RESUMEN
The effective extraction of natural compounds from cocoa bean shells using deep eutectic solvents could contribute to the sustainable valorization of this waste material. The objective of this study was to: (1) analyze the extraction kinetics of polyphenols released from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) bean shells (CBS) by the solid-liquid extraction method using choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (ChCl-DES) and their aqueous solutions; (2) investigate the effect of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (ChCl-DES) aqueous solutions on in-vitro antioxidant capacity and the main individual compounds of the extracts. ChCl-DES were prepared with lactic acid, glycerol, and ethylene glycol in a 1:2 ratio. Aqueous solutions (30%, 40%, and 50% water) to obtain solvents with different physicochemical properties were performed. The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The solution of Fick's law model for plate geometry particles was applied to fit the experimental data and calculate the effective diffusivity coefficient (De). The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was analyzed by a combination of 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging capacity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The main bioactive compounds were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the type of hydrogen bond donor influences the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and the main individual compounds in the extracts. Moreover, the washing/diffusion mechanism adequately depicts the extraction kinetics data for total phenolic content. However, the influence of an additional mechanism that enhanced the extraction capacity of deep eutectic solvents compared with organic solvent was confirmed.
RESUMEN
Capsaicinoids are the main bioactive compounds extracted from chili pepper seeds (CPSs) but other bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds may be found. Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) improves the extraction of bioactive compounds from fruits and seeds. The aim of this study was to establish the cellulase-assisted extraction conditions of capsaicinoids and phenolic compounds from Habanero CPSs (Capsicum chinense) and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the obtained extracts on murine macrophages. EAE was performed using different temperatures (T1 = 30°C, T2 = 45°C and T3 = 60°C), enzyme concentrations (E1 = 2,500 UI/L and E2 = 250 UI/L), and extraction time periods (0-150 min). Total phenolic compounds were quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, capsaicin (CAP) and dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) contents were evaluated by HPLC, and anti-inflammatory activity was performed with Griess assay on murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell culture. The highest phenolic compound content (337.96 mg GAE/L) was achieved at 30°C, 2,500 UI/L, and 150 min of extraction. The highest CAP content (310.23 µg/ml) was obtained at 45°C with 250 UI/L for 150 min, while for DHC (167.72 µg/ml), the conditions were 60°C, 2,500 UI/L, and 120 min. The highest anti-inflammatory response was obtained when 60°C, E2, and 150 min were used for the extraction, and nitric oxide (NO) production was reduced to 22.56%. Based on the results obtained in this research, EAE allowed the recovery of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity from CPS using water as a solvent. There was a correlation between the extraction of CAP and DHC. But although a moderate direct correlation between the concentration of capsaicinoids and total phenolic compounds (TPCs) and an inverse correlation of the presence of the bioactive compounds (TPC, CAP, and DHC) with the NO synthesis, these were not statistically significant. We demonstrated that Habanero seeds are an important raw material to recover anti-inflammatory compounds beyond capsaicinoids using water in EAE.
RESUMEN
Objetivos: evaluar la composición química, propiedades fisicoquímicas del aceite esencial de la especie vegetal Citrus sinensis L, obtenidos mediante hidrodestilación e hidrodestilación asistida por la radiación con microondas, así mismo realizar una comparación entre los dos métodos de extracción utilizados. Método: los aceites esenciales se obtuvieron por hidrodestilación e hidrodestilación asistida por radiación con microondas, a partir del pericarpio de los frutos; se determinó densidad relativa a 20 °C, índice de refracción; solubilidad de los aceites esenciales en etanol 70 por ciento (v/v). La composición química se evaluó mediante cromatografía de gases/espectrómetro de masa. Resultados: los rendimientos oscilaron entre 0,51 y 0,42 por ciento, dependiendo del método de extracción utilizado. El aceite esencial extraído del Citrus sinensis L presentó como componente mayoritario el limoneno, independientemente de la metodología de extracción utilizada. Se obtuvo un mayor contenido de aceite esencial cuando se empleó la extracción mediante hidrodestilación asistida por microondas, en comparación con la hidrodestilación convencional. Conclusiones: el rendimiento del aceite esencial de Citrus sinensis L (Naranja) es dependiente del método de extracción utilizado para su obtención, se demuestra que la hidrodestilación asistida por microondas es un método rápido y eficiente en comparación con la hidrodestilación convencional(AU)
Objectives: to assess the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of essential oil of the plant species Citrus sinensis L, obtained by hydrodistillation and microwave radiation-assisted hydrodistillation, and to make a comparison between two extraction methods used. Methods: essential oils were extracted by distillation and microwave radiation-assisted hydrodistillation from the fruit pericarp; relative density at 20 °C, refractive index and the essential oils solubility in ethanol (70 percent v/v) were determined. The chemical composition was assessed using chromatography mass spectrometer/gas. Results: the yields ranged from 0,51 to 0,42 percent, depending on the extraction method used. The essential oil of Citrus sinensis L. by both methods had limonene as a major component. A higher content of essential oil was obtained when the microwave radiation-assisted method was used compared with the conventional hydrodistillation. Conclusions: the yield of the essential oil from Citrus sinensis L. (Orange) depends on method of extraction used; microwave-assisted hydrodistillation is faster and more efficient method than the conventional hydrodistillation(AU)