showed significant downregulation in gills of both genders from Lake Brullus. The minimal presence of heavy metal contaminants in Lake Nasser seems to endorse the normal patterns of gene expression across all gene categories. A potential gender-specific gene expression response towards pollution was noticed in genes associated with inflammation and antioxidant activities. This highlights the importance of considering gender-related responses in future environmental assessments.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of suicide-related emergency calls in the city of Valencia (Spain) over a six-year period. To this end we first examined age and gender patterns and, second, the influence of neighborhood characteristics on general and gender-specific spatio-temporal patterns of suicide-related emergency calls. Method: Geocoded data on suicide-related emergency calls between 2017 and 2022 (N = 10,030) were collected from the 112 emergency service in Valencia. Data were aggregated at the census block group level, used as a proxy for neighborhoods, and trimesters were considered as the temporal unit. Two set of analyses were performed: (1) demographic (age and gender) and temporal descriptive analyses and (2) general and gender-specific Bayesian spatio-temporal autoregressive models. Results: Descriptive analyses revealed a higher incidence of suicide-related emergency calls among females and an increase in calls among the 18-23 age group from 2020 onwards. The general spatio-temporal model showed higher levels of suicide-related emergency calls in neighborhoods characterized by lower education levels and population density, and higher residential mobility, aging population, and immigrant concentration. Relevant gender differences were also observed. A seasonal effect was noted, with a peak in calls during spring for females and summer for males. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for comprehensive mental health targeted interventions and preventive strategies that account for gender-specific disparities, age-related vulnerabilities, and the specific characteristics of neighborhoods.

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This study investigated the ERK pathway of the peripheral nervous system and discovered a gender-specific pattern of ERK activation in the dorsal root ganglion of an acid-induced chronic widespread muscular pain model. We employed a twice acid-induced chronic musculoskeletal pain model in rats to evaluate mechanical pain behavior in both male and female groups. We further conducted protein analysis of dissected dorsal root ganglions from both genders. Both male and female rats exhibited a similar pain behavior trend, with females demonstrating a lower pain threshold. Protein analysis of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) showed a significant increase in phosphorylated ERK after the second acid injection in all groups. However, phosphorylation of ERK was observed in the dorsal root ganglion, with higher levels in the male ipsilateral group compared to the female group. Moreover, there was a no difference between the left and right sides in males, whereas the significant difference was observed in females. In conclusions, the administration of acid injections induced painful behavior in rats, and concurrent with this, a significant upregulation of pERK was observed in the dorsal root ganglia, with a greater magnitude of increase in males than females, and in the contralateral side compared to the ipsilateral side. Our findings shed light on the peripheral mechanisms underlying chronic pain disorders and offer potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.

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This research investigates the gender-specific associations of uroguanylin levels with various health-related parameters in Iraqi adults. The results revealed significant differences between genders in food style preferences and waist circumference (WC) risk. Notably, uroguanylin exhibited distinct correlations with low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), and WC in females and males, indicating potential gender-specific effects on lipid metabolism, glucose regulation, and adiposity. A total of 140 Iraqi adults (73 females and 67 males) were recruited into the study. Physical activity levels, food style preferences, WC risk, and BMI subgroups, were compared between genders. Additionally, participants' characteristics, including age, height, weight, BMI, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and uroguanylin concentrations, were analyzed. Significant gender differences were observed in food style preferences, with a higher proportion of males preferring fast food, with a greater percentage of females classified as having a high risk, females exhibited lower height and weight compared to males. HbA1c levels were significantly lower in females, whereas high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were significantly higher in females than in males. Uroguanylin concentrations were also significantly lower in females compared to males. Uroguanylin shows a moderately negative correlation with LDL cholesterol in females but not in males. Furthermore, a strong negative association between uroguanylin and HbA1c in females indicated improved glycemic control with higher uroguanylin levels, whereas an opposite trend was observed in males. No significant association was observed between uroguanylin and BMI in females, a significant positive correlation was found in males. For WC, a weak negative correlation was noted in females, whereas a moderately negative correlation was observed in males. These contrasting correlations imply potential gender-specific effects of uroguanylin on adiposity and body fat distribution.

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Hemophilia is a rare bleeding disorder caused by a genetic defect on chromosome X. It is inherited as an X-linked trait, and hence, it is more frequently diagnosed in males, whereas women have been traditionally considered only as carriers of the disease. However, the role of women in families of patients with hemophilia is pivotal. As mothers, sisters, daughters, and female partners of patients with hemophilia, they play a central role in the management of the patient, considering healthcare, social, and familial aspects, but they might be affected by the disease as well, particularly in regions where consanguinity is frequent. This paper aims to explore the involvement of women in hemophilia, including their carrier status, bleeding symptoms, treatment challenges, and psychosocial impact not only related to male patients, but also as patients affected with hemophilia themselves. We advocate health equity, equal access to healthcare for men and women with hemophilia and dedicated resources to improve the unique needs of the women dealing with hemophilia, ultimately leading to improved care and quality of life.

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The wide spread of microplastics has fueled growing public health concern globally. Due to their porous structure and large surface area, microplastics can serve as carriers for other environmental pollutants, including heavy metals. Although the toxic effects of microplastics or heavy metals have been reported previously, investigations into the sex-differential health effects of combined exposure to microplastics and heavy metals are lacking. In the present study, the effects of polystyrene microplastics and lead(II) co-exposure on the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability, and fecal metabolome were examined in both male and female mice. Combined exposure of polystyrene microplastics and lead(II) increased intestinal permeability in both male and female mice. Sex-specific responses to the co-exposure were found in gut bacteria, fungi, microbial metabolic pathways, microbial genes encoding antibiotic resistance and virulence factors, as well as fecal metabolic profiles. In particular, Shannon and Simpson indices of gut bacteria were reduced by the co-exposure only in female mice. A total of 34 and 13 fecal metabolites were altered in the co-exposure group in female and male mice, respectively, among which only three metabolites were shared by both sexes. These sex-specific responses to the co-exposure need to be taken into consideration when investigating the combined toxic effects of microplastics and heavy metals on the gut microbiota.

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Background and objective Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constitute a significant global health challenge, causing millions of deaths annually and straining healthcare systems worldwide. This study aimed to investigate and elucidate gender-specific factors, risks, and therapeutic approaches related to cardiovascular health in women within the context of contemporary medicine. Methodology We conducted a prospective observational study spanning one year (November 2022 to October 2023) at the Peshawar Medical Complex Hospital, to meticulously explore the field of women's cardiovascular health. With a diverse cohort of 435 women (age range: 18-55 years), representing various socioeconomic backgrounds and geographic locations, our study aimed to elicit comprehensive insights. Through structured interviews covering reproductive history, lifestyle, and psychosocial aspects, coupled with clinical assessments, we gathered multifaceted data. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Statistics version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). By employing descriptive and t-tests for quantitative analysis and by thematically analyzing qualitative insights, our approach ultimately sought to provide a nuanced understanding of gender-specific factors impacting women's cardiovascular health. Results The study, involving 435 women, revealed various prevalent cardiovascular risk factors. Notable findings include a high incidence of a family history of CVD (n=213, 48.96%, p=0.013), hypertension (n=207, 47.58%), hypercholesterolemia (n=114, 26.21%), elevated triglycerides (n=162, 37.24%), and diabetes (n=64, 14.71%). Physical inactivity was also significantly more common (53.56%, p=0.004) compared to those engaging in regular activity. Women-specific risk factors comprised miscarriage (n=191, 43.91%). Therapeutic preferences varied, with a majority opting for lifestyle modifications (n=263, 60.39%) and pharmacological interventions (n=331, 76.33%). Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive understanding of prevalent cardiovascular risk factors, distinctive women-specific contributors, and diverse therapeutic preferences, highlighting the importance of personalized and targeted interventions to optimize women's cardiovascular health outcomes in contemporary medicine.