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BACKGROUND: An integral aspect of patient engagement in research, also known as patient and public involvement, is appropriately recognising patient partners for their contributions through compensation (e.g., coauthorship, honoraria). Despite known benefits to compensating patient partners, our previous work suggested compensation is rarely reported and researchers perceive a lack of guidance on this issue. To address this gap, we identified and summarised available guidance and policy documents for patient partner compensation. METHODS: We conducted this scoping review in accordance with methods suggested by the JBI. We searched the grey literature (Google, Google Scholar) in March 2022 and Overton (an international database of policy documents) in April 2022. We included articles, guidance or policy documents regarding the compensation of patient partners for their research contributions. Two reviewers independently extracted and synthesised document characteristics and recommendations. RESULTS: We identified 65 guidance or policy documents. Most documents were published in Canada (57%, n = 37) or the United Kingdom (26%, n = 17). The most common recommended methods of nonfinancial compensation were offering training opportunities to patient partners (40%, n = 26) and facilitating patient partner attendance at conferences (38%, n = 25). The majority of guidance documents (95%) suggested financially compensating (i.e., offering something of monetary value) patient partners for their research contributions. Across guidance documents, the recommended monetary value of financial compensation was relatively consistent and associated with the role played by patient partners and/or specific engagement activities. For instance, the median monetary value for obtaining patient partner feedback (i.e., consultation) was $19/h (USD) (range of $12-$50/h). We identified several documents that guide the compensation of specific populations, including youth and Indigenous peoples. CONCLUSION: Multiple publicly available resources exist to guide researchers, patient partners and institutions in developing tailored patient partner compensation strategies. Our findings challenge the perception that a lack of guidance hinders patient partner financial compensation. Future efforts should prioritise the effective implementation of these compensation strategies to ensure that patient partners are appropriately recognised. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTIONS: The patient partner coauthor informed protocol development, identified data items, and interpreted findings.

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OBJECTIVES: We aim to analyse the effects of government subsidies on residents' health and healthcare expenditure from the perspectives of supply and demand. DATA AND METHODS: According to the regional division adopted in the data query system of the National Bureau of Statistics, this study divides 31 provinces and cities into three regions: eastern, central, and western. The data used are from public databases, such as the "China Statistical Yearbook," "China Health Statistical Yearbook," and "Government Final Account Report". In this study, mathematical model derivation is used to construct a fixed effects model, and an empirical study based on cross-sectional data and general linear regression is conducted. To prevent endogeneity issues, this study introduces instrumental variables and uses 2SLS regression to further analyse the output results. RESULTS: For every 1% increase in supplementary funding on the supply side, the perinatal mortality rate decreases by 1.765%, while for every 1% increase in financial compensation on the demand side, per capita outpatient expenses increase by 0.225% and per capita hospitalization expenses increase by 0.196%. Regarding medical resources, for every 1% increase in the number of beds per 1,000 people, per capita hospitalization expenses decrease by 0.099%. In the central and eastern regions, where economic levels are higher, supply-side government funding is more effective than demand-side funding. In contrast, demand-side funding is more effective in the western region. CONCLUSIONS: The roles of multiple influencing factors and significant regional heterogeneity are clarified. Increasing financial compensation to providers positively impacts perinatal mortality but leads to higher per capita outpatient and hospital expenditures. Finally, this study provides targeted policy recommendations and solid theoretical support for policymakers.

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Objective:To study the impact of financial compensation on the competitive strategy selection of public hospitals.Methods:Based on the quality and cost strategy selection framework of public hospitals,the evolutionary game model of strategy selection of secondary and tertiary public hospitals was established,and the influence of different financial compensation methods on the competitive strategy selection of public hospitals was analyzed by matlab simulation.Results:The more public hospitals choose the optimal strategy,the faster they reach the evolutionary stable state of the optimal strategy.The financial compensation of the same unit can change the competitive strategy choice tendency of the secondary hospitals.Regardless of the tertiary or secondary public hospitals,the impact of the compensation quality strategy is greater than the compensation cost policy,but the over-compensation quality strategy will cause the secondary hospitals to deviate from the optimal strategy.The impact of hospital competition costs on secondary public hospitals is much greater than that of tertiary public hospitals.Conclusion:To clarify the positioning and strategy of secondary and tertiary hospitals from the policy;financially increase the investment in the quality construction of tertiary public hospitals and increase the investment in the management level of secondary hospitals;strengthen supervision and management,guide the hospital reasonable competition.

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BACKGROUND: Patient engagement in research refers to collaboration between researchers and patients (i.e., individuals with lived experience including informal caregivers) in developing or conducting research. Offering non-financial (e.g., co-authorship, gift) or financial (e.g., honoraria, salary) compensation to patient partners can demonstrate appreciation for patient partner time and effort. However, little is known about how patient partners are currently compensated for their engagement in research. We sought to assess the prevalence of reporting patient partner compensation, specific compensation practices (non-financial and financial) reported, and identify benefits, challenges, barriers and enablers to offering financial compensation. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of studies citing the Guidance for Reporting the Involvement of Patients and the Public (GRIPP I and II) reporting checklists (October 2021) within Web of Science and Scopus. Studies that engaged patients as research partners were eligible. Two independent reviewers screened full texts and extracted data from included studies using a standardized data abstraction form. Data pertaining to compensation methods (financial and non-financial) and reported barriers and enablers to financially compensating patient partners were extracted. No formal quality assessment was conducted since the aim of the review is to describe the scope of patient partner compensation. Quantitative data were presented descriptively, and qualitative data were thematically analysed. RESULTS: The search identified 843 studies of which 316 studies were eligible. Of the 316 studies, 91% (n = 288) reported offering a type of compensation to patient partners. The most common method of non-financial compensation reported was informal acknowledgement on research outputs (65%, n = 206) and co-authorship (49%, n = 156). Seventy-nine studies (25%) reported offering financial compensation (i.e., honoraria, salary), 32 (10%) reported offering no financial compensation, and 205 (65%) studies did not report on financial compensation. Two key barriers were lack of funding to support compensation and absence of institutional policy or guidance. Two frequently reported enablers were considering financial compensation when developing the project budget and adequate project funding. CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of published studies reporting patient engagement in research, most offered non-financial methods of compensation to patient partners. Researchers may need guidance and support to overcome barriers to offering financial compensation.

The term patient engagement in research is used to describe research that is conducted "with" patients, rather than "on" patients. It is important that researchers recognize patient partners for their time and expertise. In order to gain a better understanding of approaches to recognition for patient partners we reviewed published studies to: (1) assess how often financial compensation is reported, (2) identify how patient partners are reported as being compensated, and (3) understand what benefits, challenges, barriers and enablers might exist to offering financial compensation. We conducted a systematic review of articles citing the Guidance for Reporting the Involvement of Patients and the Public (GRIPP) guidelines. We included all study designs if patients were engaged as partners. Studies in which patients were participants only were excluded. Data collected included information about details of patient partner compensation (financial and non-financial practices) as well as challenges relating to financial compensation. Numerical data were analysed descriptively. Textual data were coded by two reviewers and collated into overarching themes. Our search identified 316 papers. Of these, 91% reported offering compensation to patient partners. Most common methods were acknowledgement (65%) and co-authorship (49%). Only 79 studies (25%) reported offering financial compensation to patient partners. Limited funding and lack of institutional guidance were identified as two key barriers that may be preventing researchers from offering financial compensation. Our review found that non-financial methods of compensation are reported more often than financial compensation. Researchers may require more support when offering financial compensation to patient partners.

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Using a multi-level perspective approach combined with top-down macroeconomic models, we analyze the situation of the GCC countries in the perspective of a global transition to zero-net emissions before the end of the century. Based on these analyses, we propose strategic and political options for these oil and gas exporting countries. We show that it would be unwise for GCC member states to adopt an obstructionist strategy in international climate negotiations. On the contrary, these countries could be proactive in developing international emissions trading market and exploiting negative emissions obtained from CO2 direct reduction technologies, in particular direct air capture with CO2 sequestration, and thus contribute to a global net-zero-emissions regime in which clean fossil fuels are still used.

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BACKGROUND: According to European clinical research legislation, no undue influence, including financial incentives, should be used to encourage participation in clinical trials. Financial compensation should be based on the inconvenience experienced by patients and is determined by the sponsor. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the adequacy of patients' financial compensation by obtaining an external ethical opinion compared to the actual compensation provided. METHODS: We randomly selected and reviewed 50 clinical drug trials, including 25 academic and 25 industry-sponsored studies. An external ethics group consisting of three members from French ethics committees, blinded to the actual compensation and the sponsor, retrospectively reviewed the study characteristics and assessed whether financial compensation was appropriate. Cohen's Kappa test measured agreement between actual compensation and the ethics group's opinion, and the McNemar test measured discrepancies. RESULTS: There was no agreement between the actual financial compensation and the ethics group's opinion (K = -.07; 95% CI = [-.16-.02]). More discrepancies were found in favour of financial compensation according to the ethics group than provided by sponsors (12 vs. 2, p = .016). The ethics group recommended financial compensation in 12 out of 50 studies (24%), which were studies with a higher number of additional visits (p = .004) and were more frequently sponsored by industry (p = .008). Sponsors only provided financial compensation in 2 out of 50 studies (4%). CONCLUSION: Patients are rarely compensated despite the perceived inconvenience. Both sponsors and ethics members struggle to determine the need for financial compensation, indicating a need for more precise recommendations for both parties.

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To alleviate the deteriorating environment and protect biodiversity, China has implemented a natural forest protection system, demonstrating the importance of sustainable forest management for ecological conservation and socio-economic development, including the complete cessation of commercial logging of natural forests. Financial compensation is adopted to increase farmers' enthusiasm within the commercial Logging Ban of Natural Forests framework. This study used the contingent valuation method and the Heckman two-stage model to explore farmers' willingness to participate in the Logging Ban of Natural Forests and the willingness to accept by survey data on 486 farming households. 72% of farmers are willing to join the Logging Ban of Natural Forests. Their willingness to accept is 517.95 yuan/ha per year, higher than the current state subsidy standard (225 yuan/ha per year). The key factors influencing willingness to accept include the education and degree of fragmentation of woodland and village collective willingness to accept. The age of the rural household head, the fragmentation of the forest, and the evaluation of the Logging Ban of Natural Forests policies have inhibited the increase of farmers' compensation. Farmers' assessment of the Logging Ban of Natural Forests policy only impacts the medium level of compensation. The age and the degree of forest fragmentation would affect the higher compensation amount. The results from this study suggest more financial sources and increased compensation standards are needed. The government should also strengthen ecological awareness and adopt different compensation standards for other groups to achieve sustainable forestry.

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BACKGROUND: The overall aim of this program of research is to assess when/how patient partners are compensated financially for their contributions to health research. The research program consists of three studies to address the following questions: (1) What is the prevalence of reporting patient partner financial compensation? (2) What are researcher and institutional attitudes around patient partner financial compensation? (3) What are the current practices of patient partner financial compensation and what guidance exists to inform these practices? METHODS: In our first project, we will conduct a systematic review to assess the prevalence of reporting patient partner financial compensation and identify current financial compensation practices on an international scale. We will identify a cohort of published studies that have engaged patients as partners through a forward citation search of the Guidance for Reporting the Involvement of Patients and the Public (GRIPP I and II) checklists. We will extract details of financial compensation (type of financial compensation, amount, payment frequency etc.) and reported benefits, challenges, barriers and enablers to financially compensating patient partners. Quantitative data will be analyzed descriptively, and qualitative data will undergo thematic analysis. In our second project, we will conduct a cross-sectional survey of researchers who have engaged patient partners. We will also survey members of their affiliated institutions to gain further understanding of stakeholder experiences and attitudes with patient partner financial compensation. Survey responses will be analyzed by calculating prevalence. In our third project, we will conduct a scoping review to identify all published guidance and policy documents that guide patient partner financial compensation. Overton, the largest available online database of international policy documents, and the grey literature will be systematically searched. Data items will be extracted and presented descriptively. A comprehensive overview of guidance documents will be presented, which will represent a repository of resources that stakeholders can refer to when developing a financial compensation strategy. DISCUSSION: Our three studies will not only inform and assist patient partners and researchers by informing compensation strategies, but also support the inclusion of diverse perspectives. We will disseminate findings through traditional mediums (publications, conferences) as well as social media, non-technical summaries, and visual abstracts.

BACKGROUND: Partnering with patients, caregivers and members of the public to co-develop and co-conduct research is becoming more accepted and prevalent. However, it is unclear how researchers recognize patient partners for their contributions to research projects. In this publication we outline a series of three studies that will help us better understand when and how patient partners are being financially compensated for their involvement. METHODS: First, we will conduct a review of the literature to identify an international group of researchers that engage patients as research partners. Evaluating these studies will give us an idea about how often patient partners are compensated, and the methods of compensation being used (e.g. offered gifts, cash, etc.). Second, we will survey researchers and institutions who have experience with patient engagement to ask them for more details about their experiences with patient partner compensation (i.e. challenges that they have encountered and their attitudes). Third, we will conduct another review to identify any guidance documents or policies that can help guide researchers through the processes of financially compensating patient partners. We will provide a summary of all of these guidance documents so that researchers, patient partners, and institutions have a one-stop-shop of resources. DISCUSSION: We hope that our three studies will inform and help researchers and patient partners navigate the processes for compensating patient engagement in research.

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate general practitioners' (GPs') willingness to participate in long-term medical research and in research networks (RNs). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional survey among German GPs around Halle-Wittenberg and Leipzig in 2020. SUBJECTS: Random sample of 905 GPs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS: Response rate 37%, 69% female. Overall, 57% were interested in participating in medical research, 34% in an active role in a RN. Interest in RN participation was positively associated with male sex, younger age, previous experiences in medical research, being involved in teaching undergraduates, and having qualification in a further specialty. Main motivators were improving patient care, giving a more realistic picture of GP care, and carrying out research on topics within their own interest areas and a reliable contact person at the leading institution. Most GPs were not afraid of reduced earnings; however, time investment was the main barrier for participation. GPs were willing to dedicate twice as much time to research when remuneration was offered. High rated topics were polypharmacy, chronic diseases, drug safety and adverse drug reactions. CONCLUSION: GPs are interested to participate in practice-based research. The study results providing useful and generalizable insights in barriers and motivators should be considered when building and running GP-RNs.KEY POINTSThere is a difference between general practitioners' (GPs') overall interest in clinical research and their job and socio-demographic related readiness to participate in research networks (RNs).GPs are interested in RNs when it is a resource of and leading to enhanced patient-oriented care.GPs are willing to dedicate twice as much time to research when remunerated.GPs need a reliable counterpart within the leading institution.

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Secondary hospitals play a pivotal role and serve as a link in the medical service system in China. However, at present, large general hospitals are still siphoning down resources, primary medical institutions are developing rapidly, and private medical institutions join the medical market competition. In this case, to survive and develop, the secondary hospitals should choose corresponding policies and measures according to the characteristics of each region, such as, the secondary hospitals in remote and backward county should reduce medical expenses, increase reimbursement ratio and strengthen financial compensation, urban secondary hospitals with mature conditions should strengthen the function of medical and nursing care or transform and upgrade to tertiary hospitals or integrate into the medical consortiums.

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PURPOSE: To determine the types of occupational injuries medical imaging and radiation therapy professionals experience in addition to the length of medical leave of absence, receipt of financial compensation, and ability to perform the same job duties on returning to work. METHODS: Using a quantitative approach, a random sample of 10 000 American Society of Radiologic Technologists members was invited to complete a survey detailing occupational injuries experienced while working as a medical imaging or radiation therapy professional. Data were collected using Qualtrics and analyzed with IBM's SPSS. RESULTS: Of the 401 participants in this study, more than half (251, 62.6%) experienced occupational injuries, with the majority of those being muscular injuries (205, 81.7%). Of the 251 participants who experienced an occupational injury, 109 (43.4%) reported a medical leave of absence of less than 1 week, 61 (24.3%) received financial assistance from their employer, and 231 (92%) indicated they were able to resume their previous job duties on returning to work. DISCUSSION: Many study participants acknowledged that despite being injured they continued to work impaired without taking a medical leave of absence or did not report the injury to administration or risk management. Impaired employees can further aggravate pre-existing medical conditions and possibly trigger a permanent disability or chronic ailment by continuing to perform the same work activities as when they were injured initially. Department managers and supervisors should encourage medical imaging and radiation therapy professionals to report all injuries so that appropriate measures (eg, informing risk management, filing a workers' compensation claim, or modifying job responsibilities) can be initiated. CONCLUSION: Additional research is warranted to explore strategies for preventing or decreasing the incidence of occupational injuries in the medical imaging and radiation therapy profession that can be implemented individually (eg, practicing proper patient handling techniques) or organizationally (eg, staffing an appropriate number of personnel for the workload).

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The external examination of a corpse is regulated by federal law and presents physicians and police with a series of challenges. Mostly GPs, but practically every licensed physician, are obliged to complete death certificates, resulting in a very large number of potential physicians, which at the same time means only a small number of cases for each individual. Consequently, this sensitive topic often lacks the experience needed.As already shown in several studies, only very limited possibilities for the correct determination of the cause of death are generally present at the inquest. The legal provisions also represent a certain basic problem, from which further pitfalls can arise.In Munich, the medical association, in cooperation with the Institute of Legal Medicine, organizes a 24­h service with at least one physician on standby, which ensures quality assurance and/or enhancement of this postmortem service through continuous education and further training as well as monthly meetings. The principles and considerations concerning the practicability of such a system will be discussed in this paper.

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This study documents how people who inject drugs (PWID) in rural Puerto Rico perceive payments for participating in HIV epidemiological studies. In-depth interviews were conducted among a subset (n = 40) of active PWID older than 18 years of age who had been previously enrolled in a much larger study (N = 360). Findings suggest that financial compensation was the main motivation for initially enrolling in the parent study. Then, as trust in the researchers developed, participants came to perceive compensation as part of a reciprocal exchange in which they assisted researchers by providing a trustful account of their experiences and researchers reciprocated with financial support.

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The American College of Nurse-Midwives represents two cadres of midwifery professionals: certified nurse-midwives who are educated in both midwifery and nursing, and certified midwives who are educated in the discipline of midwifery. Certified nurse-midwives are designated by nursing professional organizations as advanced practice nurses. The United States nursing profession is advancing toward adoption of the Doctor of Nursing Practice degree, as the entry into practice credential for advanced practice nursing. There is no evidence to date to demonstrate differences in clinical practice outcomes between certified nurse-midwives and certified midwives. A secondary analysis of data from a series of compensation and benefits surveys did not demonstrate differences in salaries between respondents who held a practice-focused doctoral degree compared to a master's degree. The requirement of the practice-focused nursing doctoral degree for entry into midwifery practice for certified nurse-midwives would require additional evidence to support both a professional and a business case for such a change in policy. It would also require consideration of the professional and business impact that such a policy would have on certified midwives who do not hold the nursing credential. Equivalent entry into practice pathways would need to be developed.

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Objective To explore the financial compensation strategy on the basis of understanding the current situation of compensation for public health services at public hospitals in Zhejiang province.Methods From July to October,2017,an interview survey was conducted at 23 public hospitals in 7 cities in Zhejiang province to understand the current situation of financial compensation for public health services at public hospitals.At the same time,the data of income and expenditure in 2016 of every hospital were collected and analyzed by the methods of descriptive statistics.Results The average proportion of financial subsidies at the 23 public hospitals in 2016 was 6.29％,of which public health special subsidy accounted for 0.44％ of total hospital revenues.Only 9 of the 23 hospitals had surplus in 2016,accounting for 39.13％.Conclusions The public health services compensation mechanism of public hospitals in Zhejiang province calls for further reforms.The government departments should comprehensively formulate financial compensation policies at the provincial level according to the public health assignments and call into play a variety of compensation methods,to establish a long-term assessment mechanism and ensure that public hospitals can proactively carry out public health services.

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Powerful incentives now exist that could subordinate professionalism to guild self-interest. How obstetrician-gynecologists respond to these insidious incentives will determine whether guild self-interests will define our specialty. We provide ethically justified, practical guidance to obstetrician-gynecologists to prevent this ethically unacceptable outcome. We describe and illustrate 2 major incentives to subordinating professionalism to guild self-interest: demands for productivity; and compliance and regulatory pressures. We then set out the professional responsibility model of ethics in obstetrics and gynecology to guide obstetrician-gynecologists in responding to these incentives so that they preserve professionalism. Obstetrician-gynecologists should identify guild interests affecting their group practices, set ethically justified limits on self-sacrifice, and prevent incremental drift toward dominance of guild self-interests over professionalism. Guild self-interests could succeed in undermining professionalism, but only if obstetrician-gynecologists allow this to happen. When guild self-interest becomes the deciding factor in patient care, professionalism withers and insidious incentives flourish.

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PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of litigation procedures on long-term outcomes in severe traumatic brain injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective observational follow-up of an inception cohort including 504 adults with severe traumatic brain injury recruited in 2005-2007 in the Parisian area, France, with initial, one- and four-year outcomes measures. RESULTS: Four years after the traumatic brain injury, 147 patients, out of 257 who survived the acute phase, were assessed. Among these patients, 53 patients declared being litigants and 78 nonlitigants (litigation status was unknown in 16 cases). Sociodemographic characteristics, type of injury and initial severity did not differ significantly between litigants and nonlitigants, except for Injury Severity Score (worse in litigants) and the proportion of road traffic accidents (higher in litigants). One- and four-year outcomes were significantly worse in litigants for autonomy, participation, psychiatric and cognitive function but not quality of life (measured with the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, the working activity status, the Brain Injury Community Rehabilitation Outcome, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale-revised and the Quality of Life after Brain Injury, respectively). Multivariate analyses highlighted litigation procedure as an independent significant predictor of lower autonomy, participation and psychiatric function and tended to predict lower cognitive function, but not lower quality of life, after adjustment for pretrauma characteristics, Injury Severity Score, road traffic accidents and work-related accident status. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with severe traumatic brain injury have a worse prognosis when involved in a litigation procedure and require special attention in clinical practice. Implications for rehabilitation The influence of litigation procedure on health and social outcomes in severe traumatic brain injury is a major issue that entail numerous levels of complexities. A wide range of interactions and factors related to the prolonged process of litigation against a third party may influence recovery. Results from the PariS-Traumatic Brain Injury study suggest that patients with a severe Traumatic Brain Injury who are involved in a litigation procedure within French jurisdiction compensation scheme have a worse prognosis than patients who do not. Health professionals should be aware of the potential adverse effects of litigation procedures on recovery, and provide appropriate interventions and information to patients and families in such cases.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of financial compensation on long-term mortality in adults with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: An inception cohort of 2545 adults consecutively discharged from three metropolitan, post-acute inpatient rehabilitation services of the NSW Brain Injury Rehabilitation Programme from 1 July 1990 to 1 October 2007. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Survival status at 1 October 2009. RESULTS: Compensation data were available for 1851 (73%) participants, with 826 (45%) receiving financial compensation. Yearly standardized mortality ratios remained elevated above general population norms for six to ten years for both groups. Compensation had a protective effect on mortality risk as a univariate predictor. However, when considered in multivariate Cox regression analysis, compensation had minimal effect on mortality risk when modelled with non-modifiable demographic factors and pre-existing medical history. Conversely, compensation trended towards a protective effect when modelled with post-injury variables. CONCLUSIONS: Financial compensation had a protective effect against late mortality following rehabilitation for severe TBI through complex interactions with rehabilitation service variables but not with injury-related variables. This finding suggests that wider access to compensation (and hence rehabilitation) through recently implemented schemes (e.g., NSW Lifetime Care and Support) may further improve life expectancy for this clinical population.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine public opinion on gamete donor compensation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional web-based survey. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): A nationally representative sample of 1,427 people in the United States. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Support for the compensation of gamete donors. RESULTS: Of 1,427 respondents, 51 (4%) disagreed with use of IVF for any indication, and 232 (16%) believed that oocyte and/or sperm donation to be always unacceptable. Of the remaining 1,185 respondents, 953 (80%) supported and 41 (4%) opposed paying sperm donors; 1,063 (90%) supported and 24 (2%) opposed paying oocyte donors. Of respondents, 90% believed that appropriate compensation for one cycle of oocyte donation should be less than $10,000. A total of 559 (47%) supported a limit on sperm donor compensation and 544 (46%) supported a limit on oocyte donor compensation. Individuals who had personal knowledge of someone with infertility or who used assisted reproductive technology (ART), and Republicans compared with Democrats, were more likely to support limits on both oocyte and sperm donor compensation. Divorced compared with married respondents were less likely to support limits on gamete donor compensation. Men were less likely to support limits on sperm donor compensation. CONCLUSIONS: Most respondents in a nationally representative cohort support compensating gamete donors. Although most do not support limits on gamete donor compensation, most agree the appropriate payment for one cycle of oocyte donation is in line with former American Society for Reproductive Medicine guidelines.

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BACKGROUND: We investigated the impact of financial compensation on patients' decision of participation in clinical trials and the related factors with patients' attitudes and considerations. METHODS: A survey questionnaire was placed from October 31 to November 16, 2017 to the subjects who were enrolled in the trials of chronic diseases. Patients' socio-demographic characteristics were collected and the potential reasons for participating in the trials were assessed using 5-likert scores. RESULTS: Sixty eight of 110 respondents (61.8%) indicated to participate clinical trials regardless of financial compensation. The differences were found between patients who were unwilling to participate without compensation and those who were willing to participate regardless of compensation in mean ages (43.9 years vs. 52.0 years, p<0.05), marital status (married, 47.6% vs 79.4%, p<0.01), religions (yes, 45.2% vs 67.6%, p<0.05) and monthly income (≥3 million won, 19.0% vs 45.6%, p<0.01). The potential reasons for participation in the trials between two groups were doctor's suggestion (52.4% vs. 77.9%, p<0.01), the expectation of health improvement (54.8% vs. 73.5%, p<0.05), the types and numbers of procedure (33.3% vs. 16.2%, p<0.05) and the duration of clinical trials (59.5% vs. 27.9%, p=0.001). In regression analysis, the monthly income of ≥ 3 million won (odd ratio, OR=3.221, p=0.026,) and the duration of trials (OR=0.290, p=0.017) were related to the group with the willingness to participate regardless of compensation. CONCLUSION: This stady showed that more than half of study subjects would participate in the clinical trials of chronic diseases regardless of financial compensation.

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