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This study examines tuberculosis (TB) incidence among students in Jilin Province, China, focusing on spatial, temporal, and demographic dynamics in areas of social inequality. Variation in incidence rate of TB was analyzed using the joinpoint regression method. Spatial analyses techniques included the global and local Moran indices and Getis-Ord Gi* analysis. Demographic changes in new cases were analyzed descriptively, and the Geodetector method measured the influence of risk factors on student TB incidence. The analysis revealed a declining trend in TB cases, particularly among male students. TB incidence showed geographical heterogeneity, with lower rates in underdeveloped rural areas compared to urban regions. Significant spatial correlations were observed, with high-high clusters forming in central Jilin Province. Hotspots of student TB transmission were primarily concentrated in the southwestern and central regions from 2008 to 2018. Socio-economic factors exhibited nonlinear enhancement effects on incidence rates, with a dominant bifactor effect. High-risk zones were predominantly located in urban centers, with university and high school students showing higher incidences than other educational stages. The study revealed economic determinants as being especially important in affecting TB incidence among students, with these factors having nonlinear interacting effects on student TB incidence.

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Estudiantes , Tuberculosis , Humanos , China/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Incidencia , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/transmisión , Factores de Riesgo , Adolescente , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto Joven , Población Rural

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Background: Since the outbreak of COVID-19, China has implemented a series of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), effectively containing the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as well as various respiratory pathogens. With the continuous relaxation of restrictions, China has entered a new phase of the post-pandemic era. However, the epidemiological differences of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) between the two phases in Ningbo and even in China remain unclear. Methods: Data of children aged 0-14 years who visited the Ningbo Medical Center LiHuiLi Hospital due to acute respiratory tract infections from January 2020 to December 2023 were collected. PCR was used to detect 13 respiratory pathogens and the macrolide-resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Results: Among 10,206 children, 2,360 were infected with MP (23.12%). Among the total, the MP positive rate during the NPI phase (6.35%) was significantly lower than that during the non-NPI phase (34.28%), while the macrolide resistance rate increased from 62.5% (NPI phase) to 81.1% (non-NPI phase). The rate of MP co-infection increased from 11.2% (NPI phase) to 30.3% (non-NPI phase). MP infection exhibited obvious seasonality, with the highest prevalence in autumn (30.0%) followed by summer (23.6%). There were differences in MP positivity rates among different age groups, with the highest among school-age children at 39.5%. During the NPI phase, all age groups were less susceptible to MP, while during the non-NPI phase, the susceptible age for MP was 4-12 years, with 8 years being the most susceptible. The susceptible age for MP co-infection was 0-6 years. MP exhibited antagonistic effects against numerous pathogens. Compared to MP single infection, the proportion of pneumonia was higher in MP co-infection cases. Conclusion: The removal of NPIs significantly impacted the spread of MP, altering population characteristics including age, seasonality, macrolide resistance, and MP co-infection rates.

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Background: Rotavirus is globally recognized as an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. Whereas previous studies focused more on sporadic diarrhea, the epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus outbreaks have not been systematically understood. Methods: This systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis standards, WANFANG, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched from database inception to February 20, 2022. We used SPSS 21.0 statistical software for data analysis, RStudio1.4.1717, and ArcGIS trial version for plotting bar graphs and maps. Results: Among 1,596 articles, 78 were included, with 92 rotavirus outbreaks and 96,128 cases. Most outbreaks (67.39%, 62/92) occurred in winter and spring. The number of rotavirus outbreaks reported in the eastern region was more than that in the western region. Outbreaks were most commonly reported in villages (33/92, 35.87%), followed by hospitals (19, 20.65%). The outbreak duration was longer in factories and workers' living places, and villages, while it was shorter in hospitals. Waterborne transmission was the main transmission mode, with the longest duration and the largest number of cases. Rotavirus groups were identified in 66 outbreaks, with 40 outbreaks (60.61%) caused by Group B rotaviruses and 26 outbreaks (39.39%) caused by Group A rotaviruses. Significant differences were found in duration, number of cases, settings, population distribution, and transmission modes between Groups A and B rotavirus outbreaks. Conclusion: Rotavirus is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in China. It should also be considered in the investigation of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks, especially norovirus-negative outbreaks.

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Brotes de Enfermedades , Infecciones por Rotavirus , Humanos , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , China/epidemiología , Rotavirus , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/virología , Estaciones del Año

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Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) are both endemic in rural areas and some characteristics are similar between HFRS and SFTS, which usually lead to misdiagnosis. In this study, we summarized and compared some characteristics of HFRS and SFTS which will provide scientific information for differential diagnosis. From 2011 to 2022, a total of 4336 HFRS cases and 737 SFTS cases were reported in Zhejiang Province. Compared to SFTS, there was a higher proportion of males among HFRS cases (72.46% [3142/4336] vs. 50.88% [375/737], p = 0.000). The median age of all 4336 HFRS cases was 49 (39, 59), while the median age of SFTS cases was 66 (57, 74). In addition, the involved counties of HFRS were more than SFTS, but the number of counties affected by SFTS increased from 2011 to 2022. The majority of SFTS cases occurred in summer (from May to July), but besides summer, HFRS cases also showed a peak in winter. Finally, our results showed that the case fatality rate of SFTS was significantly higher than that of HFRS. Although there were some similarities between HFRS and SFTS, our study found several differences between them, such as gender distribution, age distribution, and seasonal distribution, which will provide scientific information for differential diagnosis of HFRS and SFTS. Further studies should be carried out to explore the mechanism of these differences.

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Fiebre Hemorrágica con Síndrome Renal , Estaciones del Año , Síndrome de Trombocitopenia Febril Grave , Humanos , Fiebre Hemorrágica con Síndrome Renal/epidemiología , Fiebre Hemorrágica con Síndrome Renal/diagnóstico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Femenino , Adulto , Anciano , Síndrome de Trombocitopenia Febril Grave/epidemiología , Síndrome de Trombocitopenia Febril Grave/virología , Síndrome de Trombocitopenia Febril Grave/diagnóstico , China/epidemiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial

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Background: In 2021, the World Health Organization officially declared the People's Republic of China as malaria-free. However, despite this milestone achievement, the continued occurrence of severe and fatal cases of imported malaria in China, due to globalization and increased international communication, remains a significant public health concern. Objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in 5 Chinese provinces from 2014 to 2021 and to identify the factors that influence complications in imported malaria cases. The findings will provide a basis for enhancing prevention and control measures, thereby consolidating China's achievements in malaria elimination. Methods: A case-based retrospective study was performed, using surveillance data collected from the representative provinces of China from 2014 to 2021. Epidemiological characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Logistic regression was used to identify the factors influencing the occurrence of complications. Results: A total of 5559 malaria cases were included during the study period. The predominant species was Plasmodium falciparum (3940/5559, 70.9%), followed by Plasmodium ovale (1054/5559, 19%), Plasmodium vivax (407/5559, 7.3%), Plasmodium malariae (157/5559, 2.8%), and 1 case of Plasmodium knowlesi. Most of the cases were male (5343/5559, 96.1%). The complication rates for P falciparum and P ovale were 11.4% and 3.3%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the relevant factors of malaria complications revealed potential protective factors, including a previous infection by Plasmodium (P<.001; odds ratio [OR] 0.512, 95% CI 0.422-0.621), and risk factors, including increased age (P=.004; OR 1.014, 95% CI 1.004-1.024), misdiagnosis at the first clinical visit (P<.001; OR 3.553, 95% CI 2.886-4.375), and the time interval from onset to treatment (P=.001; OR 1.026, 95% CI 1.011-1.042). Subgroup analyses identified risk factors associated with P falciparum, which include advanced age (P=.004; OR 1.015, 95% CI 1.005-1.026), initial misdiagnosis during the first clinical visit (P<.001; OR 3.549, 95% CI 2.827-4.455), the time interval from onset to treatment (P<.001; OR 1.043, 95% CI 1.022-1.063), and a delay of more than 3 days from the first treatment to diagnosis (P<.001; OR 2.403, 95% CI 1.823-3.164). Additionally, the risk factors pertaining to P ovale involve misdiagnosis at the initial clinical visit (P=.01; OR 2.901, 95% CI 1.336-6.298), the time interval from onset to treatment (P=.002; OR 1.095, 95% CI 1.033-1.160), and the duration from the initial treatment to diagnosis (P=.43; OR 1.032, 95% CI 0.953-1.118). Previous infections can prevent the progression of both P falciparum and P ovale. Conclusions: This study showed that the increasing proportion of P ovale in recent years should not be ignored. Furthermore, there is a need to improve diagnostic awareness, enhance the capacity of medical institutions, and provide health education for high-risk groups.

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Enfermedades Transmisibles Importadas , Malaria , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , China/epidemiología , Masculino , Malaria/epidemiología , Adulto , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades Transmisibles Importadas/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Anciano

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemic characteristics of common respiratory tract infection pathogens in children with respiratory tract infection, and provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of respiratory tract infection. METHODS: A retrospective collection of clinical data was conducted on 11,538 children with respiratory tract infections at Luoyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital from December 2022 to November 2023. The types of respiratory tract infections, including upper and lower respiratory tract infections, as well as five respiratory pathogens: influenza A virus (influenza A), influenza B virus (influenza B virus, adenovirus (ADV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infections, were analyzed and compared for different genders, ages, temperatures, and air quality in different months; And the changes of five pathogens in children with respiratory tract infections of different disease severity. RESULTS: From December 2022 to November 2023, a total of 11,538 children with respiratory infections were included in the analysis, including 6436 males and 5102 females, with an age of 4.92 ± 2.03 years. The proportion of upper respiratory tract infections is as high as 72.17%, and lower respiratory tract infections account for 27.83%. Among them, 2387 were positive for Flu A antigen, with a positive rate of 20.69%, 51 cases were positive for Flu B antigen, and the positive rate was 0.4%, 1296 cases were positive for adv antigen, with a positive rate of 11.23%, 868 cases were positive for RSV antigen, with a positive rate of 7.52%, 2481 cases were positive for MP IgM antibody or MP antigen, and the positive rate was 21.50%. Flu B in male children The infection rate of ADV and MP was higher than that of female children (p < 0.05); Among children in different age groups, the older the age, the older the Flu A The higher the infection rate of MP (p < 0.05), the higher the positive rate of RSV in children with younger age (p < 0.05). The positive rate of ADV in children aged 3-6 years and > 6 years was higher than that in children aged 0-3 years (p < 0.05); Flu A and MP are popular throughout the year, and the positive rate peaks during the period of temperature rise and air quality decline from February to March, and during the period of temperature drop and air quality index rise from August to November, The positive rate of RSV peaked after the turning point of temperature rise from March to April. The infection rate was higher during the period of sharp decline in air quality from March to May and sharp decline in temperature in November, The positive rate of ADV was higher at the turning point of temperature rise from February to March, and then the infection rate decreased. During the period of sharp temperature drop from August to November, the positive rate increased sharply, and the peak of infection occurred; As the disease worsens, The positive rates of Flu A, Flu B, RSV, MP and combined infection with more than two pathogens were all increased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: After the new coronavirus epidemic in 2022, Flu A and MP have the highest infection rate of respiratory pathogens in children, showing a peak growth in general, with epidemic characteristics changing with environmental temperature, air quality and seasons. The main disease type is upper respiratory tract infection, MP and adv infections were mainly in male children, Flu A, MP and ADV infections are more common in older children, RSV infection was more common in younger children; Flu A, Flu B, RSV and MP infection and the co infection of more than two pathogens may more easily lead to the occurrence of severe pneumonia.

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Virus de la Influenza B , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Preescolar , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Niño , Lactante , Virus de la Influenza B/aislamiento & purificación , China/epidemiología , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/epidemiología , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/virología , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Humano/aislamiento & purificación , Virus Sincitiales Respiratorios/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/virología , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/epidemiología , Neumonía por Mycoplasma/microbiología , Estaciones del Año

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The spread of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a serious global zoonotic parasitic disease, is mostly under control; however, several cases have been reported in recent decades in Xinjiang, China. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological status and spatiotemporal clustering characteristics of VL in Xinjiang, China, between 2004 and 2021 to provide a basis for the development and implementation of surveillance and response measures. Data on VL incidence during 2004-2021 were collected from the National Diseases Reporting Information System of China. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis, identification of local indicators of spatial association, and spatial-temporal clustering analysis were conducted to identify the distribution and high-risk areas. A total of 2034 VL cases were reported, with a mean annual incidence of 0.50 per 100,000. There was a general decreasing trend in the incidence of VL during our study period. The majority of the cases were reported from October to February of the following year, and fewer cases were reported from April to July. Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the incidence of VL was spatially clustered within a few counties. Significant differences were observed during the study period (Moran's I = 0.74, Z = 4.900, p < 0.05). The male-to-female ratio was 1.37:1, and most patients were in the age group 0-3 years. Cases were primarily distributed in seven regions and two autonomous prefectures, and Kashgar reported the highest number of cases (1688, 82.98%). Spatial analysis revealed that the aggregation of VL was predominantly observed in southwest Xinjiang. This was in alignment with the high-risk areas identified by spatiotemporal clustering analysis. The H-H clustering region was primarily observed in Gashi, Atushi, Shufu, Injisha, Kashgar, Yepuhu, and Bachu. These findings indicate that integrated control measures must be taken in different endemic areas to strengthen the VL control program in Xinjiang, China.

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BACKGROUND: Influenza is a contagious respiratory disease posing a huge burden of disease for children around the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiologic changes in childhood influenza in Zhengzhou, China, before, during, and after the COVID-19 outbreak. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and related prevention and control policies on the children's influenza epidemiological trend. METHODS: All influenza report card data from the Children's Hospital Affiliated with Zhengzhou University's Disease Surveillance Reporting Management System were collected and analyzed monthly from January 2018 to December 2023. The period of the study was divided into three phases for comparison: the pre-pandemic period, the pandemic period, and the post-pandemic period. RESULTS: Between January 2018 and December 2023, a total of 82,030 children with influenza were diagnosed at our hospital, including 46,453 males and 35,577 females. A total of 11,833 of them had to be hospitalized for influenza, and 321 of them were brought to the ICU. Influenza showed low-level epidemiologic status during the COVID-19 pandemic, and there was a substantial rise in influenza and a surge in the number of cases after the COVID-19 pandemic period. The year 2023 will had the most influenza cases (40,785). The peak incidence of influenza changes in 2022, from July to October, and in 2023, from February to April and from October to December. During the post-pandemic period, the proportion of new-borns and young children among influenza patients decreased, while the proportion of school-age children increased significantly, and the proportion of influenza patients hospitalized and the proportion of ICU admissions decreased. CONCLUSION: Influenza showed low-level epidemiologic status during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the post-pandemic period, there is a large increase in influenza incidence, with a double peak in influenza incidence. The proportion of school-age children with influenza has also increased. As a result, we recommend that influenza vaccination for key populations, particularly school-age children, be completed by October of each year in Henan Province, and that the government and schools increase education about nonpharmacological influenza prevention approaches.

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COVID-19 , Gripe Humana , Humanos , China/epidemiología , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Masculino , Niño , Femenino , Preescolar , Lactante , Adolescente , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Recién Nacido , Incidencia

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Purpose: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant disease impacting health and quality of life. Yunnan Province, a major tobacco producer, lacks comprehensive COPD studies. The purpose of this study is to describe the epidemic situation of COPD in Yunnan province and explore its influencing factors. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional research conducted in a representative sample of adults aged 20 and older from 13 prefectures and cities in Yunnan Province, China. COPD was diagnosed using post-bronchodilator pulmonary function tests. Demographics were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The influencing factors of COPD were examined by using the multivariate logistic regression models. Results: Our study found that high-risk individuals for COPD accounted for 20.30% of the screened population aged 20 and above, with a COPD prevalence of 27.18% among this high-risk group. Male had a higher prevalence (33.01%) than did female (16.35%; p<0.001 for sex difference). Additionally, the proportion of severe and extremely severe COPD cases in Yunnan Province was higher than the national average and other provinces. After considering the potential confounding variables, male (OR=2.291, 95% CI: 1.584-3.313), age (OR=1.501, 95% CI: 1.338-1.685), underweight (OR=1.747, 95% CI: 1.225-2.491), previous smoking (OR=1.712, 95% CI: 1.182-2.478), passive smoking (OR=1.444, 95% CI: 1.159-1.800), and a history of respiratory system diseases in childhood (OR=2.010, 95% CI: 1.346-3.001) were significantly associated with an increased risk of COPD. Conversely, being overweight (OR=0.636, 95% CI: 0.489-0.828), and residing in high-altitude counties (OR=0.445, 95% CI: 0.263-0.754) were negatively correlated with the risk of COPD. Conclusion: There is significant prevalence of COPD (27.18%) among high-risk population aged 20 and above in Yunnan Province, China. Apart from male, smoking, BMI and other known risk factors for COPD. We found that high-altitude residence had a lower prevalence of COPD. There is no significant difference in COPD prevalence between Han and ethnic minority populations.

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Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica , Fumar , Humanos , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/epidemiología , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/fisiopatología , China/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Transversales , Adulto , Anciano , Adulto Joven , Fumar/epidemiología , Fumar/efectos adversos , Medición de Riesgo , Pulmón/fisiopatología , Factores Sexuales , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Distribución por Sexo , Distribución por Edad , Factores de Edad

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This research presents a comprehensive review of Salmonella presence in retail fresh fruits and vegetables from 2010 to 2023, utilizing data from recognized sources such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The study incorporates a meta-analysis of prevalence, serovar distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Additionally, it scrutinizes the heterogeneous sources across various food categories and geographical regions The findings show a pooled prevalence of 2.90% (95% CI: 0.0180-0.0430), with an increase from 4.63% in 2010 to 5.32% in 2022. Dominant serovars include S. Typhimurium (29.14%, 95% CI: 0.0202-0.6571) and S. Enteritidis (21.06%, 95% CI: 0.0181-0.4872). High resistance rates were noted for antimicrobials like erythromycin (60.70%, 95% CI: 0.0000-1.0000) and amoxicillin (39.92%, 95% CI: 0.0589-0.8020). The most prevalent ARGs were blaTEM (80.23%, 95% CI: 0.5736-0.9692) and parC mutation (66.67%, 95% CI: 0.3213-0.9429). Factors such as pH, water activity, and nutrient content, along with external factors like the quality of irrigation water and prevailing climatic conditions, have significant implications on Salmonella contamination. Nonthermal sterilization technologies, encompassing chlorine dioxide, ozone, and ultraviolet light, are emphasized as efficacious measures to control Salmonella. This review stresses the imperative need to bolster prevention strategies and control measures against Salmonella in retail fresh fruits and vegetables to alleviate related food safety risks.

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Frutas , Salmonella , Serogrupo , Verduras , Verduras/microbiología , Frutas/microbiología , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella/genética , Prevalencia , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Microbiología de Alimentos

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Introduction: In recent years, the incidence of measles in China has consistently remained below 1 per 100,000 population, yet the disease has not been eliminated. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles from 2005 to 2022, identify high-risk populations and areas, and propose targeted interventions. Methods: We utilized data from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System for our comprehensive analysis. Spatial autocorrelation was employed to examine the spatial clustering of measles, while spatiotemporal scanning analysis was used to detect spatiotemporal clustering to describe measles epidemiology during the study period. Results: Between 2005 and 2022, 732,218 measles cases were reported in China. Overall, the incidence of measles exhibited a downward trend, particularly during the periods of 2008-2011 and 2015-2022. In 2022, the incidence rate reached its historical low at 0.039 per 100,000 population. Measles predominantly affects young children. Since 2017, global spatial clustering has diminished, although hotspot areas persist in the western provinces. Spatial-temporal scanning identified a high-incidence cluster from 2005 to 2008, comprising 15 provinces in the western, central, and northern regions of China. Conversely, from 2016 to 2022, a low-incidence cluster was detected in the southern and central provinces. Conclusions: China has made significant progress in measles prevention and control. The recent low incidence and absence of substantial spatiotemporal clustering indicate that China is nearing measles elimination. However, there is a continuing need to enhance prevention and control efforts among very young children and in historic incidence hotspots in western provinces. Additionally, improving the diagnosis of vaccine-associated rash illnesses is essential.

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What is already known about this topic?: Since May 2022, a global outbreak of mpox has emerged in more than 100 non-endemic countries. As of December 2023, over 90,000 cases had been reported. The outbreak has predominantly affected men who have sex with men (MSM), with sexual contact identified as the principal mode of transmission. What is added by this report?: Since June 2023, China has faced an occurrence of mpox, predominantly affecting the MSM population. Approximately 90% of those affected reported engaging in homosexual behavior within 21 days prior to symptom onset, a trend that aligns with the global outbreak pattern. The prompt identification of cases, diligent tracing of close contacts, and the implementation of appropriate management strategies have successfully mitigated the spread of mpox virus in China. What are the implications for public health practice?: We propose that mpox is transmitted locally within China. Drawing from our experiences in controlling the virus spread, it is crucial to investigate and formulate effective surveillance and educational strategies. Importantly, we must encourage high-risk populations to promptly seek medical care upon the onset of symptoms.

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This study aimed to understand the epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella in Tibetan pigs. We isolated, identified, and examined via antimicrobial susceptibility testing on Salmonella from Tibetan pigs breeder farms and slaughterhouses in Tibet, China. A genetic evolutionary tree was constructed on the basis of whole genome sequencing (WGS). A total of 81 Salmonella isolates were isolated from 987 samples. The main serovars were Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella London in Tibetan pigs. The isolated Salmonella Typhimurium isolates subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed varying degrees of resistance to ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and amphenicols. WGS analysis was performed on 20 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates in Tibet (n = 10), Jiangsu (n = 10), and 205 genome sequences downloaded from the Enterobase database to reveal their epidemiological and genetic characteristics. They were divided into two clusters based on core genome single-nucleotide polymorphisms: Cluster A with 112 isolates from Tibet and other regions in China and Cluster B with 113 isolates from Jiangsu and other regions. The isolates in Cluster A were further divided into two subclusters: A-1 with 40 isolates including Tibet and A-2 with 72 isolates from other regions. Virulence factors analysis revealed that all isolates from Tibet carried adeG, but this observation was not as common in Salmonella isolates from Jiangsu and other regions of China. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) analysis showed that all isolates from Tibet carried blaTEM-55 and rmtB, which were absent in Salmonella isolates from Jiangsu and other regions of China. Genetic characteristic analysis and biofilm determination indicated that the biofilm formation capabilities of the isolates from Tibet were stronger than those of the isolates from Jiangsu and other regions of China. Our research revealed the epidemic patterns and genomic characteristics of Salmonella in Tibetan pigs and provided theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of local salmonellosis.

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Antibacterianos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Salmonelosis Animal , Salmonella , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Tibet/epidemiología , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella/clasificación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Filogenia , Salmonella typhimurium/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella typhimurium/aislamiento & purificación , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Genoma Bacteriano

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BACKGROUND: Melanocytic nevi typically appear in early childhood, and their removal is a common plastic surgery procedure performed on children. However, the epidemiological characteristics and hospitalization burden of children with melanocytic nevi have rarely been described in detail. METHODS: Medical records of pediatric inpatients with melanocytic nevi from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2021, were collected from the Futang Research Center of Pediatric Development database in China. We then extracted and statistically analyzed the relevant information, including demographic characteristics, clinical information, hospitalization burden, and other basic information for each inpatient. RESULTS: Among the 13,396 inpatients with melanocytic nevi, the highest number of cases was found in East China, and most patients were residents of urban areas. Most hospitalized patients consisted of boys aged 7-12 years with melanocytic nevi. Lesion sites in the buttocks and lower limbs were most common among pediatric inpatients with melanocytic nevi. Compound nevi were the most common (38.50 %) histological subtype and the rate of conversion into melanoma was 1.02 % (137 inpatients) among pediatric inpatients with melanocytic nevi. The hospitalization burden for patients varied significantly based on factors such as the age of the patients undergoing surgery, year of hospitalization, site of the lesion, histological subtype, and surgical method. In general, if the patients' age was under 1 year, lesion site was located in face, and there was a need for excision combined with tissue expander can significantly increase the treatment fees for pediatric inpatients with melanocytic nevi. CONCLUSION: Given the increasing number and relatively large hospitalization burden among children with melanocytic nevi hospitalized in China, the government needs to pay more attention to this group and provide corresponding economic and policy support.

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Hospitalización , Nevo Pigmentado , Neoplasias Cutáneas , Humanos , Niño , Nevo Pigmentado/epidemiología , Nevo Pigmentado/cirugía , Nevo Pigmentado/patología , Masculino , China/epidemiología , Femenino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitalización/economía , Neoplasias Cutáneas/epidemiología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/terapia , Neoplasias Cutáneas/cirugía , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/economía , Preescolar , Lactante , Adolescente , Costo de Enfermedad , Pacientes Internos/estadística & datos numéricos , Recién Nacido

RESUMEN

Background: Despite improvements in management, infective endocarditis (IE) is still associated with high mortality and morbidity. The outcome of patients with IE remains unclear in high-altitude areas of China. To characterize the epidemiological features and surgical outcomes, a retrospective analysis was conducted to 221 patients diagnosed with IE from a single center. In addition, to assess the prognosis of patients, a multivariate logistic regression model was performed to analyze the affecting risk factors. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 221 patients with IE who underwent surgical treatment at the Department of Cardiac Surgery of Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University from January 2013 to December 2019. The analysis evaluated patient demographics, pathogenic bacterial composition, echocardiography results, and surgical treatment outcomes. After a 1-year follow-up period, the mortality rate was statistically analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups based on their survival status: those who survived and those who did not. Relevant factors were compared between the two groups, and a multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors that affect the prognosis of patients with IE. Results: Out of the 221 patients diagnosed with IE, 164 were male and 57 were female, with an average age of 39.25±14.36 years. The most common underlying heart diseases were bicuspid aortic valve disease (24.9%), congenital heart disease (19.5%), rupture of aortic sinus aneurysm (5.0%) and rheumatic valvular disease (2.3%). The blood culture had a positive rate of 48.42% (107/221), with Streptococcus viridans (29.9%) and Streptococcus haematoides (13.1%) being the main specifically pathogenic bacteria identified. Transthoracic echocardiography produced positive results in 89.6% (198/221) of cases. The findings included vegetation formation (100%), valve perforation or tear (21.7%), and perivalvular abscess formation (5.6%). Out of the patients, 174 underwent elective surgery, 47 received emergency surgery, and 11 died within 1 year after surgery, resulting in a mortality rate of 5.0%. However, the death group had longer operation time, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time and higher EuroSCORE II compared to the non-death group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified preoperative hematocrit decrease, prolonged operation time and CPB time, high New York Heart Association (NYHA) cardiac function grade, and liver diseases as risk factors for 1-year mortality in patients with IE (OR =1.003, 0.000, 1.006, 1.026, 1.624 and 4.746). Conclusions: IE primarily affects young and middle-aged men with rheumatic heart valvular disease as the main underlying heart disease and Streptococcus viridans as the main pathogen. Surgical intervention significantly reduces early mortality in IE patients. To improve postoperative prognosis, clinicians should remain vigilant, especially in high-risk groups with preoperative hematocrit, prolonged operation time, and CPB time, high NYHA cardiac function grade, EuroSCORE II, and vegetation formation.

RESUMEN

Background: Emerging infectious diseases pose a significant threat to global public health. Timely detection and response are crucial in mitigating the spread of such epidemics. Inferring the onset time and epidemiological characteristics is vital for accelerating early interventions, but accurately predicting these parameters in the early stages remains challenging. Methods: We introduce a Bayesian inference method to fit epidemic models to time series data based on state-space modeling, employing a stochastic Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model for transmission dynamics analysis. Our approach uses the particle Markov chain Monte Carlo (PMCMC) method to estimate key epidemiological parameters, including the onset time, the transmission rate, and the recovery rate. The PMCMC algorithm integrates the advantageous aspects of both MCMC and particle filtering methodologies to yield a computationally feasible and effective means of approximating the likelihood function, especially when it is computationally intractable. Results: To validate the proposed method, we conduct case studies on COVID-19 outbreaks in Wuhan, Shanghai and Nanjing, China, respectively. Using early-stage case reports, the PMCMC algorithm accurately predicted the onset time, key epidemiological parameters, and the basic reproduction number. These findings are consistent with empirical studies and the literature. Conclusion: This study presents a robust Bayesian inference method for the timely investigation of emerging infectious diseases. By accurately estimating the onset time and essential epidemiological parameters, our approach is versatile and efficient, extending its utility beyond COVID-19.

Asunto(s)

Algoritmos , Teorema de Bayes , COVID-19 , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes , Cadenas de Markov , Humanos , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/transmisión , China/epidemiología , Método de Montecarlo , SARS-CoV-2 , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Tiempo , Modelos Epidemiológicos

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a pressing public health issue, posing a significant threat to individuals' well-being and lives. This study delves into the TB incidence in Chinese mainland during 2014-2021, aiming to gain deeper insights into their epidemiological characteristics and explore macro-level factors to enhance control and prevention. METHODS: TB incidence data in Chinese mainland from 2014 to 2021 were sourced from the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System (NNDRS). A two-stage distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was constructed to evaluate the lag and non-linearity of daily average temperature (℃, Atemp), average relative humidity (%, ARH), average wind speed (m/s, AWS), sunshine duration (h, SD) and precipitation (mm, PRE) on the TB incidence. A spatial panel data model was used to assess the impact of demographic, medical and health resource, and economic factors on TB incidence. RESULTS: A total of 6,587,439 TB cases were reported in Chinese mainland during 2014-2021, with an average annual incidence rate of 59.17/100,000. The TB incidence decreased from 67.05/100,000 in 2014 to 46.40/100,000 in 2021, notably declining from 2018 to 2021 (APC = -8.87%, 95% CI: -11.97, -6.85%). TB incidence rates were higher among males, farmers, and individuals aged 65 years and older. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed a significant cluster in Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Xizang from March 2017 to June 2019 (RR = 3.94, P < 0.001). From 2014 to 2021, the proportion of etiologically confirmed cases increased from 31.31% to 56.98%, and the time interval from TB onset to diagnosis shortened from 26 days (IQR: 10-56 days) to 19 days (IQR: 7-44 days). Specific meteorological conditions, including low temperature (< 16.69℃), high relative humidity (> 71.73%), low sunshine duration (< 6.18 h) increased the risk of TB incidence, while extreme low wind speed (< 2.79 m/s) decreased the risk. The spatial Durbin model showed positive associations between TB incidence rates and sex ratio (ß = 1.98), number of beds in medical and health institutions per 10,000 population (ß = 0.90), and total health expenses (ß = 0.55). There were negative associations between TB incidence rates and population (ß = -1.14), population density (ß = -0.19), urbanization rate (ß = -0.62), number of medical and health institutions (ß = -0.23), and number of health technicians per 10,000 population (ß = -0.70). CONCLUSIONS: Significant progress has been made in TB control and prevention in China, but challenges persist among some populations and areas. Varied relationships were observed between TB incidence and factors from meteorological, demographic, medical and health resource, and economic aspects. These findings underscore the importance of ongoing efforts to strengthen TB control and implement digital/intelligent surveillance for early risk detection and comprehensive interventions.

Asunto(s)

Tuberculosis , Humanos , Incidencia , China/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/prevención & control , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Anciano , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Factores de Riesgo , Pueblos del Este de Asia

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical and molecular epidemiological characteristics of blaIMP-4-carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae in a tertiary hospital in China. METHODS: Ten carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) isolates carrying the blaIMP-4 gene were collected. Molecular characteristics were analysed using whole-genome sequencing. Plasmid conjugation experiments were used to analyse conjugation of the plasmids. We compared and analysed K. pneumoniae-carrying blaIMP-4 genomic datasets obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with the strains in this study. RESULTS: All 10 CRKP isolates carrying blaIMP-4 were collected from 10 adult patients in the respiratory intensive care unit. These strains were only sensitive to polymyxins and tigecycline due to them simultaneously carrying multiple resistance genes, namely blaOKP-A-5, fosA, oqxA, and oqxB. Notably, R29 harboured two carbapenemase genes (blaNDM-1 and blaIMP-4). These strains had similar drug-resistant phenotypes and genes, all belonging to sequence type (ST)196. Additionally, the patients had experienced spatiotemporal intersection during hospitalization, suggesting that these strains underwent clonal transmission, but they belonged to different clonal clusters from the blaIMP-4-positive K. pneumoniae currently published in the NCBI. Among the 10 strains, blaIMP-4 was located on the IncN plasmid, and six strains had successfully transferred the plasmid to the recipient strain EC600 through plasmid conjugation. CONCLUSIONS: The blaIMP-4-positive ST196 CRKP isolate showed clonal distribution in the respiratory intensive care unit, which was mediated by the IncN plasmid. Consequently, there should be increased monitoring of carbapenem-resistant strains in clinical settings to prevent and control its transmission.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Infecciones por Klebsiella , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Plásmidos , beta-Lactamasas , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Plásmidos/genética , beta-Lactamasas/genética , China , Infecciones por Klebsiella/microbiología , Infecciones por Klebsiella/transmisión , Masculino , Femenino , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Anciano , Adulto , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Epidemiología Molecular , Carbapenémicos/farmacología , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Conjugación Genética

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The incidence of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) is rising rapidly worldwide. However, there are few reports on these heterogeneous diseases in China. Our study aimed to explore the epidemiological characteristics of NENs in Beijing. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using population-based cancer surveillance data in Beijing, China. All data were extracted from the Beijing Cancer Registry with incidence dates from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2018; the follow-up period was through 31 December 2021. Segi's world standard population was used to estimate the age-standardized rate. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: From 1998 to 2018, the incidence of NENs in Beijing initially showed a significant increasing trend, from 1.07/100,000 to 3.53/100,000; this began to plateau after 2013. The age-specific incidence rate increased with age and peaked in the age group 70-74 years. The incidence in men was significantly higher than that in women (4.41/100,000 vs. 1.69/100,000). The most common sites of NENs were the lung (2.38/100,000) and rectum (0.14/100,000). Most NENs were diagnosed at a late stage. We found that NENs originating from the lung had worse overall survival than extrapulmonary NENs, and male patients had worse survival than female patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study retrospectively analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of NENs in Beijing from 1998 to 2018. Our findings provide a reference regarding the epidemiological statistics of NENs in Beijing to contribute to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these specific tumors.

Asunto(s)

Tumores Neuroendocrinos , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Beijing/epidemiología , Anciano , Tumores Neuroendocrinos/epidemiología , Incidencia , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Sistema de Registros , Adolescente , Niño

RESUMEN

COVID-19 has been massively transmitted for almost 3 years, and its multiple variants have caused serious health problems and an economic crisis. Our goal was to identify the influencing factors that reduce the threshold of disease transmission and to analyze the epidemiological patterns of COVID-19. This study served as an early assessment of the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 using the MaxEnt species distribution algorithm using the maximum entropy model. The transmission of COVID-19 was evaluated based on human factors and environmental variables, including climate, terrain and vegetation, along with COVID-19 daily confirmed case location data. The results of the SDM model indicate that population density was the major factor influencing the spread of COVID-19. Altitude, land cover and climatic factor showed low impact. We identified a set of practical, high-resolution, multi-factor-based maximum entropy ecological niche risk prediction systems to assess the transmission risk of the COVID-19 epidemic globally. This study provided a comprehensive analysis of various factors influencing the transmission of COVID-19, incorporating both human and environmental variables. These findings emphasize the role of different types of influencing variables in disease transmission, which could have implications for global health regulations and preparedness strategies for future outbreaks.

Asunto(s)

COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/transmisión , COVID-19/epidemiología , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Ecosistema , Clima , Salud Global , Algoritmos , Densidad de Población , Geografía