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BACKGROUND: The investigation of plant-based therapeutic agents in medicinal plants has revealed their presence in the extracts and provides the vision to formulate novel techniques for drug therapy. Vitex negundo (V. negundo), a perennial herb belonging to the Varbanaceae family, is extensively used in conventional medication. AIM: To determine the existence of therapeutic components in leaf and callus extracts from wild V. negundo plants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). METHODS: In this study, we conducted GC-MS on wild plant leaf extracts and correlated the presence of constituents with those in callus extracts. Various growth regulators such as 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), and di-phenylurea (DPU) were added to plant leaves and in-vitro callus and grown on MS medium. RESULTS: The results clearly indicated that the addition of BAP (2.0 mg/L), 2,4-D (0.2 mg/mL), DPU (2.0 mg/L) and 2,4-D (0.2 mg/mL) in MS medium resulted in rapid callus development. The plant profile of Vitex extracts by GC-MS analysis showed that 24, 10, and 14 bioactive constituents were detected in the methanolic extract of leaf, green callus and the methanolic extract of white loose callus, respectively. CONCLUSION: Octadecadienoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester were the major constituents in the leaf and callus methanolic extract. Octadecadienoic acid was the most common constituent in all samples. The maximum concentration of octadecadienoic acid in leaves, green callus and white loose callus was 21.93%, 47.79% and 40.38%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the concentration of octadecadienoic acid doubles in-vitro compared to in-vivo. In addition to octadecadienoic acid; butyric acid, benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl), dospan, tridecanedialdehyde, methylcyclohexenylbutanol, chlorpyrifos, n-secondary terpene diester, anflunine and other important active compounds were also detected. All these components were only available in callus formed in-vitro. This study showed that the callus contained additional botanical characteristics compared with wild plants. Due to the presence of numerous bioactive compounds, the medical use of Vitex for various diseases has been accepted and the plant is considered an important source of therapeutics for research and development.

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<b>Background and Objective:</b> <i>Lavandula dentata </i>essential oil holds promise as a valuable natural resource with diverse therapeutic potential. The main objective of this study was to investigate the bioactivities of <i>Lavandula dentata </i>essential oil, specifically its antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-diabetic and anticoagulant properties. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The Algerian medicinal plant <i>Lavandula dentata </i>EO was collected from Tipaza City (Algeria). The hydro-distillation method was used to get yield of essential oil. The GC/MS analysis was done to identify the bioactive compound of <i>Lavandula dentata</i> EO. The antimicrobial activity of<i> L. dentata </i>essential oil (EO) was assessed using the disc diffusion method against eight different microorganisms. The antidiabetic and anticoagulant activity was also studied. <b>Results:</b> The hydrodistillation method yielded approximately 0.4% of essential oil. The GC/MS results showed that <i>L. dentata</i> EO contains a total of 18 elements and the main constituents were 1.8-cineole (41.48%) and β-pinene (33.43%). The EO exhibited a robust inhibitory effect on the growth of all tested microorganisms, with inhibitory diameters ranging from 16.6 to 38.5 mm. <i>Lavandula dentata</i> EO presented anti-diabetic activity by inhibiting the α-amylase enzyme, with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of approximately 135.08±0.25 μg mL<sup>–1</sup>, demonstrating significant anti-diabetic activity and anti-coagulant activity. <b>Conclusion:</b> <i>Lavandula dentata</i> EO processes great antimicrobial, analgesic, anti- diabetic and anticoagulant properties. Further investigations into its mechanisms of action and safety profile are warranted to fully exploit its therapeutic potential.

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Most illicit drug casework samples at the Israel Police National Drug Laboratory are found to be mixtures of substances. Some are a mixture of an illicit drug with fillers, and others may contain more than one illicit drug. This study was triggered by a routine gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of an unusual casework sample. The sample chromatogram showed a mixture of two illicit drugs, 4-acetoxy-DMT and psilocin. Considering the two substances' similar skeletal structure, the authors wondered whether the sample was indeed a mixture of the two substances, or whether perhaps 4-acetoxy-DMT was hydrolyzed to psilocin during the analysis. This study hypothesized that indeed the base used in the pre-injection sample preparation hydrolyzed the ester group on the 4-acetoxy-DMT yielding a hydroxide group. This was tested using several concentrations of ammonium hydroxide and two additional bases - pyridine (a weak base) and sodium hydroxide (a strong base). Results showed that media with a higher pH (induced by the stronger base) yielded a higher psilocin to 4-acetoxy-DMT ratio which is compatible with degradation of 4-acetoxy-DMT. This study also explored the possibility that psilocin was a byproduct of thermal decomposition of 4-acetoxy-DMT and found it thermally stable in the temperature of the GC injection port (200°C). The 4-acetoxy-DMT case demonstrates how pre-injection laboratory procedures can inadvertently modify casework samples. Caution is clearly advisable in selecting reagents and processes in general, and specifically in the case of GC-MS pre-injection procedures conducted to analyze substances like the ones in the present study.

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The effects of malt protein removal by Neutrase using Canadian and French commercial malts (Malt 1 and Malt 2) on mashing efficiency, and production of violate compounds during fermentation were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), headspace-solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (HS-SMPE-GC-MS). HPLC results showed that for Malt 1 containing lower free- and total-ß-amylase but higher α-amylase enzyme activity, Neutrase significantly increased the content of maltose, glucose and maltotriose, whereas for Malt 2, only glucose content increased. For Malt 1, the increased glucose/maltose ratio after Neutrase addition led to higher ethanol concentration than that with no Neutrase (4.06% vs. 2.09%), whereas for Malt 2, no significant differences were observed (2.92% vs. 3.09%). HS-SPME-GC-MS showed that for Malt 1 and Malt 2, Neutrase not influenced the violate compounds composition, whereas reduced their contents. This suggests that malt protein removal by Neutrase impairs the production of volatile compounds.

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Background: Anbarnesa is the female donkey dung typically collected after the labor and in early springtime. Materials and Methods: The chemical composition of the smoke collected from Anbarnesa was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and its antiviral activity was analyzed based on 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: As a result, twenty-two constituents representing 97.1% of the Anbarnesa smoke could be identified. Hexadecanoic acid (29.4%), cis-9-octadecenoic acid (17.7%), and octadecanoic acid (10.8%) were the smoke's main constituents, respectively. Antiviral activity was evaluated using MTT assay. The CC50 value of the compound on Hep2 and Verro cells was 2271.2 µg/mL and 5077.5 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the 50% inhibitory concentration value on adenovirus and herpes simplex type-1 was 802.55 µg/mL and >5077.5, respectively. Conclusions: it was revealed that Anbarnesa was nontoxic in 1/64, 1/128, and 1/256 dilutions, while the toxicity was detected in 1/32 dilution after 72 h. In addition, in 1/8 and 1/16 dilutions, cell toxicity was identified in the first hour.

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INTRODUCTION: Terasi is a fermented shrimp paste unique to Indonesia and is used in dishes to add umami and saltiness. In a previous study, the controlled fermentation of terasi was optimized using starters containing three bacterial isolates: Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus murinus. However, the influence of controlled fermentation using these starters on the metabolites in terasi has not yet been studied. OBJECTIVES: Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of controlled fermentation on taste-related metabolites in terasi using a metabolomics approach. RESULTS: Non-targeted analysis indicated that amino acids contributed to variations during fermentation. Subsequently, targeted analysis of amino acids revealed that terasi subjected to controlled fermentation using a starter with a 2:1:2 ratio of S. saprophyticus, B. subtilis, and L. murinus, respectively, resulted in a product containing D-amino acids, such as D-Asp, D-Gln, and D-Leu that was unique when compared to other terasi products prepared using controlled fermentation. Genetic analysis of isolates from the terasi produced using controlled fermentation was also carried out, and this is the first study to suggest that Staphylococcus spp. has the potential to produce D-amino acids. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the ratio of bacterial species in starter cultures used in controlled fermentation influenced the amino acid profile of the product and starters with a higher ratio of Staphylococcus spp. may result in the production of D-amino acids.

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This study aimed to determine the inhibitive or stimulatory effects of leaf extracts from two Brassica rapa subspecies on the hyphal growth of two well-known entomopathogenic fungi, Cordyceps fumosorosea and Beauveria bassiana. Extract concentrations of 50, 25, and 10% w/v based on leaf fresh weight were prepared from turnip (B. rapa subspecies rapa) and bok choy (B. rapa subspecies chinensis) leaves. Each concentration was individually incorporated into potato dextrose agar plates for in vitro bioassays. The center of each plate was inoculated with 20 µL of a fungal suspension that was allowed 24 h to soak into the agar before sealing the plates and incubating them at 25 °C under a 14-h photophase. The fungal colony perimeter was marked 5 days after inoculation on two perpendicular lines drawn on the bottom of each plate. Radial colony growth was measured from 4 marks per plate 5, 10, and 15 days later. Radial growth rates for both fungi were 1.3-2.0 and 0.9-1.4 times faster with bok choy and turnip extracts, respectively, at the 25% and 50% concentrations compared to the no-extract control treatment. Therefore, bok choy and turnip leaf extracts can stimulate entomopathogenic fungus growth within 15 days. Biochemical compounds in the extracts include sesquiterpenes, α-copaene, ß-selinene, γ-gurjunene, calamenene, cubenene, and α-calacorene.

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Origanum majorana (L.) is an herb used in the treatment of diseases related to the nervous system in traditional medicine (e.g. as an anticonvulsant and sedative). The present study was conducted to investigate the antidepressant-like effects of Origanum majorana essential oil (OMEO) on mice in the forced swimming test (FST). The animals were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with OMEO (10-80 mg/kg) 1 h before the FST. To assess the involvement of the monoaminergic system in the antidepressant activity of OMEO, different pharmacological antagonists were administered 15 min before OMEO administration (80 mg/kg). The administration of OMEO (40 and 80 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased immobility time and increased swimming and climbing times significantly. OMEO did not cause any changes in spontaneous locomotor function in the open-field test (OFT). The pre-treatment of the animals with SCH23390, sulpiride, haloperidol, WAY100135, p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), ketanserin, prazosin, yohimbine, reserpine, but not propranolol, inhibited the anti-immobility effect of OMEO in the FST. A combination of sub-effective doses of fluoxetine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or imipramine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) with OMEO (10 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the antidepressant-like effects. OMEO showed antidepressant-like effects through involvement with the dopaminergic (D1 and D2), serotonergic (5HT1A, 5-HT2A receptors) and noradrenergic (α1 and α2 adrenoceptors) systems.

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The fatty acid composition of the kernel of Chimonanthus praecox cv. Luteus (FKC) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), its ability to kill Pomacea canaliculata was detected, and the degree of damage and physiological and biochemical effects of an FKC soaking treatment on the hepatopancreas tissue of P. canaliculata were evaluated. In total, 16 fatty acids were detected in FKC, among which 13 were qualitatively identified; octadecadienoic acid (56.76%) and palmitic acid (17.03%) had the highest contents. After 48 h of treatment with FKC, the hepatopancreas of P. canaliculata had a large area of necrosis. The contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and albumin (Alb) in the hepatopancreas of P. canaliculata decreased with increasing FKC concentration. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of cereal third transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) increased with increasing FKC concentration. The results showed that FKC has an obvious negative effect on the hepatopancreas cell structure and physiological function of P. canaliculata, i.e., has strong molluscicidal activity.

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Nematicidal potential of essential oils (EOs) has been widely reported. Terpenoids present in most of the essential oils have been reported responsible for their bioactivity though very less is known about their modes of action. In the present study, an in vitro screening of nine Eos, namely, Citrus sinensis (OEO), Myrtus communis (MTEO), Eucalyptus citriodora (CEO), Melaleuca alternifolia (TEO), Acorus calamus (AEO), Commiphora myrrha (MREO), Cymbopogon nardus (CNEO), Artemisia absinthium (WEO), and Pogostemon cablin (PEO) against Meloidogyne incognita revealed OEO, CNEO, and TEO as most effective with LC50 39.37, 43.22, and 76.28 µg ml-1 respectively. EOs had varying compositions of mono- and sesquiterpenes determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The in silico molecular interactions screening of major EO constituents and the seven selected target proteins of the nematode indicated highest binding affinity of geraniol-ODR1 (odorant response gene 1) complex (ΔG = -36.9 kcal mol-1), due to extensive H-bonding, hydrophobic and π-alkyl interactions. The relative binding affinity followed the order: geraniol-ODR1 > ß-terpineol-ODR1 > citronellal-ODR1 > l-limonene-ODR1 > γ-terpinene-ODR1. Taken together, the cumulative in vitro and computational bioefficacy analysis related to the chemoprofiles of EOs provides useful leads on harnessing the potential of EOs as bionematicides. The insight on biochemical ligand-target protein interactions described in the present work will be helpful in logical selection of biomolecules and essential oils for development of practically viable bionematicidal products.

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Pavetta indica L. is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases including hemorrhoids, headache, urinary conditions, ulcerated nose, and dropsy. However, no study has evaluated the anticancer effect of P. indica L. In this study, we found that a methanol extract of the leaves and branches of P. indica L. (MEPI) caused cellcycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase and induced apoptosis, as indicated by the activation of caspase-8, -3, -7, and c-PARP. Western blotting revealed that MEPI significantly reduced the levels of markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, such as Vimentin, Snail, Slug, and matrix metallopeptidase 9. Notably, the expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) was significantly decreased by MEPI. Moreover, the co-treatment with MEPI and doxorubicin resulted in a synergistic reduction in cell viability. MEPI also induced radiation sensitization of TNBC cells. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK) is the major constituent of MEPI. Interestingly, DK exerted significant anti-invasive and anti-metastatic effects. Our results provide a strong rationale for investigating the molecular mechanisms of action of MEPI in TNBC.

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Plant essential oils (EOs) are one of the most relevant natural products due to their biological, medicinal, and nutritional properties. The promising biological effects of many plants EOs encourage researchers to study their biochemical properties to be used as possible natural alternatives for commercial pesticides and not only as herbal medicines. The current research has been conducted to study the microbicide effect of Solidago canadensis L. EO to control some common plant diseases caused by several postharvest phytopathogenic fungi (Monilinia fructicola, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium expansum) in comparison with Azoxystrobin as a large spectrum fungicide. The antibacterial activity has been carried out against some phytopathogenic bacteria (Bacillus megaterium and Clavibacter michiganensis (G+ve) and Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (G-ve)) compared to the synthetic antibiotic Tetracycline. Minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out to determine the lowest effective EO dose using a 96-well microplate. The cell membrane permeability was also evaluated by measuring the electric conductivity (EC) to examine the possible mechanisms of action of S. canadensis EO. Chemical characterization of EO has been carried out using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-two identified components in S. canadensis EO presented 97.7% of total compounds in EO. The principal compounds were identified as germacrene D (34.9%), limonene (12.5%), α-pinene (11.6%), ß-elemene (7.1%), and bornyl acetate (6.3%). In addition, S. canadensis EO demonstrated promising in vitro antimicrobial activities against the majority of tested phytopathogens at all tested concentrations.

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BACKGROUND: Cyperus rotundus L. (family Cyperaceae), native to India, is a multivalent medicinal plant widely used in conventional medicine. The research reports on bioactive components from C. rotundus L. are scanty. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to optimize the best solvent system and bioprospect the possible phytochemicals in C. rotundus L. rhizome (CRR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The phytochemicals were extracted from the rhizomes of C. rotundus L. by successive Soxhlet technique with solvents of increasing polarity. The resultant extracts were analyzed for their total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), total proanthocyanidin content (TPAC), in vitro antioxidant potential, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The 70% acetone extract of CRR was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for probable phytochemicals. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The TPC, TFC, and TPAC estimates ranged from 0.036 ± 0.002 to 118.924 ± 5.946 µg/mg extract, 7.196 ± 0.359 to 200.654 ± 10.032 µg/mg extract, and 13.115 ± 0.656 to 45.901 ± 2.295 µg/mg extract, respectively. The quantities of TPC, TFC, and TPAC were found to be the highest in 70% acetone extract. The 70% acetone and 70% methanol extracts revealed best radical scavenging effect. GC-MS analysis of CRR extract revealed the presence of a novel compound 1 (2)-acetyl-3 (5)-styryl-5 (3)-methylthiopyrazole. CONCLUSION: The study indicated that 70% acetone and 70% methanol extracts of CRRs can be a potential source of antioxidants. SUMMARY: The studies suggest 70% methanol and acetone as the suitable solvents for the extraction of phytochemicalsNovel compound 1(2)-Acetyl-3(5)-styryl-5(3)-methylthiopyrazole was detected in 70% acetone extract. Abbreviations used: ACRE: Acetone C. rotundus L. rhizome extract; AlCl3: Aluminum chloride; AQRE: Aqueous C. rotundus L. rhizome extract; CE: Catechin Equivalent; CHRE: Chloroform C. rotundus L. rhizome extract; CRR: C. rotundus L. rhizome; DPPH: 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ETRE: Ethanolic C. rotundus L. rhizome extract; EARE: Ethyl acetate C. rotundus L. rhizome extract; FRP: Ferric reducing power; GAE: Gallic acid equivalent; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HERE: Hexane C. rotundus L. rhizome extract; MERE: Methanolic C. rotundus L. rhizome extract; PERE: Petroleum ether C. rotundus L. rhizome extract; QE: Quercetin equivalent; RNS: Reactive nitrogen species; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TFC: Total flavonoid content; TPC: Total phenolic content; TPAC: Total proanthocyanidin content.

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OBJECTIVES: To qualitatively and quantitatively study the composition of essential oil from the dried rhizomes and leaves of Iris pallida Lam. from Ukraine for the first time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Essential oils obtained by steam distillation were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The essential oils were obtained from the leaves and rhizomes by yielding 0.03% and 0.20%, respectively. The analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 26 components in the leaves and 18 components in the rhizomes. The dominant terpenes in the essential oil of the leaves of I. pallida were squalene (6%), hexahydrofarnesylacetone (8%) and neophytadiene (up to 6%). Among them, myristic acid (56%), capric acid (14.50%), lauric acid (15.42%), α-irone (2.85%) were found as the dominant compounds of the essential oil of the rhizomes of I. pallida. α-irone and γ-irone contents are accepted as the most significant criteria of the commercial quality of Iris essential oil. The compounds ß-damascenone and squalene were identified for the first time in plants of the genus Iris. CONCLUSION: I. pallida of Ukraine can be recommended as an additional source of raw materials for essential oil from the rhizomes and as a source of bioactive substances.

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BACKGROUND: Balarishta and Chandanasava are polyherbal-fermented medicines of Ayurveda. OBJECTIVE: Investigation of native microbes, understanding phytochemical changes and antioxidant activities in these medicines. METHODS: Microbial populations were enumerated using selective media and standard plating methods. Yeast and bacteria were identified using classical and molecular methods. Qualitative phytochemical and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were carried out. In vitro antioxidant assays were performed with different assay systems. RESULTS: Balarishta and Chandanasava possess two yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and six bacteria that are species of Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Brevibacillus. These microbes identified biochemically were authenticated with 16S and 18S rDNA sequence analysis and NCBI accession numbers. GC-MS analysis indicated that several compounds disappear as a result of fermentation while many are retained. The presence of new phytochemical compounds in the final stages of fermentation could be ascribed from the parent molecules that either disappeared or retained during fermentation. It suggests the biotransformation of phytochemicals by the mediation of intrinsic microbes. These medicines possess antioxidant activities by the presence of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and phytosterols, wherein bacteria also contribute. CONCLUSION: The role of native microbial consortium in fermentation, biotransformation and antioxidant activity of these Arishta and Asava is demonstrated.

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Secondary metabolites play a vital role in the treatment of various ailments as well as in phytoremediation. The link between secondary metabolites and phytoremediation needs exploration. Hitherto, no information is available regarding the phytochemical components that exist in the root exudates of Cyperus alternifolius. This study was designed to determine the phytocomponents in the root exudates of C. alternifolius under heavy metal stress. C. alternifolius was grown by a novel technique in partial hydroponic conditions and imperiled to a mixture of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Fe) at different concentrations. The root exudates were collected, freeze-dried, redissolved and reconstituted in hexane and analyzed in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using JEOL GCMATE II in SAIF IIT-Madras. The analysis revealed that the profile of phytochemicals in root exudates is diverse with biological properties. Few phytochemicals found in the root exudates are not cited earlier in any literature. The composition and percentage of phytochemicals could not be correlated to heavy metal concentration. Phytochemical composition decreased with an increase in heavy metal concentration. Control plant released more phytochemicals than the plants under heavy metal stress. From the results, it is evident that root exudates of C. alternifolius contain various bioactive components. Further research can be extended to evaluate the pharmaceutical importance of the species and explore its role in phytoremediation of heavy metals. SUMMARY: The control and test plants are grown under partial hydroponic condition. Test plants are subjected to heavy metal stress, root exudates were collected from control and test plants, freeze dried, constituted in hexane and subjected to GC-MS analysis. Abbreviations Used: GC-MS: Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry.

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Monitoring exhaled breath is a very attractive, noninvasive screening technique for early diagnosis of diseases, especially lung cancer. However, the technique provides insufficient accuracy because the exhaled air has many crucial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at very low concentrations (ppb level). We analyzed the breath exhaled by lung cancer patients and healthy subjects (controls) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and performed a subsequent statistical analysis to diagnose lung cancer based on the combination of multiple lung cancer-related VOCs. We detected 68 VOCs as marker species using GC/MS analysis. We reduced the number of VOCs and used support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to classify the samples. We observed that a combination of five VOCs (CHN, methanol, CH3CN, isoprene, 1-propanol) is sufficient for 89.0% screening accuracy, and hence, it can be used for the design and development of a desktop GC-sensor analysis system for lung cancer.

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Objective To screen the potential biomarkers in plasma of rats with acute paraquat (PQ) poisoning using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based metabonomics technology,and to provide concrete evidence for early diagnosis.Methods Eight Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into PQ poisoning group (intragastricly administrated with PQ solution 100 mg/kg) and control group (intragastricly administrated with the same volume of normal saline) according to the random number table,with 4 rats in each group.The general situation of rats was observed at 2,24 and 48 hours after administration.The blood of eye sockets was collected,the endogenous small molecule metabolites in plasma were determined with GC-MS method,and metabolic profile analysis and random forest analysis were performed to filter the potential biomarkers.Results ① The rats in PQ poisoning group gradually appeared lack movement,tachypnea,abdominal seizure and other symptoms of poisoning.In control group,the vital signs were stable.② The metabolites in plasma of rat were analyzed with GC-MS analysis,and the diagrammatic figure was plot as combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminated analysis (PLS-DA) model,which showed that the distribution of plasma metabolism in PQ poisoning group was more diffuse but in the control group was more intensive,indicating that the metabolic patterns in two groups were different.From 2 hours after PQ administration,the metabolic trajectory in PQ poisoning group was significantly deflected compared with that of the control group,which was similar to control group until 48 hours,indicating that the metabolites in plasma of rat showed obvious difference in the early period.Five kinds of potential biomarkers with large weights were selected by random forest method which were serine,L-asparagine,hexadecanoic acid,octadecanoic acid,and arachidonic acid,the retention time was 15.259,24.345,33.334,37.695,and 40.254 minutes,respectively.The levels of serine,L-asparagine,arachidonic acid in PQ poisoning group were significantly higher than those of the control group,peaked at 48,48 and 24 hours,respectively (40.884-5.38 vs.28.85±2.32,6.61±1.31 vs.0.76±0.65,14.21±4.28 vs.4.42±1.19,all P ＜ 0.01),and the levels of hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid were significantly lowered,reached tough at 48 hours (39.09 ± 10.23 vs.83.99 ± 20.49,44.03 ± 3.60 vs.140.76 ± 73.91,P ＜ 0.05 and P ＜ 0.01).The changes in these biomarkers were related to the toxicity of PQ,indicating that PQ could interfere the energy and lipid metabolism in rats.Conclusion Combine with the metabonomics analysis,screened plasma serine,L-asparagine,arachidonic acid content in PQ poisoning rats increased significantly,and hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid content decreased significantly,which can preliminary diagnose acute PQ poisoning with animal general performance.

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Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of essential oil from Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds powder, and identify the compounds from the extracted oil. Methods: The seeds powder of Trigonella foenum-graecum was subjected to Clevenger extractor. Seven strains of bacteria were used to test antibacterial activity of the extract. The activity against bacteria was tested by disk diffusion method using Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis was performed with an Agilent7890/5975B-gas chromatography/mass selective detector. Results: The hydrodistillation of seeds powder yielded 0.285%(v/w) of oil. Disk diffu-sion of the oil showed bactericidal activity against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria of tasted strains. The inhibition zone ranged from (8 ± 0) mm to (15.0 ± 0.7) mm depending on microbial strains. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis showed 14 different compounds. The total compounds represented 80.96%of the oil. Conclusions: The antibacterial activity is due to the effects of different biological active compounds present in the extract. Identification of the compounds may help to develop new effective antimicrobial agent(s). Further researches on purification, characterization and toxicology of the active compounds are needed.

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Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of essential oil from Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds powder, and identify the compounds from the extracted oil. Methods: The seeds powder of Trigonella foenum-graecum was subjected to Clevenger extractor. Seven strains of bacteria were used to test antibacterial activity of the extract. The activity against bacteria was tested by disk diffusion method using Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis was performed with an Agilent7890/5975B-gas chromatography/mass selective detector. Results: The hydrodistillation of seeds powder yielded 0.285% (v/w) of oil. Disk diffusion of the oil showed bactericidal activity against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria of tasted strains. The inhibition zone ranged from (8 ± 0) mm to (15.0 ± 0.7) mm depending on microbial strains. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis showed 14 different compounds. The total compounds represented 80.96% of the oil. Conclusions: The antibacterial activity is due to the effects of different biological active compounds present in the extract. Identification of the compounds may help to develop new effective antimicrobial agent(s). Further researches on purification, characterization and toxicology of the active compounds are needed.