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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current systematic review was to answer the clinical research question "Is Clear Aligner Therapy (CAT) effective in controlling the orthodontic movement?" by bringing together the most up-to-date information about the available evidence for CAT. METHODOLOGY: On January 1, 2023, a search was conducted in PubMed, ERIC, Embase, and CINHAL for any research papers published in the previous 10 years that provided an overview of the PICO questions. Both the titles and abstracts of the selected studies were evaluated independently by two different authors, and if there was any disagreement between the two review authors, a third reviewer was brought in to settle it. RESULTS: Among included studies, three were retrospective non-randomized and two studies were prospective randomized clinical trials. Various authors reported better outcome for fixed orthodontic appliances than for clear aligner treatment (CAT) in relation to mandibular incisor proclination. The mean objective grading system score was better for braces (17) than for CAT (12) with no clinically significant difference, while staging had a significant impact on treatment efficacy. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that clear aligners may be an effective alternative to traditional braces, but more research is needed to confirm these findings and determine the optimal size of future prospective studies evaluating this treatment.

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BACKGROUND: Surface roughness (SR) of dental components is significant because it impacts the surface area of the contact surface, which in turn affects corrosion behavior and biological compatibility. Orthodontic archwires (OA) with SR can affect the coefficient of friction, which in turn affects how effectively sliding biomechanics work and how the orthodontic appliance works efficiently. AIM: The objectives of the present investigation were to examine the SR of five distinct kinds of OA using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and to assess the merits of using AFM to analyze orthodontic materials. METHODS: For this investigation, there were five distinct orthodontic archwires with rectangular cross-sectional geometry. There were assigned different categories: Category 1: SmartArch wires (Ormco) (n=20), Category 2: Damon wires (Ormco) (n=20), Category 3: heat-activated nickel-titanium (HANT) wires (G&H Orthodontics) (n=20), Category 4: nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires (G&H Orthodontics) (n=20), Category 5: stainless steel (SS) wires (Ormco) (n=20). Each wire category's 20 samples were selected. Ten samples from each category had 5 mm of wire clipped from the finish point of the archwires. These were observed using the AFM in natural lighting. Using a cyanoacrylate glue that dries quickly, the samples were fastened to a metal holder. Ten randomly chosen patches of the surface, each measuring 15 × 15 µm, were taken from every sample and examined (N = 500). RESULTS: The mean values of roughness average (Ra) in category 1, category 2, category 3, category 4 and category 5 were 23.08 ± 17.66, 26.78 ± 5.65, 26.66 ± 3.89, 9.71 ± 0.29 and 11.29 ± 2.12 respectively. The values of Ra representing SR were greatest in category 3 (HANT wires) followed by category 2 (Damon wires) while values of SR were minimum in category 4 (NiTi wires) and category 5 (stainless steel wires). The findings had statistical significance also. CONCLUSION: The SR of stainless steel wire was discovered to be less than that of the other wires. The SR may have an impact on the efficiency of sliding mechanics as well as the appeal and corrosion resistance of orthodontic components.

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OBJECTIVE: To establish whether the use of a WaterPik® alongside a manual toothbrush (WaterPik® + MTB) is more effective for maintaining oral hygiene compared to the use of a manual toothbrush alone (MTB) in patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. DESIGN: A single-centre, two-arm, parallel-group, single-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio. SETTING: Orthodontic department at York Hospital, York Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 40 fit and well participants, aged 10-20 years, being treated with upper and lower fixed orthodontic appliances. METHODS: Participants were randomly allocated, using stratified block randomisation, to the control group (MTB) or intervention group '(Waterpik® + MTB)'. Plaque, gingival and interdental bleeding indices were recorded at baseline, 8 weeks, 32 weeks and 56 weeks. A generalised linear mixed model was used to assess differences between groups. RESULTS: An interim analysis of results was performed with 40 patients recruited and 85% of data collected. The overall mean differences between the groups were as follows: plaque index = 0.199 (P = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.24 to 0.27); gingival index = -0.008 (P = 0.94, 95% CI -0.22 to 0.20); and interdental bleeding index = 5.60 (P = 0.563, 95% CI -13.22 to 24.42). No statistical difference between the two groups was found for any variable. The trial was stopped at this point. CONCLUSIONS: In terms of oral hygiene, our study did not find evidence to support the claim of benefit of using a Waterpik® in addition to a manual toothbrush for patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances.

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AIM: Aim of the present research was to compare the antimicrobial activity of Aloevera mouthwash with chlorhexidine mouthwash in fixed orthodontic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 90 fixed Orthodontic patients participated in this study. Full-mouth oral prophylaxis was performed for every patient at the start of the study. Patients were advised to brush twice a day with the modified bass technique and rinse with respective mouthwashes for 20 days. Once the patients with fixed orthodontic appliances were accepted to participate in the study, they received dental prophylaxis which includes the removal of plaque, calculus, and stains from the teeth by scaling and polishing. Then they were randomly divided into the following three groups: chlorhexidine (group I), Aloevera (group II), and control (group III). A washout period of 8-10 days (baseline) was awaited post-oral prophylaxis and then the following clinical parameters were recorded: Plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI). The data included clinical examination, inspection, and microscopic observation techniques. RESULTS: The mean reduction of the PI score on the 20th day of group II was 0.03 ± 0.18, group I was 0.43 ± 0.49, and the control group was 1.65 ± 0.88. The mean reduction of GI score on the 20th day of group II was 0.83 ± 0.40, group I was 0.93 ± 0.55, and group III was 1.85 ± 0.77. Student's t-test had been used to evaluate within each group between day 1 and day 20, group I and group II had shown higher differences compared to control. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, both chlorhexidine mouthwash and Aloevera mouthwash are important chemical adjuncts in controlling gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding, and plaque accumulation in orthodontic patients. Aloevera could be an alternative to chlorhexidine in patients who are seeking a chemical-free, indigenous, and patient-friendly oral hygiene aid. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Chlorhexidine is known to produce temporary tooth discoloration, allergic responses, dry mouth, burning in the mouth, and transient bad taste, which deter patients from using this mouthwash. The hunt for plant extract-based antimicrobial medicines has been prompted by the emergence of medication resistance and the unfavorable side effects of several antibiotics. These natural remedies can be a valuable substitute for creating a comparable effect.

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BACKGROUND: Before the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination fixed orthodontic devices, such as brackets and wires, cause challenges not only for the orthodontist but also for the radiologist. Essentially, the MRI-safe scan of the fixed orthodontic tools requires a proper guideline in clinical practice. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to examine all aspects of MRI-safe scan, including artifact, thermal, and debonding effects, to identify any existing gaps in knowledge in this regard and develop an evidence-based protocol. METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement was used in this study. The clinical question in "PIO" format was: "Does MRI examination influence the temperature of the orthodontic devices, the size of artifacts, and the debonding force in patients who have fixed orthodontic bracket and/or wire?" The search process was carried out in PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The search resulted in 1310 articles. After selection according to the eligibility criteria, 18 studies were analyzed by two reviewers. The risk of bias was determined using the Quality In Prognosis Studies tool. RESULTS: Out of the eligible 18 studies, 10 articles examined the heating effect, 6 were about the debonding effect, and 11 measured the size of artifact regarding brackets and wires. Considering the quality assessment, the overall levels of evidence were high and medium. The published studies showed that heating and debonding effects during MRI exposure were not hazardous for patients. As some wires revealed higher temperature changes, it is suggested to remove the wire or insert a spacer between the appliances and the oral mucosa. Based on the material, ceramic and plastic brackets caused no relevant artifact and were MRI-safe. Stainless steel brackets and wires resulted in susceptibility artifacts in the orofacial region and could cause distortion in the frontal lobe, orbits, and pituitary gland. The retainer wires showed no relevant artifact. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the thermal and debonding effects of the fixed orthodontic brackets and wires were irrelevant or resoluble; however, the size of the artifacts was clinically relevant and determined most significantly the feasibility of fixed brackets and wires in MRI examination.

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The aim of this work was to determine advanced the oxidative protein products (AOPPs), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) in the saliva of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with clear removable aligners in comparison with another group in treatment with fixed passive self-ligating brackets applying light forces, before treatment, after 30 days, and after 90 days of treatment. This non-randomized clinical trial recruited patients consecutively, all of which were over 18 years of age and due to undergo orthodontic treatment. They were divided into two groups according to treatment type: Group A, 48 patients treated with clear aligners (Invisalign®); and Group B, 19 patients treated with Damon System® 0.22″ self-ligating brackets applying light forces. Saliva samples were collected by a single clinician following the same protocol and underwent three analyses-AOPPs, TAC, and MPO levels-at baseline before placing the apparatus, after 30 days, and after 90 days treatment. Orthodontic treatment, whether with clear aligners or fixed self-ligating brackets and light forces, increased AOPPs after the first 30 days of treatment. During the initial phases of orthodontic treatment, neither clear aligners nor fixed self-ligating brackets applying light forces showed changes in TAC and MPO. Orthodontic treatment with both clear aligners and fixed apparatus self-ligating brackets applying light forces increases oxidative stress (AOPPs) after the first 30 days of treatment. There are no differences in AOPP levels between treatment with clear aligners and self-ligating brackets during the first 90 days of treatment. The antioxidative capacity of saliva during the initial phases of orthodontic treatment, whether with self-ligating brackets or clear aligners, does not undergo significant changes. With either orthodontic technique, the patients' salivary antioxidant capacity is similar.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the changes in periodontal parameters after orthodontic treatment in patients having isolated gingival recession treated with and without pre-orthodontic gingival recession coverage. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Thirty-six patients requiring orthodontic treatment with a facially positioned mandibular anterior tooth with labial recession were randomly allocated to either test group: root coverage by subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) followed by orthodontic treatment, or control group (orthodontic treatment only). Primary clinical parameters included recession depth, keratinized tissue width, root coverage, root esthetic score, and gingival phenotype. The patients were followed up for at least 1 year. RESULTS: Level of gingival margin attained in test group teeth after SCTG were maintained at end of orthodontic treatment (P = .727). Root coverage achieved was 69.33 ± 30.74% versus 22.36 ± 27.70% in test and control group, respectively (P = .000), and gain in keratinized tissue width was 1.59 ± 0.73 mm in test versus 0.41 ± 0.49 mm in control group (P = .000). The number of teeth with improved gingival phenotype and decreased hypersensitivity was also observed to be statistically significant in the test group (P = .049, P = .002). CONCLUSION: Root coverage procedure may be performed before the planned orthodontic treatment as graft stability is preserved throughout the course of orthodontic treatment.

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OBJECTIVES: To compare the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-16, and IL-18 in gingival crevicular fluid between patients with invisible orthodontics treatment and fixed orthodontics treatment. METHODS: A total of 67 patients with invisible orthodontic treatment were selected as the observation group, and 40 patients with fixed orthodontic treatment were selected as the control group. The expression levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-16, and IL-18 in gingival crevicular fluid before, 24 h, and 12 months after orthodontic treatment were detected. RESULTS: No significant difference in basic characteristics and interleukin expression levels in gingival crevicular fluid was observed between the two groups before orthodontic treatment (P>0.05). After 24 h of orthodontic treatment, the expression levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-18 in gingival crevicular fluid increased in both groups; however, no significant difference was observed between the two groups (P>0.05). After 12 months of orthodontic treatment, the expression levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-18 in gingival crevicular fluid in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05), and no significant difference in the expression level of IL-16 was observed between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with patients with fixed orthodontics treatment, those with invisible orthodontics treatment had weaker oral inflammatory response, which was conducive to the recovery of the oral microenvironment.

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Introduction: Currently dental aesthetics during fixed orthodontic treatment is an option required by patients, due to the frequent pigmentations that can occur in tooth enamel as a result of inadequate oral hygiene and plaque retention caused by fixed appliances. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of dental whitening and its side effects during active fixed orthodontic treatment, as an alternative aesthetic treatment in certain cases that merit it. Materials and methods: This narrative review evaluated 35 scientific articles from the Medline information sources (via PUBMED), EMBASE, SCOPUS, SCIELO and LILACS from the last 10 years, published in Spanish, Portuguese and English. We included 17 articles that met the selection criteria which were randomized clinical trials and observational studies, in vitro studies and in vivo studies that evaluated in-office dental clearance, performed on patients using fixed orthodontic treatment at that time. Systematic reviews, case reports and editorials were excluded. Results: It was observed that dental whitening in patients with active orthodontic treatment minimally affects the adhesion of the orthodontic apparatus to the tooth surface. In addition, some studies observed that the brackets interfere with the extension of the dental lightening, evidencing slightly darker areas. Conclusions: Dental whitening during orthodontic treatment can be given efficiently in clinical practice, depending on the aesthetic requirement of the patient. However, it is a recommended procedure in certain cases of great need for immediate aesthetics, since, the material with which the brackets are installed on the dental surface, will interfere with the extension of the lightening material, resulting in a darker shade in that sector and different from the surrounding tissue. Likewise, it will intervene in the adhesion to the dental surface, having many probabilities that the orthodontic apparatus can detach.

Introducción: Actualmente, la estética dental durante el tratamiento de ortodoncia fija es una opción requerida por los pacientes, debido a las frecuentes pigmentaciones que se pueden presentar en el esmalte dental como consecuencia de una inadecuada higiene bucal y la retención de placa provocada por la aparatología fija. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad del blanqueamiento dental y sus efectos secundarios durante el tratamiento de ortodoncia fija activa, como alternativa de tratamiento estético en determinados casos que lo ameriten. Materiales y métodos: Esta revisión narrativa evaluó 35 artículos científicos de las fuentes de información Medline (vía PubMed), Embase, Scopus, SciELO y LILACS de los últimos 10 años, publicados en español, portugués e inglés. Se incluyeron 17 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de selección, los cuales fueron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y estudios observacionales, estudios in vitro y estudios in vivo que evaluaron el aclaramiento dental en consultorio, realizados en pacientes que utilizaban tratamiento de ortodoncia fija en ese momento. Se excluyeron revisiones sistemáticas, informes de casos y editoriales. Resultados: Se observó que el blanqueamiento dental en pacientes con tratamiento de ortodoncia activa afecta mínimamente la adherencia del aparato de ortodoncia a la superficie del diente. Además, algunos estudios observaron que los brackets interfieren en la extensión del aclaramiento dental, al evidenciar áreas ligeramente más oscuras. Conclusiones: El blanqueamiento dental durante el tratamiento de ortodoncia se puede dar de manera eficiente en la práctica clínica, dependiendo del requerimiento estético del paciente. Sin embargo, es un procedimiento recomendado en ciertos casos de gran necesidad de estética inmediata, ya que el material con el que se instalan los brackets sobre la superficie dentaria interferirá en la extensión del material aclarante, lo que da como resultado una tonalidad más oscura en ese sector y diferente del tejido circundante. Asimismo, intervendrá en la adhesión a la superficie dentaria, por lo que existen muchas probabilidades de que el aparato de ortodoncia pueda desprenderse.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome quality of subjects treated with a completely customized lingual appliance (CCLA) in a postgraduate university program, using the ABO Objective Grading System (OGS), by testing the null-hypothesis of a significant proportion of post-treatment cases exceeding an adjusted 'exam failure' threshold value of OGS=24. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective single-arm study included 66 consecutively debonded CCLA cases (m/f 19/47; mean age: 25.1±9 years) treated at Hannover Medical School (MHH, Hannover, Germany). The discrepancy index (DI) was assessed on initial plaster casts. The OGS of the cast-radiograph evaluation was scored for both set-up and post-treatment casts, including the seven components of alignment/rotation, marginal ridges, buccolingual inclination, overjet, occlusal contacts, occlusal relationships and interproximal contacts, to parameterize differences between those. RESULTS: DI score distribution (≥20, <20) was 25 (37.9%)/41 (62.1%) subjects. Mean initial DI was 17.3±8.5. Mean set-up OGS was 10.4±4.4 (min-max: 3-21), mean final OGS was 17.7±5.9 (min-max: 7-33), and the difference 7.3 (post-treatment - set-up) was statistically significant (p<0.0001; 95% CI [5.8, 8.7]). The null-hypothesis was rejected: A statistically significant proportion of the final casts (n=58; 87.8%) scored below OGS=24 by exact binomial test (P<0.0001; 95% CI [77.5%, 94.6%]). The rate of a final OGS score<24 was not significantly different (P=0.98) between both DI (≥20, <20) groups. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome quality of the CCLA treatment in this postgraduate university setting was high and therefore sufficient for a vast majority of treated cases to pass the ABO-OGS clinical examination.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and compare the initial changes in pulpal blood flow (PBF) between conventional and self-ligating fixed orthodontic brackets during leveling and alignment stage using 0.016 × 0.022 NiTi as alignment archwire. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients (16 females and 6 males) aged 19.00 ± 2.53 years who presented with mild lower arch crowding were selected to participate in the study. A split mouth study design was applied for each patient. The intervention (self-ligating brackets) was randomly allocated to the right or left side of the patient using the permuted random block size of 2 with 1:1 allocation ratio. Two different fixed appliance brackets were used in the lower arch (self-ligating brackets on one side and conventional brackets on the other side of the same patients. Two alignment archwires; 0.016″ NiTi and 0.016 × 0.022″ NiTi were used in this study. PBF was measured for the lower right and left sides using laser Doppler flowmetry at different time intervals (20 min, 24 h, 72 h, 1 week, and 1 month) RESULTS: PBF started to decrease 20 min after insertion of both archwires using both types of brackets. Maximum decrease was reached after 72 h of archwire insertion. After 1 week of force application, PBF started to increase to restore its original values after 1 month. Differences between the 2 groups were not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In both treatment groups, PBF reduced within 48 h. PBF started to increase after 1 week until it reached its original values after 1 month. Changes in PBF at the measured time intervals in the two groups were similar. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of 0.016 × 0.022″ NiTi immediately after 0.016″ NiTi for alignment does not produce any damaging effect on the teeth.

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Resumo A mordida aberta anterior é um tipo que maloclusão em que há a presença de um trespasse vertical negativo existente entre as bordas incisais dos dentes anteriores superiores e inferiores. Ela é considerada uma anomalia complexa de características distintas e de difícil tratamento, tendo prevalência de 25% a 38% dos pacientes tratados ortodonticamente. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar um caso clínico de Classe III subdivisão direita e mordida aberta utilizando a técnica 3DBOT®, uma técnica fixa, confortável, previsível, imperceptível, com tecnologia 3D e com extrema satisfação comprovada clinicamente. Relato do caso: Paciente V.B.V.S, 23 anos e 1 mês, leucoderma, gênero masculino, dolico suave, perfil reto, simétrico, Classe » de Classe III de molar e canino subdivisão direita, mordida aberta anterior, sorriso invertido, suave apinhamento dentário superior e anterior. Plano de tratamento: Foi planejado o uso do 3DBOT, juntamente com o uso de elásticos intermaxilares e refinamento com o auxílio de alinhadores MyAligner®. Conclusão: A técnica 3DBOT® mostrou ser uma opção viável para tratamento de mordida aberta anterior. (AU)

Abstract Anterior open bite is a type of malocclusion in which there is the presence of a negative vertical overlap between the incisal edges of the upper and lower anterior teeth. It is considered a complex anomaly with distinct characteristics and difficult to treat with prevalence of 25% to 38% of patients orthodontically treated. The aim of this article is to report a clinical case of Class III right subdivision and open bite using 3DBOT technique, a fixed, comfortable, predictable, imperceptible technique with 3D technology and with extreme clinically proven satisfaction. Case report: Patient V.B.V.S., 23 years and 1 month old, leukoderma, male, mild dholico, straight profile, symmetrical, Class » of Class III of molar and canine right subdivision, anterior open bite, inverted smile, mild upper and anterior dental crowding. Treatment plan: The use of 3DBOT was planned along with the use of intermaxillary elastics and refinement with the aid of MyAligner® aligners. Conclusion: The 3DBOT technique showed to be a viable option for treating anterior open bite. (AU)

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AIM: This literature review aims to update the evidence for prevention of white spot lesion (WSL) using orthodontic sealants among patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. BACKGROUND: As a major issue among orthodontists, prolonged treatment duration increases the risk of plaque development around orthodontic brackets and bands. In consequence, this can lead to heightened risk for caries development and higher possibility of WSL development around fixed orthodontic brackets. RESULTS: Increased prevalence of WSLs generally occurs during orthodontic treatment. This review explored various products of orthodontic sealants used to prevent WSL. Orthodontic sealants do not require patient compliance and thus will further lessen the burden among orthodontists as well as support enamel surface for a long period of time during treatment. Certain factors, however, are considered important in the efficacy of these sealants, such as antibacterial activity, color stability, resistance to acid and brush abrasion, and their effect on shear bond strength (SBS). CONCLUSION: The review showed that the use of orthodontic sealants in preventing WSLs during and after fixed orthodontic treatment is significantly effective. However, the bioactive glass is deemed more effective against WSL development due to its ability to immediately repair enamel surface, low cytotoxicity, and high biocompatibility. Moreover, clinical studies on bioactive glass are still needed to determine its acceptability among patients with fixed orthodontic appliance. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Development of WSL around the orthodontic brackets during treatment is a difficult task among orthodontists. As such, this review explored various strategies to effectively combat WSL development for good oral health and esthetics during orthodontic treatment.

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BACKGROUND: Patients with class II malocclusion generally seek orthodontic treatment for esthetic concern. Various myo-functionl appliances can be used for the treatment of skeletal as well as the dental malocclusion in a growing patient. Among various functional appliances, twin block appliance is most commonly used due to better patient compliances. It redirects the mandibular growth to correct the maxillomandibular relationship, enhancing facial esthet ics. This article presents a modified design of the twin block appliance which is less bulky, more esthetic, can be used concurrently with fixed orthodontic appliance, and is easily accepted by uncooperative patients. CASE SUMMARY: An 11-year-old-boy, who presented himself with a skeletal class II malocclusion, was treated with simultaneous use of fixed twin block along with fixed orthodontic appliance to correct both the skeletal and dental malocclusion. The twin block design was modified to have a better compatibility with the fixed orthodontic appliance.How to cite this article: Pattanaik S, Puvvula N, Mohammad N. Accelerating Treatment of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion using Fixed Twin Block Appliances. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(2):146-150.

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BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The application of removable aligner in orthodontic treatment has increased rapidly in recent years, while its effects on root resorption remains unclear. The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the amount of external apical root resorption (EARR) in non-extraction patients receiving clear aligner therapy (CAT) or fixed orthodontic treatment (FOT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty non-extraction patients treated with CAT or FOT exclusively were evaluated retrospectively. Panoramic radiographs were used to measure the length of crowns and roots of the incisors before and after treatment. The amount of EARR was determined by the relative change of root-crown ratio and compared between the two groups. The potential predictive factors of EARR were investigated using spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS: The overall EARR in the CAT patients was significantly less than the FOT. Similar results were observed in maxillary central incisors, maxillary lateral incisors, mandibular central incisors and mandibular lateral incisors. The duration of treatment positively correlated with the amount of EARR in both modalities. Gender, age, skeletal pattern or degree of malocclusion did not affect the occurrence of EARR. CONCLUSION: Clear aligner therapy may have a superiority of reducing external apical root resorption compared to fixed orthodontic treatment in non-extraction patients.

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Eruption disturbances related to the position include ectopic eruption and transpositions. The occurrence of ectopic eruption is most commonly associated with maxillary incisors. The normal eruption, position and morphology of these teeth are crucial to craniofacial development, facial esthetics as well as phonetics. It is essential that the clinicians have thorough knowledge of the eruption disturbances in order to make an appropriate, as well as timely intervention, as dictated by the complexity of the problem. How to cite this article: Suresh KS, Uma HL, Nagarathna J, Kumar P. Management of Ectopically Erupting Maxillary Incisors: A Case Series. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2015;8(3):227-233.

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OBJECTIVE: To mechanically evaluate different systems used for incisors retraction. METHODS: Three different methods for incisors retraction using 0.019 x 0.025-in stainless steel wire were evaluated. The samples were divided into three groups: Group A (retraction arch with 7-mm high vertical hooks); Group G3 (elastic chain attached to the mini-implant and to the 3-mm stainless steel hook welded to the retraction arch); Group G6 (elastic chain attached to the mini-implant and to the 6-mm stainless steel hook welded to the retraction arch). A dental mannequin was used for evaluation in order to simulate the desired movements when the device was exposed to a heat source. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test were used (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The results demonstrated that Groups G3 and G6 exhibited less extrusion and less incisor inclination during the retraction phase (p < 0.05). With regard to incisor extrusion, statistically significant differences were observed between Groups A and G3, and between Groups A and G6 (p < 0.05). Regarding incisor inclination, statistically significant differences were observed between the three evaluated systems (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Arches with 6-mm vertical hooks allow the force to be applied on the center of resistance of the incisors, thus improving mechanical control, when compared with the other two systems.

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OBJECTIVE: To mechanically evaluate different systems used for incisors retraction. METHODS: Three different methods for incisors retraction using 0.019 x 0.025-in stainless steel wire were evaluated. The samples were divided into three groups: Group A (retraction arch with 7-mm high vertical hooks); Group G3 (elastic chain attached to the miniimplant and to the 3-mm stainless steel hook soldered to the retraction arch); Group G6 (elastic chain attached to the mini-implant and to the 6-mm stainless steel hook soldered to the retraction arch). A dental mannequin was used for evaluation in order to simulate the desired movements when the device was exposed to a heat source. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test were used (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The results demonstrated that Groups G3 and G6 exhibited less extrusion and less incisor inclination during the retraction phase (p < 0.05). With regard to incisor extrusion, statistically significant differences were observed between Groups A and G3, and between Groups A and G6 (p < 0.05). Regarding incisor inclination, statistically significant differences were observed between the three systems evaluated (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Arches with 6-mm vertical hooks allow the force to be applied on the center of resistance of the incisors, thus improving mechanical control when compared with the other two systems.

OBJETIVO: avaliar mecanicamente diferentes sistemas utilizados para retração de incisivos. MÉTODOS: três diferentes métodos de retração dos incisivos foram avaliados, utilizando arco ortodôntico de retração confeccionado com fio de aço inoxidável 0,019" x 0,025" de espessura. Os grupos foram divididos em: Grupo A (arco de retração com alças verticais de 7mm de altura), Grupo G3 (elástico em cadeia ligado do mini-implante ao gancho de aço inoxidável com 3mm de altura soldado no arco de retração) e Grupo G6 (elástico em cadeia ligado do mini-implante ao gancho de aço inoxidável com 6mm de altura soldado no arco de retração). Para essa avaliação, adequou-se um manequim odontológico de tal forma que possibilitasse simular os movimentos desejados, quando fosse exposto a uma fonte de calor. Após obtenção das medidas dos movimentos, realizou-se análise estatística. RESULTADOS: os resultados demonstraram que os grupos G3 e G6 propiciaram menor extrusão e menor inclinação palatina dos incisivos na fase de retração (p<0,05). Quanto à extrusão dos incisivos, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos A e G3, e A e G6 (p<0,05). Em relação à inclinação, ocorreu diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os três sistemas avaliados (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: arcos com ganchos verticais de 6mm soldados permitem aproximar a linha de ação da força ao centro de resistência dos incisivos, proporcionando melhor controle mecânico, se comparado aos outros dois sistemas.

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OBJECTIVES: To test the short term clinical effectiveness of commercially available 0.07%.cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment as compared to a placebo mouth rinse and patients using toothbrush and toothpaste. METHOD: Forty-five subjects for this double blind study were assigned randomly into three groups of 15 each. Gingival inflammation, plaque accumulation, and bleeding on probing, were recorded at baseline (10 days after prophylaxis), and at the end of one month in all the three groups and compared. RESULTS: Paired t test showed significant differences in bleeding index for pre and post treatment recordings for cetylpyridinium group. Modified gingival index showed no significant difference in the cetylpyridinium group. For plaque index significant difference was found for cetylpyridinium and control groups. CONCLUSION: Cetylpyridinium mouth rinse 0.7% was found to be effective in reducing the bleeding and plaque index scores. It was not effective in reducing the modified gingival index scores. Cetylpyridinium mouth rinse 0.07% improves the oral hygiene of orthodontic patients when used as an adjunct to normal oral hygiene measures.

RESUMEN

Objective: To investigate the effects of surface sealing on the shear bond strength(SBS) of the brackets. Methods: Twenty extracted premolars for orthodontics were cut into the buccofacial teeth pieces and etched by Transbond~TM Plus self-etching primers for 30 seconds firstly, then divided into two groups with 10 teeth pieces in each group randomly. ① experiment group, the buccal surface of the enamel was sealed with Filtek Flow 1400A3 flowable composite resin before bracket bonding;②control group, the bracket was bonded to the buccal surface of the enamel directly. All specimens were stored in deionized water at 37 ℃ for 48 h, thermocycled for 1 000 times at 30-second intervals between 5 ℃ and 55 ℃ water baths, and debonded with a universal testing machine. The amounts of resin remaining on the teeth pieces after debonding by using the resin remnant index (RRI), which were examined under 10×magnification stereo-microscope. Results: The SBS(MPa) between experiment group and control group was 8.08±1.38, 8.34±1.37 respectively, whereas the RRI was 2.80±1.03, 3.20±1.03 respectively. The SBS, RRI between experimental group and control group revealed no statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Surface sealing shows adequate bond strength, which is considered a clinically acceptable bond strength. The debonding of bracket is not affected by the surface sealing.