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Background Malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) are considered specific biomarkers for oxidative stress. Oxidative stress in prediabetics with an augmented potential for the onset of diabetes is at least partly responsible for the various complications of diabetes. Evidence shows that the early features of cell injury are due to transient acute elevations in blood glucose. This study aims to determine whether oxidative stress in prediabetic young adults increases the risk of developing diabetes. Aim and objectives We envisaged a study to determine whether the parameters representing oxidative stress are deranged in prediabetics. Materials and methods The study was conducted on prediabetic young individuals from 18 to 35 years, screened from the tertiary-level hospital, and a similar group of non-prediabetic young individuals identified from the same in a tertiary-level hospital in India. Results We observed significant elevations in prediabetics in the following oxidative stress parameters: MDA (P= <0.001), and NO (P= <0.001); indicating that these parameters were significantly higher among the prediabetics than the controls. We also observed significantly greater body weight, waist circumference, and BMI among the prediabetics than the controls. Conclusion Early identification and appropriate treatment of hyperglycemia in prediabetics is essential, as impairments in pancreatic beta-cell functioning and resistance to insulin are already present before the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Owing to the high potential for mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as a complication of diabetes, treatment plans must be put in place early enough so that complications can be prevented. Inflammation and oxidative stress may be viewed as valuable targets to hinder the evolution of T2DM from prediabetes.

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INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a consequence of insulin resistance, insulin deficiency, or both. It is usually seen in adults and is a consequence of genetic (polygenic inheritance), endogenous (obesity and or hormonal factors), and environmental factors (e.g., obesogenic environment, endocrine disrupting chemicals, stress, and medicines). The prevalence of T2DM has increased over the past few decades. South Asians, including Indians, are more prone to central adiposity and develop lifestyle diseases like T2DM at body mass index values lower than those considered normal for the Western population. Generally, the first line of treatment is metformin monotherapy with lifestyle changes in patients with T2DM. Most of the research conducted on this drug is on Western subjects. Since the Indian population has genetic differences in the site of deposition of adipose and is more prone to develop lifestyle diseases, the effect of metformin may be different in Indians. METHODS: Seventy-one (34 female, non-pregnant, non-lactating) adults with newly diagnosed T2DM were recruited in this short-duration pilot study after obtaining written informed consent. Patients regularly taking any drug were excluded, as were patients with chronic comorbidities. Treatment was initiated with metformin 500 mg OD. Lifestyle changes were recommended according to the age and physical condition of the patients. Anthropometric parameters (age, weight, height, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)), blood pressure, glycemic status (fasting and 2 h PP glucose and HbA1c), and lipid profile of the subjects were recorded before initiating and six months after initiating metformin monotherapy with lifestyle changes. RESULTS: Small but statistically significant improvements were observed in the WHR,WHtR, blood pressure, blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin. Although improvement was also observed in weight and lipid profile, these changes were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This study shows that metformin monotherapy with lifestyle changes is suitable for patients of Indian origin and results in improvement in the WHR, WHtR, blood pressure, plasma glucose, and glycated hemoglobin.

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Introduction Menopause is an important milestone in the lives of women. Despite it being a natural phenomenon, menopause brings a lot of changes in a woman's life, which significantly affects their health and well-being. Menopause involves the cessation of hormone production necessary for menstrual cycles and fertility of females. The absence of these hormones may disturb the homeostasis of minerals, blood glucose, and lipid parameters and predispose women to several health conditions affecting different organs. Obesity has been identified as one of the several conditions that influence the health of women. Therefore, assessing women's health before menopause may improve understanding of their well-being and predict problems during and after menopause. The present study evaluated the activities of calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and lipid parameters in obese and nonobese premenopausal women. Methods The present study included 90 obese and 110 nonobese premenopausal women attending the General Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Departments of Gandhi Medical College and Hospital (GMC&H), Secunderabad, Telangana, India. The body mass index (BMI) was measured in all the study participants to put them under obese and nonobese categories. Blood samples were collected from all the study participants for the estimation of the activities of minerals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, FBG, and lipid parameters including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Results The results demonstrated a significant difference in the activities of lipid parameters (TC-obese (158.90 ± 20.20 mg/dl) versus nonobese (148.7 ± 18.6 mg/dl), p < 0.05; TG-obese (143.1 ± 58.2 mg/dl) versus nonobese (118.40 ± 55.80 mg/dl), p < 0.01; VLDL-obese (28.30 ± 11.50 mg/dl) versus nonobese (23.30 ± 11 mg/dl), p < 0.05; LDL-obese (92 ± 30.30 mg/dl) versus nonobese (73.90 ± 26.10 mg/dl), p < 0.01; HDL-obese (61.60 ± 12.50) versus nonobese (65.30 ± 11.25 mg/dl), p < 0.01), FBG (obese (106.80 ± 32.20 mg/dl) versus nonobese (88.50 ± 42.60 mg/dl); p < 0.01)), and magnesium (obese (1.79 ± 0.36 mg/dl) versus nonobese (2.42 ± 0.67 mg/dl); p < 0.01)). However, the activities of calcium (obese (9 ± 0.54 mg/dl) vs. nonobese (8.9 ± 0.58); p > 0.05)) and phosphorous (obese (3.84 ± 0.53 mg/dl) versus nonobese (3.75 ± 0.46 mg/dl); p > 0.05)) was found to be similar in obese and nonobese premenopausal women.  Conclusions The results suggest that obese premenopausal women revealed lowered activities of magnesium that can predispose them to chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases. In addition, obese women showed higher activities of FBG that predisposes them to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There was significant variation in the lipid parameters among obese and nonobese women. However, serum calcium and phosphorous were similar in obese and nonobese premenopausal women.

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AIMS: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of chia seeds in improving glycemic status, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar up to January 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of chia seeds on FBG, HbA1c, and/or insulin that meet our eligibility criteria were included. Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB2) was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Data were extracted and analyzed using a random-effects model and reported as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also performed. The registration number was CRD42023441766. RESULTS: Out of 341 articles retrieved from the initial search, 8 RCTs (with 10 arms) involving 362 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that chia consumption had no significant effect on FBG (WMD: 0.79 %; 95 % CI: -0.97 to 2.55; p = 0.38), HbA1c (WMD: -0.12 %; 95 % CI: -0.27 to 0.02; p = 0.09), and insulin (WMD:1.23 %; 95 % CI: -1.77 to 4.22; p = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS: Chia seed consumption shows no significant impact on FBG, HbA1c, and insulin levels. This study is limited by the small number of studies in the meta-analysis and the significant heterogeneity among them, necessitating further research with larger sample sizes.

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Conflicting evidence exists on the relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers. Therefore, we conducted a random-effects meta-analysis to evaluate the correlation of glucose metabolism measures (glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance indices) and DM status with AD biomarkers of amyloid-ß and tau measured by positron emission tomography or cerebrospinal fluid. We selected 37 studies from PubMed and Embase, including 11,694 individuals. More impaired glucose metabolism and DM status were associated with higher tau biomarkers (r=0.11[0.03-0.18], p=0.008; I2=68%), but were not associated with amyloid-ß biomarkers (r=-0.06[-0.13-0.01], p=0.08; I2=81%). Meta-regression revealed that glucose metabolism and DM were specifically associated with tau biomarkers in population settings (p=0.001). Furthermore, more impaired glucose metabolism and DM status were associated with lower amyloid-ß biomarkers in memory clinic settings (p=0.004), and in studies with a higher prevalence of dementia (p<0.001) or lower cognitive scores (p=0.04). These findings indicate that DM is associated with biomarkers of tau but not with amyloid-ß. This knowledge is valuable for improving dementia and DM diagnostics and treatment.

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Diabetes mellitus is among the fundamental causes of illness and millions of deaths around the globe are directly attributed to it each year. Current antidiabetic medications often lack sustained glycemic control and carry significant risks of side effects. As a result, the use of plant-based treatments has gained popularity. In this experimental study, we evaluated the aqueous extracts (LQE) of Typha elephantina (also known as Elephant grass) leaves collected from freshwater marshes, for their potential anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic antioxidant effects in healthy streptozotocin caused diabetic-mice. We employed glucose adsorption tests at different glucose levels and glucose diffusion tests to assess the in-vitro antidiabetic action of plant extract. For the in-vivo trail, we measured fasting blood glucose (FBG), glucose tolerance (GTT), as well as long-term anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, and antioxidant activities. Our results from the glucose diffusion test indicated that the extract was highly effective at both low glucose concentrations (5 mmol L) and high glucose concentrations (100 mmol L). However, the glucose-diffusion ability reached its peaked at an excessively high dosage of the aqueous extract, suggesting a dose-related effect. Similarly, we observed that high doses of TEL.AQ extracts (400 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced blood glucose levels in healthy mice during the glucose tolerance test (GTT) at 3 h and fasting blood glucose studies (FBG) at 6 h. Furthermore, the high-dose TEL.AQ extract effectively reduced liver-related serum markers and blood-glucose concentration (BGC) in severely chronic diabetic rats. The extract dosage also influenced lipid profile, conjugate and unconjugated bilirubin levels, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and total bilirubin levels. Additionally, after administering a high extract dose, we observed considerable improvement in the liver homogenate markers CAT, POD, and SOD. In contrast, the extract at a low dosage (100 mg/kg), showed minimal, while a moderate dose (200 mg/kg), yielded promising results.

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Diabetes is a major economic burden and an illness with a rising incidence worldwide. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the most prevalent kind of diabetes, is characterized by insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production. Recent research has implicated gut microbiota dysbiosis as a contributing factor to T2DM pathogenesis. The present study employed a methodology based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the therapeutic efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of T2DM. A thorough search was done in PubMed and Medline for articles written in English and published between 2017 and 2023. Studies were chosen based on predetermined inclusion criteria, and the search technique adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) principles. This study also employed a robust assessment instrument, widely recognized in the medical and health sciences, to evaluate the potential presence of bias within the selected research studies. Out of 96 identified articles, 22 RCTs met the eligibility criteria. Both short-term (8 weeks or less) and long-term (12 weeks or more) probiotic administrations were made. The results of the meta-analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) following the probiotic intervention (P=0.02) and considerably decreased glycated hemoglobin HbA1c levels (P=0.004) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels (P<0.0001) in T2DM patients compared to placebo. This research offers proof that probiotics are clinically effective in the treatment of T2DM. Probiotic supplementation demonstrated favorable effects on glycemic control markers. However, the findings from RCTs were heterogeneous, and some studies showed inconsistent results. To clarify the processes underlying the probiotics' therapeutic benefits and to determine the best probiotic strains, doses, and therapy durations, more research is required. Nevertheless, probiotics offer a promising therapeutic approach for T2DM management and warrant consideration as a potential adjunct therapy in clinical practice.

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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:  The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) on systemic inflammatory markers, glycemic status, and levels of proteinuria in Type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic individuals with chronic periodontitis. METHODOLOGY: A total of 120 patients, categorized into three groups of 40 each, were included in this randomized observational study. Group 1 comprised patients with chronic periodontitis; Group 2 had chronic periodontitis with controlled diabetes; and Group 3 represented patients with chronic periodontitis with uncontrolled diabetes based on fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Periodontal clinical parameters like plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, and clinical attachment levels were evaluated. Blood samples and urine samples were collected and assessed for the levels of FBS, HbA1c, total protein, albumin, globulin, and proteinuria. All parameters recorded at baseline and three months after non-surgical periodontal therapy were analyzed for statistical significance at p <.05 using SPSS Inc. Released 2007. SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0. Chicago, SPSS Inc. RESULTS: A significant reduction in the periodontal clinical parameters within the groups, except for the clinical attachment level in Group 1 patients (p = 0.05), was observed. Glycemic status revealed a significant reduction after non-surgical periodontal therapy (p < 0.001), and on intragroup comparison, the total protein, albumin, globulin, and microprotein blood and urine levels showed significance among the evaluated groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Non-surgical periodontal treatment can effectively improve the periodontal and circulating inflammatory status. Results of our study showed improved glycemic control and a reduction in systemic inflammatory markers and proteinuria after performing non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Individuals with major depressive disorder exhibit a dysregulated metabolic profile. There are few studies on how vilazodone, escitalopram, and vortioxetine alter metabolic parameters. Our study aimed to determine the change in plasma glucose, HbA1c, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and creatinine at 12 weeks. METHODS: An ongoing randomized, open-label, three-arm study's interim analysis is portrayed here. The participants were assessed at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after receiving oral tablets of either vilazodone (20-40mg/d), escitalopram (10-20mg/d), or vortioxetine (5-20mg/d). This study is CTRI-registered (2022/07/043808). RESULTS: Of 71 recruited participants, 49 (69%) completed the 12-week visit. The median Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores of the participants in vilazodone, escitalopram, and vortioxetine groups were 30.0, 29.5, and 29.0 at baseline (p=0.76) and 19.5, 19.5, and 18.0 (p=0.18) at 12 weeks, respectively. The median fasting blood sugar (FBS) values were 98.5, 105.5, and 98.0 at baseline (p=0.07) and 94.0, 99.5, and 96.0 (p=0.19) at 12 weeks, for vilazodone, escitalopram, and vortioxetine groups, respectively. The post hoc analysis did not yield statistically significant differences regarding any parameters. CONCLUSION: According to this interim study, the HDRS scores declined after 12 weeks of therapy. The subjects' metabolic parameters did not significantly change. It is essential to perform further investigation regarding these impacts.

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BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a polygenic metabolic disease, characterized by high fasting blood glucose (FBG). The ability of cranberry (CRN) fruit to regulate glycemia in T2D patients is well known. Here, a cohort of 13 lines of the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse model was assessed for the effect of non-dialyzable material (NDM) of cranberry extract in lowering fasting blood glucose. METHODS: Eight-week-old mice were maintained on either a standard chow diet (control group) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, followed by injections of intraperitoneal (IP) NDM (50 mg/kg) per mouse, three times a week for the next 6 weeks. Absolute FBG (mg/dl) was measured bi-weekly and percentage changes in FBG (%FBG) between weeks 0 and 12 were calculated. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed a significant decrease in FBG between weeks 0 and 12 in male and female mice maintained on CHD. However, a non-significant increase in FBG values was observed in male and female mice maintained on HFD during the same period. Following administration of NDM during the following 6 weeks, the results show a variation in significant levels of FBG lowering between lines, male and female mice and under the different diets. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the efficacy of NDM treatment in lowering FGB depends on host genetic background (pharmacogenetics), sex of the mouse (pharmacosex), and diet (pharmacodiet). All these results support the need for follow-up research to better understand and implement a personalized medicine approach/utilization of NDM for reducing FBG.

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Background Age- and gender-based differences in diabetes demographic characteristics have been studied in many types of research. These differences extend further to diabetes-related comorbidities. Dyslipidemia is a common complication associated with diabetes and causes a substantial increase in cardiovascular morbidity. The study aims to compare the pattern of dyslipidemia between males and females among different age categories in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methodology A retrospective database study was conducted at Faiha Specialized Diabetes, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center (FDEMC), Basrah, Southern Iraq. We included adult patients with newly diagnosed and drug naïve T2DM between January 2018 and October 2022. Patients' data in the form of body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), random blood glucose (RBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were used for comparisons. Results Below the age of 35, males exhibited significantly higher levels of HbA1c, FBG, and TG compared to females, along with a significantly lower level of HDL-C. However, there were no significant differences in BMI, RBG, TC, and LDL-C. Between the ages of 35 and 44, females in this study demonstrated significantly higher BMI and HDL-C levels, while males exhibited higher levels of HbA1c, FBG, RBG, and TG. However, there were no significant differences observed in TC and LDL-C levels. Similar results were found among the age group 45 to 55, with the only exception being FBG, which became nonsignificant. In patients between 55 and 64 years old, BMI, HDL-C, and TC were significantly higher in females (P < 0.05). In patients aged above 65 years, BMI and HDL-C remained significantly higher in females, while RBG was significantly higher in males. No significant differences were observed among other parameters (HbA1c, TG, TC, and LDL-C). Conclusions In patients aged 54 years and younger, males were significantly more likely to have severe hyperglycemia, higher TG, and lower HDL-C compared to females at the time of T2DM diagnosis. In older patients, this pattern is lost, with only a significantly lower HDL-C observed.

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Objective: Hyperlipidemia is traditionally considered a risk factor for diabetes. The effect of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is counterintuitive to diabetes. We sought to investigate the relationship between LDL-C and diabetes for better lipid management. Methods: We tested the shape of association between LDL-C and diabetes and created polygenic risk scores of LDL-C and generated linear Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates for the effect of LDL-C and diabetes. We evaluated for nonlinearity in the observational and genetic relationship between LDL-C and diabetes. Results: Traditional observational analysis suggested a complex non-linear association between LDL-C and diabetes while nonlinear MR analyses found no evidence for a non-linear association. Under the assumption of linear association, we found a consistently protective effect of LDL-C against diabetes among the females without lipid-lowering drugs use. The ORs were 0.84 (95% CI, 0.72-0.97, P=0.0168) in an observational analysis which was more prominent in MR analysis and suggested increasing the overall distribution of LDL-C in females led to an overall decrease in the risk of diabetes (P=0.0258). Conclusions: We verified the liner protective effect of LDL-C against diabetes among the females without lipid-lowering drug use. Non-linear associations between LDL-C against diabetes in observational analysis are not causal.

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BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly burdens health services worldwide. As a simple and cost-effective method, the mathematical calculation of HbA1c is coming to be of value in areas with scarce resources. This study aimed to use calculated HbA1c to ascertain the prevalence of uncontrolled DM and correlate it with the risk factors for DM. METHODS: In the River Nile State of northern Sudan, a cross-sectional study was conducted in five leading cities from May to August 2021. Patients diagnosed and recorded as having type 2 or type 1 DM were included in this study. Enzymatic methods were used to assess fasting blood glucose (FBG). We used the mean of three FBG readings for three months to calculate HbA1c using the equation {HbA1c = (FBG mg/dl) x 0.03+2.6}, which was used to compute the estimated mediocre blood sugar over the course of three months. RESULTS: A total of 2047 diabetic patients from northern Sudan were studied for their DM control. Nearly two-thirds (65.2%) had uncontrolled DM. Of the patients studied, uncontrolled DM was significantly positively associated with older age, history of ischemic heart disease, and being a housewife. Multivariate regression analysis showed significant correlations between uncontrolled DM, an inactive lifestyle, and obesity. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of uncontrolled DM among known patients with diabetic in northern Sudan is high (65.2%). The inactive lifestyles of housewives and freelance workers, having type 1 DM, and being hypertensive and obese are risk factors significantly associated with uncontrolled DM and its related complications.

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The object of this study was to examine the effects of domestic and work-related physical activity (DWPA) and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) on the risk of diabetes, by categorizing fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels into normal, Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG), and diabetes. The sample consisted of 4661 adults aged 30 years or above, and was chosen from the 2017 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. Of all the subjects, 14.6% engaged in high-intensity DWPA and 6.25% in moderate-intensity DWPA; while 11.68% and 24.80% engaged in high- and moderate-intensity LTPA, respectively. The effects of both types of physical activities on the risk of diabetes were analyzed using a Bayesian ordered probit model. For those with high-intensity DWPA, the probability of the FBG level being normal was 5.10% (SE = 0.25) lower than for those with non-high-intensity DWPA, and the probabilities of IFG and diabetes were 3.30% (SE = 0.15) and 1.79% (SE = 0.09) higher, respectively. However, for those with high-intensity LTPA, the probability of the FBG level being normal was 2.54% (SE = 0.09) higher, and the probabilities of IFG and diabetes were 1.74% (SE = 0.07) and 0.80% (SE = 0.03) lower, respectively, than those with non-high-intensity LTPA. Likewise, for moderate-intensity DWPA and LTPA, the results were the same compared to low-intensity physical activities though the magnitude of the effects were smaller than for high-intensity. Thus, the activities related to work have a negative effect and those related to leisure have a positive effect. The criteria for physical activities to reduce the risk of diabetes should be set by separating these domains of physical activity, and new management strategies for diabetes are needed for people with moderate- or high-intensity DWPA.

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AIMS: The study aims to investigate the effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), a primary inhibitor of fibrinolytic process, on blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed a highly potent and highly specific PAI-1 inhibitor, named PAItrap3, based on the inactivated urokinase. Meanwhile, a single point mutation of PAItrap3 (i.e., PAItrapNC) was parallelly prepared as negative control. PAItrap3 was intravenously injected into type 2 diabetic (T2D) mice and its effect on metabolic system was evaluated by measuring the levels of blood glucose, PAI-1, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in T2D mice. KEY FINDINGS: PAItrap3 significantly reduced the high blood glucose level and PAI-1 level in streptozotocin-induced T2D mice. PAItrapNC did not have any hypoglycemic effect at all on T2D mice. Mechanistically, both PAI-1 and TNF-α levels were attenuated by the administration of PAItrap3. In addition, we observed that PAItrap3 reduced the amount of fat droplets in adipocytes. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings provide clear evidence for PAI-1 to participate in inflammation and obesity mediated hyperglycemia, and open up a new prospect for the treatment of T2DM by PAI-1 inhibition.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a complex metabolic disorder typically accompanying weight gain, is associated with progressive ß-cell failure and insulin resistance. Bariatric surgery ameliorates glucose tolerance and provides a near-perfect treatment. Duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) is an experimental procedure and has been studied in several rat models, but its influence in db/db mice, a transgenic model of T2DM, remains unclear. To investigate the effectiveness of DJB in db/db mice, we performed the surgery and evaluated metabolism improvement. Results showed that mice in DJB group weighed remarkably less than sham group two weeks after surgery. Compared to the preoperative level, postoperative fasting blood glucose (FBG) was dramatically reduced. Statistical analysis revealed that changes in body weight and FBG were significantly correlated. Besides, DJB surgery altered plasma insulin level with approximate 40% reduction. Thus, for the first time we proved that DJB can achieve rapid therapeutic effect in transgenic db/db mice with severe T2DM as well as obesity. In addition, decreased insulin level reflected better insulin sensitivity induced by DJB. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that DJB surgery may be a potentially effective way to treat obesity-associated T2DM.

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Insulin resistance is a condition in which cells fail to respond to the normal actions of insulin. Dietary fat, obesity and smoking have been attributed to increase insulin resistance. However, the prevalence of insulin resistance in young obese subjects and its relation to smoking is not well established. This study comprising seventy-five healthy young adults was undertaken to find insulin resistance in obese smokers and non smokers both. Present study showed an overall prevalence of raised homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance in 14.7 % otherwise healthy young subjects (20-30 years age group). Non-smokers did not show any significant correlation between insulin resistance and body mass index at either stage (normal, pre-obese as well as obese). Smokers also did not show any significant difference of insulin resistance in normal and pre-obese stages. However, marked increase in homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance was observed in obese smokers. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance showed a linear trend in relation to body mass index and its values were found to be higher in smokers. Obesity combined with smoking demonstrated statistically significant increase in homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.

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The risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is dramatically increased in diabetic patients due to their atherogenic lipid profile. The severity of CHD in diabetic patients has been found to be directly associated with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). According to the Malaysian Clinical Practice Guidelines on diabetes mellitus (DM), HbA1c level less than 6.5% reduces the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Hence, this study aimed to determine the relationship between dyslipidaemia and glycaemic status in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM) patients in Hospital Putrajaya, a tertiary endocrine centre in Malaysia. This was a cross sectional, retrospective study of 214 T2DM patients with dyslipidaemia who had visited the endocrine clinic between January 2009 and December 2012. Significant correlations were found between fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1c with total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL), LDL/HDL ratio and TC/HDL ratio; greater correlation being with HbA1c than FBG. In patients with HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, TC, TG, non-HDL and TC/HDL ratio were significantly higher than in patients with HbA1c < 6.5%. Non-HDL, LDL/HDL ratio, TC/HDL ratio and HbA1c were significantly lower in patients on statin treatment than nontreated patients (p<0.05). This significant association between glycaemic status and dyslipidaemia emphasises the additional possible use of HbA1c as a biomarker for dyslipidaemia as well as a potential indirect predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in T2DM patients.

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@#ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of artificial joint replacement in patients complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM).Methods18 patients with DM accepted the artificial joint replacement after fracture at the femoral neck.They were followed-up with the Harris hip score and radiographs for average 45.5 months(range 23～86 months).The fasting blood glucose(FBG) levels and other associated indexes were monitored during the periods after operation.ResultsAll the patients can walk freely except 3 elder patients that walk with the help of crutch.Radiographic studies showed that 13 cases were excellent,osteophytes appeared around acetabulum in 4 cases,among which 2 cases had the decrease in the hip joint space,and the subsidence appeared in other 2 cases but it was less than 2 mm.The mean of Harris hip score was(81.9±14.8).The body weight index and the level of PBG were negatively correlated with the outcomes of Harris hip score.ConclusionPatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus may accept artificial joint replacement well.It is very important to maintain the body weight and the level of PRG in a normal range after operation.