RESUMEN

Key Clinical Message: Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis tends to occur in immunocompromised patients, including COVID-19 infection. For high-risk populations, timely tissue biopsy, fungal culture, and susceptibility testing can facilitate early diagnosis and treatment, thereby improving the prognosis. Abstract: While endogenous fungal endophthalmitis is a rare condition, its incidence has recently been on the rise. A 48-year-old male presented with complaints of acute visual loss in his right eye for 2 weeks. He had a history of COVID-19 infection, confirmed by a positive nucleic acid test, and was treated with intravenous antibiotics and glucocorticoids a week before the episode. A comprehensive eye examination revealed significant inflammatory cells floating in the anterior chamber and considerable cloudiness in the vitreous of the right eye, while few vitreous cells were visualized in the left eye. After pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was performed in the right eye, a vitreous biopsy revealed an intravitreal infection of Candida albicans, which was susceptible to fluconazole. Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis occurs in patients with various underlying systemic conditions, such as those with diabetes, organ transplantation recipients, individuals undergoing chemotherapy, users of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, AIDS patients, and those engaged in intravenous drug use. In high-risk populations associated with intravenous antibiotics, the timely identification of one or more well-defined oval yellow-white chorioretinal lesions, especially in the posterior pole of the retina, can contribute to an early diagnosis through tissue biopsy, fungal culture, and susceptibility testing. This approach enables targeted antifungal therapy, thereby improving the prognosis of visual function for the patient.

RESUMEN

A 61-year-old woman presented to our clinic with complaints of decreased visual acuity, pain, and redness in her left eye. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 in the right eye and counting fingers at 3 meters in the left eye. On slit-lamp examination, 1+ cells were detected in the anterior chamber. Fundus examination revealed 1+ haze in the vitreous and multiple creamy-whitish lesions in the retina and vitreous. Her history included a diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) one month earlier, for which she was hospitalized in the intensive care unit for 20 days and received systemic corticosteroid treatment. Vitreous culture yielded Candida albicans. The patient's nasopharyngeal swab sample was positive for COVID-19 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test. BCVA was improved to 20/40 after amphotericin therapy (via intravitreal injection and intravenous routes), and the vitritis and chorioretinitis lesion regressed after 2 weeks of treatment. Two weeks later, intravenous amphotericin was discontinued and oral fluconazole treatment was started at a dose of 400 mg/day. At 3-month follow-up, her BCVA was 20/25 and no inflammatory reaction was observed in the anterior chamber and vitreous.

Asunto(s)

COVID-19 , Endoftalmitis , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Cuidados Críticos , Endoftalmitis/diagnóstico , Endoftalmitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Endoftalmitis/etiología , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/diagnóstico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Esteroides

Asunto(s)

Candidiasis , Endoftalmitis , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo , Candida , Candidiasis/diagnóstico , Endoftalmitis/diagnóstico , Humanos , Retina

RESUMEN

Endogenous Endophthalmitis (EE) is a rare cause of blindness in the pediatric age group and this may account for the paucity of management guidelines in the literature. In this report, we describe our experience with a 10-year-old immunocompetent female who developed EE and became blind because of rapidly progressive and destructive inflammatory changes in her eye in spite of seemingly timely treatment.

Asunto(s)

Endoftalmitis , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo , Ceguera , Niño , Endoftalmitis/diagnóstico , Endoftalmitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/diagnóstico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Hongos , Humanos

RESUMEN

AIM: To analyze the risk factors, ophthalmological features, treatment modalities and their effect on the visual outcome in patients with endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EFE). METHODS: Data retrieved from the medical files included age at presentation to the uveitis clinic, gender, ocular symptoms and their duration before presentation, history of fever, eye affected, anatomical diagnosis and laboratory evidence of fungal infection. Medical therapy recorded included systemic antifungal therapy and its duration, use of intravitreal antifungal agents and use of oral/intravitreal steroids. Surgical procedures and the data of ophthalmologic examination at presentation and at last follow-up were also collected. RESULTS: Included were 13 patients (20 eyes, mean age 58y). Ten patients presented after gastrointestinal or urological interventions and two presented after organ transplantation. In one patient, there was no history of previous intervention. Diagnostic vitrectomy was performed in 16 eyes (80%) and vitreous cultures were positive in 10 of the vitrectomized eyes (62.5%). In only 4 patients (31%), blood cultures were positive. All patients received systemic antifungal therapy. Sixteen eyes (80%) received intravitreal antifungal agent with voriconazole being the most commonly used. Visual acuity (VA) improved from 0.9±0.9 at initial exam to 0.5±0.8 logMAR at last follow-up (P=0.03). A trend of greater visual improvement was noted in favor of eyes treated with oral steroids (±intravitreal dexamethasone) than eyes that were not treated with steroids. The most common complication was maculopathy. Twelve eyes (60%) showed no ocular complications. CONCLUSION: High index of suspicion in patients with inciting risk factors is essential because of the low yield of blood cultures and the good general condition of patients at presentation. Visual prognosis is improved with the prompt institution of systemic and intravitreal pharmacotherapy and the immediate surgical intervention. Oral±local steroids could be considered in cases of prolonged or marked inflammatory responses in order to hasten control of inflammation and limit ocular complications.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EFE) is a critical complication of candidemia. We conducted a study to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for EFE. METHODS: Adult candidemia patients≥19years who underwent an ophthalmological examination at a tertiary care hospital in the Republic of Korea from 2006 to 2018 were enrolled. RESULTS: There was a total of 152 adult candidemia patients analyzed. EFE was found in 29 patients (19.1%). Patients were categorized into two groups (Non-endophthalmitis [NE] and endophthalmitis [E]). Between the two groups, there was no significant difference in terms of age, sex, and underlying comorbidities. However, there were more Candida albicans candidemia, abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at the time of candidemia diagnosis, receipt of antifungal treatment≥48hours after onset of candidemia symptoms and blood culture sample (AOCS), and candidemia clearance≥5days after initiation of antifungal treatment (AIAT) in the E group. A predictive model for the E was created, which had an area of 0.811 under the receiver operating characteristics curve. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, C. albicans candidemia, ALT at the time of candidemia diagnosis, receipt of antifungal treatment≥48hours AOCS, and candidemia clearance≥5days AIAT were significantly associated with EFE. CONCLUSION: EFE occurred in 19% of adult patients with candidemia. Adult candidemia patients with C. albicans candidemia, abnormal ALT, receipt of antifungal treatment≥48hours AOCS, and candidemia clearance≥5days AIAT need to be closely monitored for the possibility of EFE.

Asunto(s)

Candidemia/epidemiología , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/epidemiología , Centros de Atención Terciaria/estadística & datos numéricos , Anciano , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Candidemia/complicaciones , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , República de Corea , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: A variety of findings can be obtained from enucleated eyes, which provide the ophthalmologist with information with respect to the effectiveness, improvement options and of course also the possible complications of surgical interventions. Representative for many important findings, relevant clinical and ophthalmopathological findings are presented and discussed on the basis of three enucleated eyeballs. METHODS: Clinical histopathological correlation of three enucleated eyeballs. RESULTS: Enucleated eyeballs typically exhibit advanced changes in different tissues making it sometimes difficult to draw direct conclusions about the original surgical interventions. Nevertheless, many findings on the pathophysiology of different diseases, on wound healing and also on the surgical procedures can be deduced, as shown here in three different cases of epithelial invasion, historical retinal surgery and an endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. CONCLUSION: Each enucleated eye should be histopathologically examined and under consideration of the clinical history in order to understand the course of the disease and to use the knowledge gained for the treatment of future patients.

Asunto(s)

Endoftalmitis , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo , Endoftalmitis/etiología , Endoftalmitis/cirugía , Humanos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos , Retina , Estudios Retrospectivos , Cuerpo Vítreo

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Endogenous endophthalmitis is a serious sight-threatening disease. Common causes include immunocompromised state and intravenous drug use, permitting opportunistic pathogens to reach the eye through the blood stream. We reported a rare case of a presumed simultaneous opportunistic intraocular fungal and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Case presentation: A 67-year-old male patient with a recent history of hospitalization due to pneumonia, presented to our department with bilateral loss of vision. Ocular examination revealed low visual acuity, signs of vitritis with chorioretinal infiltrations and cotton ball colony-like lesions, bilaterally. A bilateral endogenous fungal endophthalmitis was suspected and topical and systemic antifungal treatment was initiated. Nevertheless, vitreous and blood cultures were negative for fungi and other bacteria, while serological examinations revealed primary infection with CMV. Following vitrectomy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of vitreous washings confirmed the intraocular infection with CMV. Treatment was modified, including intravenous administration of Gancyclovir. In the following days, the patient's clinical signs and visual acuity improved remarkably. Conclusions: A case of a presumed mixed fungal and CMV intraocular infection was presented. High level of suspicion with prompt diagnosis and aggressive combination treatment led to a favorable result.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/complicaciones , Citomegalovirus , Endoftalmitis/diagnóstico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/complicaciones , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones Oportunistas/complicaciones , Agudeza Visual , Anciano , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/virología , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/diagnóstico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/microbiología , Humanos , Masculino , Infecciones Oportunistas/diagnóstico

RESUMEN

Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EFE) caused by disseminated fusariosis is a rare condition that generally has a poor outcome, even with intensive therapy. Here, we describe a case in which this type of EFE was diagnosed with vitreous sampling and was successfully treated with 25-gauge vitrectomy and antifungals, including liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole. A 16-year-old male patient undergoing treatment for acute myeloid leukemia complained of eye pain and blurred vision in his right eye. Treatment was initiated for a vitreous opacity, possibly associated with herpetic retinitis, but the patient worsened and he was referred to us. Right-eye visual acuity was limited to light perception. We suspected endogenous endophthalmitis and performed 25-gauge vitrectomy with antibiotic perfusion of ceftazidime, vancomycin, and voriconazole. Vitreous culturing revealed the presence of Fusarium solani species complex, and enhanced computed tomography revealed disseminated fusariosis lesions in the lung, spleen, and the soft tissue of the left upper arm. The patient received antifungal treatment with liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole, and these conditions were eliminated. Visual acuity recovered to 20/400 after additional vitrectomy for tractional retinal detachment and was maintained at this level during the 6-month follow-up period. The success of our treatment allowed the capture of optical coherence tomography images of the retina during fusarium-associated endogenous endophthalmitis and the follow-up period. Furthermore, this case showed that immediate vitrectomy for suspected EFE and intensive treatment can lead to a good clinical outcome.

Asunto(s)

Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Endoftalmitis/diagnóstico , Endoftalmitis/terapia , Fusariosis/diagnóstico , Fusariosis/terapia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/complicaciones , Vitrectomía , Adolescente , Anfotericina B/administración & dosificación , Dermatomicosis/diagnóstico , Dermatomicosis/patología , Endoftalmitis/patología , Fusariosis/patología , Fusarium/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Pulmonares Fúngicas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Pulmonares Fúngicas/patología , Masculino , Enfermedades del Bazo/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Bazo/patología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Voriconazol/administración & dosificación

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: To report the outcomes of primary transconjunctival 23-gauge (23-G) vitrectomy in the diagnosis and treatment of presumed endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EFE). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients with EFE who underwent diagnostic transconjunctival 23-G vitrectomy at a tertiary referral center. RESULTS: Nineteen eyes of 15 patients with EFE were included in the study. Four patients had bilateral and 11 patients unilateral disease. Sixteen eyes of 15 patients underwent 23-G vitrectomy to confirm the diagnosis using vitreous culture, polymerase chain reaction, and histopathologic examinations. All affected eyes were treated with intravitreal amphotericin B 5 µg/0.1 mL. Fourteen patients received additional systemic antifungal therapy. Diagnostic 23-G vitrectomy confirmed the diagnosis of EFE in 75% of the eyes (12/16). Candida was found to be a causative agent in 62.5% and Aspergillus in 12.5% of the eyes. Retinal detachment was the most common complication (42% of eyes). CONCLUSIONS: EFE can be easily confirmed using primary 23-G vitrectomy.

Asunto(s)

Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Aspergilosis , Candidiasis , Endoftalmitis , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo , Vitrectomía/métodos , Cuerpo Vítreo/microbiología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Aspergilosis/diagnóstico , Aspergilosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Aspergilosis/microbiología , Candidiasis/diagnóstico , Candidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Candidiasis/microbiología , Conjuntiva , Endoftalmitis/diagnóstico , Endoftalmitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Endoftalmitis/microbiología , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/diagnóstico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/microbiología , Femenino , Hongos/genética , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Inyecciones Intravítreas , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Estudios Retrospectivos , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Resultado del Tratamiento , Agudeza Visual

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: To determine the clinical features, fungal profiles, treatment outcomes, and factors that are significantly associated with the visual outcomes of eyes with endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EFE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The medical records of 17 eyes of 9 patients diagnosed with EFE during January 2005 to December 2013 were reviewed. The collected data included patient characteristics, visual acuities (VAs), length between appearance of the first sign of infection and the first ophthalmic examinations, fungal profiles, and treatment regimen. The main outcome measure was the VA. Statistical analyses were done to detect the factors significantly associated with the visual prognosis. RESULTS: The median age at presentation was 67 years. Seven patients had Candida albicans, and 2 had Candida tropicalis. Eight patients received intravenous fosfluconazole, 4 systemic micafungin, 4 oral itraconazole, and 2 intravenous voriconazole. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of fluconazole against Candida albicans isolated from 5 patients ranged from 0.25 to 1.0 µg/mL. A final VA of ≥20/200 was achieved in 69.2% of the eyes. Multiple regression analysis (r(2) = 0.695) detected both initial logMAR (the Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) VA (P = 0.0067) and longer length between onset of symptoms and the first ophthalmic examinations (P = 0.0491) as significant worsen factors for final logMAR VA. CONCLUSIONS: Early ophthalmic consultation, better initial visual acuity, and use of effective systemic antifungal treatment might lead to relatively good visual outcomes in EFE.

Asunto(s)

Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Candidiasis/epidemiología , Candidiasis/fisiopatología , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/epidemiología , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/fisiopatología , Adulto , Anciano , Candidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tiempo de Tratamiento , Resultado del Tratamiento , Agudeza Visual

RESUMEN

This study analyzed the recent causes, prognosis, and treatment strategies for fungal endophthalmitis. A retrospective review of patients who were diagnosed with fungal endophthalmitis at our center was conducted. The fungal organisms isolated from each patient and the visual prognosis according to the route of infection and treatment method were analyzed. A total of 40 eyes from 30 patients with fungal endophthalmitis were included in this study. Candida species were the most common causative organisms in 35 of 40 eyes. Endogenous and exogenous endophthalmitis were observed in 33 and 7 eyes, respectively. Pre- and post-treatment best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was not significantly different between endogenous endophthalmitis and exogenous endophthalmitis. The 40 eyes were treated using the following modalities: intravitreal antifungal agent injection with intravenous antifungal agent (16 eyes), vitrectomy with intravenous antifungal agent (14 eyes), intravenous antifungal agent alone (9 eyes), and evisceration (1 eye). Post-treatment BCVA only significantly improved after treatment in the vitrectomy group. Candida species were the most common cause of fungal endophthalmitis, irrespective of the route of infection. The visual prognosis of fungal endophthalmitis was generally poor. In conclusion, if the general condition of the patient tolerates a surgical procedure, prompt vitrectomy and intravitreal injection of antifungal agents can improve visual acuity.

Asunto(s)

Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Candida/aislamiento & purificación , Endoftalmitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Endoftalmitis/microbiología , Vitrectomía , Aspergillus/aislamiento & purificación , Endoftalmitis/patología , Endoftalmitis/cirugía , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo , Fusarium/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Pronóstico , República de Corea , Estudios Retrospectivos , Scedosporium/aislamiento & purificación , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Agudeza Visual

RESUMEN

Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) is an uncommon but fatal fungal infection. We report a rare case of unilateral ROCM with ipsilateral central retinal artery occlusion and contralateral choroiditis, which later progressed to endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. The patient was successfully treated with sinuses debridement, systemic liposomal amphotericin B, and intravitreal amphotericin B. The endophthalmitis completely resolved with good vision, but the ROCM eye remained blind due to central retinal artery occlusion.

RESUMEN

This study analyzed the recent causes, prognosis, and treatment strategies for fungal endophthalmitis. A retrospective review of patients who were diagnosed with fungal endophthalmitis at our center was conducted. The fungal organisms isolated from each patient and the visual prognosis according to the route of infection and treatment method were analyzed. A total of 40 eyes from 30 patients with fungal endophthalmitis were included in this study. Candida species were the most common causative organisms in 35 of 40 eyes. Endogenous and exogenous endophthalmitis were observed in 33 and 7 eyes, respectively. Pre- and post-treatment best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was not significantly different between endogenous endophthalmitis and exogenous endophthalmitis. The 40 eyes were treated using the following modalities: intravitreal antifungal agent injection with intravenous antifungal agent (16 eyes), vitrectomy with intravenous antifungal agent (14 eyes), intravenous antifungal agent alone (9 eyes), and evisceration (1 eye). Post-treatment BCVA only significantly improved after treatment in the vitrectomy group. Candida species were the most common cause of fungal endophthalmitis, irrespective of the route of infection. The visual prognosis of fungal endophthalmitis was generally poor. In conclusion, if the general condition of the patient tolerates a surgical procedure, prompt vitrectomy and intravitreal injection of antifungal agents can improve visual acuity.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Aspergillus/aislamiento & purificación , Candida/aislamiento & purificación , Endoftalmitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Ojo , Fusarium/aislamiento & purificación , Pronóstico , República de Corea , Estudios Retrospectivos , Scedosporium/aislamiento & purificación , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Agudeza Visual , Vitrectomía

RESUMEN

We present a case of a confirmed Candida albicans endogenous endophthalmitis in a 35-year-old diabetic white female patient with a long standing history of severe chronic vaginal C. albicans infection. The patient had recently undergone ureteric stenting and received intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics for renal stones complicated by urinary sepsis. Pan-fungal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of vitreous aspirate confirmed the presence of C. albicans. Samples showed no microbial growth.