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The present study examined haptic and visual memory capacity for familiar objects through the application of an intentional free-recall task with three-time intervals in a sample of 78 healthy older adults without cognitive impairment. A wooden box and a turntable were used for the presentation of haptic and visual stimuli, respectively. The procedure consisted of two phases, a study phase that consisted of the presentation of stimuli, and a test phase (free-recall task) performed after one hour, one day or one week. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that there was a main effect only for the time intervals (F (2,71) = 12.511, p = .001, η2 = 0.261), with a lower recall index for the interval of one week compared to the other intervals. We concluded that the memory capacity between the systems (haptic and visual) is similar for long retrieval intervals (hours to days).

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Memória episódica envolve a retenção e evocação de eventos passados experienciados pelo indivíduo. No presente trabalho, as tarefas experimentais mais comumente utilizadas para estudar este tipo de memória são apresentadas. Estas tarefas são (1) tarefas de reconhecimento, incluindo tarefas de reconhecimento "sim/não", escolha forçada, e "lembrar/saber", (2) tarefas de recordação com pista, (3) tarefas de recordar livre e (4) tarefas de monitoramento da fonte. Estas tarefas são exemplificadas e discutidas em termos teóricos levando em consideração modelos cognitivos que explicam seus processos mnemônicos. Nós também abordamos a ideia de que tarefas de recordar com pistas,recordar livre, e monitoramento da fonte são mais fortemente baseadas na evocação de informações episódicas do que tarefas de reconhecimento,uma vez que a última pode ser desempenhada com base na simples sensação de familiaridade despertada pelo item memorizado.

Episodic memory involves the retention and retrieval of past eventsexperienced by individuals. In the current work, the experimental tasksmost typically used to study this type of memory are presented. These tasksare (1) memory recognition tasks, including simple "yes/no", forced-choice,and remember/know tasks, (2) cued recall tasks, (3) free recall tasks, and(4) source-monitoring tasks. These tasks are presented through examples,discussed in terms of the potential cognitive processes they produced, anddiscussed considering their main theoretical models. We also approach thenotion that cued recall, free recall, and source-monitoring tasks are morestrongly based on retrieval of episodic information than recognition tasks,since the latter can be potentially performed based on a simple sense offamiliarity towards the items.

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Memória episódica envolve a retenção e evocação de eventos passadosexperienciados pelo indivíduo. No presente trabalho, as tarefasexperimentais mais comumente utilizadas para estudar este tipo dememória são apresentadas. Estas tarefas são (1) tarefas dereconhecimento, incluindo tarefas de reconhecimento “sim/não”, escolhaforçada, e “lembrar/saber”, (2) tarefas de recordação com pista, (3) tarefasde recordar livre e (4) tarefas de monitoramento da fonte. Estas tarefas sãoexemplificadas e discutidas em termos teóricos levando em consideraçãomodelos cognitivos que explicam seus processos mnemônicos. Nóstambém abordamos a ideia de que tarefas de recordar com pistas,recordar livre, e monitoramento da fonte são mais fortemente baseadas naevocação de informações episódicas do que tarefas de reconhecimento,uma vez que a última pode ser desempenhada com base na simplessensação de familiaridade despertada pelo item memorizado.

Episodic memory involves the retention and retrieval of past eventsexperienced by individuals. In the current work, the experimental tasksmost typically used to study this type of memory are presented. These tasksare (1) memory recognition tasks, including simple “yes/no”, forced-choice,and remember/know tasks, (2) cued recall tasks, (3) free recall tasks, and(4) source-monitoring tasks. These tasks are presented through examples,discussed in terms of the potential cognitive processes they produced, anddiscussed considering their main theoretical models. We also approach thenotion that cued recall, free recall, and source-monitoring tasks are morestrongly based on retrieval of episodic information than recognition tasks,since the latter can be potentially performed based on a simple sense offamiliarity towards the items.

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O teste Memória Lógica da Wechsler Memory Scale - Revised (WMS-R) é amplamente utilizado na prática clínica como instrumento de avaliação da memória verbal. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as propriedades psicométricas iniciais de versões alternativas das histórias traduzidas e livremente adaptadas da WMS-R empregadas no Brasil: três histórias equiparáveis à história Ana Soares e três à de Roberto Mota. A amostra foi constituída de 655 universitários, com idades entre 18 e 35 anos. Foi solicitada a recordação livre imediata e tardia (após 30 min) de cada história, original e alternativas. A análise de equivalência entre a recordação imediata e tardia das histórias alternativas e originais mostrou que cinco histórias foram memorizadas de forma equiparável às histórias originais se aplicadas individualmente. A recordação de três pares dessas histórias alternativas também foi equivalente à recordação do par original. Uma análise utilizando a Teoria de Resposta ao Item apontou os itens com melhor índice discriminativo. Assim, propõe-se histórias alternativas às do WMS-R que poderão ser usadas em estudos de normatização.

The Logical Memory test of the Wechsler Memory Scale - Revised (WMS-R) is widely used in clinical practice as a tool for verbal memory assessment. The aim of this study was to examine the initial psychometric properties of alternative versions of the stories translated and freely adapted from WMS -R used in Brazil: three stories comparable to Ana Soares' and three to Roberto Mota's stories. The sample consisted of 655 adults aged between 18 and 35 years. Immediate and delayed free recall of each original and alternative story was requested. The analysis of equivalence between the recall of alternative and original stories showed that five stories proved equivalent to the original stories, if applied individually. Recall of three pairs of these alternative stories was also equivalent to that of the original pair. An analysis using Item Response Theory (IRT) showed the items with best discriminative index. Therefore, the alternative stories proposed here can be used in normalization studies.

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Exposure to adversities during sensitive periods of neurodevelopment is associated with the subsequent development of substance dependence and exerts harmful, long-lasting effects upon memory functioning. In this study, we investigated the relationship between childhood neglect (CN) and memory using a dual-process model that quantifies recollective and non-recollective retrieval processes in crack cocaine dependents. Eighty-four female crack cocaine-dependent inpatients who did (N = 32) or did not (N = 52) report a history of CN received multiple opportunities to study and recall a short list composed of familiar and concrete words and then received a delayed-recall test. Crack cocaine dependents with a history of CN showed worse performance on free-recall tests than did dependents without a history of CN; this finding was associated with declines in recollective retrieval (direct access) rather than non-recollective retrieval. In addition, we found no evidence of group differences in forgetting rates between immediate- and delayed-recall tests. The results support developmental models of traumatology and suggest that neglect of crack cocaine dependents in early life disrupts the adult memory processes that support the retrieval of detailed representations of events from the past.

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STUDY OBJECTIVES: One task that has been used to assess memory effects of prior total sleep deprivation (TSD) is the immediate free recall of word lists; however, results have been mixed. A possible explanation for this is task impurity, since recall of words from different serial positions reflects use of distinct types of memory (last words: short-term memory; first and intermediate words: episodic memory). Here we studied the effects of 2 nights of TSD on immediate free recall of semantically unrelated word lists considering the serial position curve. DESIGN: Random allocation to a 2-night TSD protocol followed by one night of recovery sleep or to a control group. SETTING: Study conducted under continuous behavioral monitoring. PARTICIPANTS: 24 young, healthy male volunteers. INTERVENTION: 2 nights of total sleep deprivation (TSD) and one night of recovery sleep. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Participants were shown five 15 unrelated word-lists at baseline, after one and 2 nights of TSD, and after one night of recovery sleep. We also investigated the development of recall strategies (learning) and susceptibility to interference from previous lists. No free recall impairment occurred during TSD, irrespective of serial position. Interference was unchanged. Both groups developed recall strategies, but task learning occurred earlier in controls and was evident in the TSD group only after sleep recovery. CONCLUSION: Prior TSD spared episodic memory, short-term phonological memory, and interference, allowed the development of recall strategies, but may have decreased the advantage of using these strategies, which returned to normal after recovery sleep.

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