RESUMEN
Ecological Interface Design (EID) is a framework for developing dynamic interfaces that support operators to understand and take appropriate actions within highly-complex systems. This two-part study involved the development and evaluation of a novel EID-based static aviation risk management display. A within-subjects survey-based experiment employed measures of decision accuracy, situation awareness, user workload, usability, and user perceptions. Results from 23 participants showed that when compared to a risk interface utilised by a large aviation company, the EID display achieved higher usability and lower workload ratings with large effect sizes, with no differences in decision accuracy and situation awareness. The findings provide evidence that the EID framework can improve upon static traditional displays. Research contributions also include a novel model of an aviation ground operations system and an example application of EID to the development of a static display. Further research is necessary to identify the extent of the applications and benefits to static displays.
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Aviación , Interfaz Usuario-Computador , Concienciación , Humanos , Gestión de RiesgosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To gain a deeper understanding of the information requirements of clinicians conducting neonatal resuscitation in the first 10 min after birth. BACKGROUND: During the resuscitation of a newborn infant in the first minutes after birth, clinicians must monitor crucial physiological adjustments that are relatively unobservable, unpredictable, and highly variable. Clinicians' access to information regarding the physiological status of the infant is also crucial to determining which interventions are most appropriate. To design displays to support clinicians during newborn resuscitation, we must first carefully consider the information requirements. METHODS: We conducted a work domain analysis (WDA) for the neonatal transition in the first 10 min after birth. We split the work domain into two 'subdomains'; the physiology of the neonatal transition, and the clinical resources supporting the neonatal transition. A WDA can reveal information requirements that are not yet supported by resources. RESULTS: The physiological WDA acted as a conceptual tool to model the exact processes and functions that clinicians must monitor and potentially support during the neonatal transition. Importantly, the clinical resources WDA revealed several capabilities and limitations of the physical objects in the work domain-ultimately revealing which physiological functions currently have no existing sensor to provide clinicians with information regarding their status. CONCLUSION: We propose two potential approaches to improving the clinician's information environment: (1) developing new sensors for the information we lack, and (2) employing principles of ecological interface design to present currently available information to the clinician in a more effective way.
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Resucitación , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Monitoreo FisiológicoRESUMEN
Five computer network Defence displays (one Alphanumeric and four graphical displays: Radial Traffic Analyser, Bar Graph, Cube, and Treemap) were evaluated. Two experiments were conducted using different methodological procedures. Participants responded to questions that were structured to approximate various ways in which analysts might need to consider network traffic. Numerous significant effects were obtained and a fairly clear rank ordering of performance for the four graphical displays was obtained across experiments (from best to worst): Bar Graph, Cube, Radial Traffic Analyser, and Treemap. The results are interpreted from the perspective of ecological interface design: the quality of performance is directly related to the quality of semantic mapping between work domain, display, and human constraints. Factors that may have contributed to the poor performance for the Radial Traffic Analyser and Treemap displays are discussed. General implications for display and interface design are provided. Practitioner summary: Proposed displays for computer network Defence are evaluated; the results are interpreted from the perspective of ecological interface design. The associated design principles are applicable to all analogical graphical displays. Abbreviation: CND: cyber network defence; CSE: cognitive systems engineering; EID: ecological interface design; ICMP: internet control message protocol; IP: internet protocol; RTA: radial traffic analyzer; TCP: transmission control protocol; UDP: user datagram protocol.
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Gráficos por Computador , Seguridad Computacional , Presentación de Datos , Diseño de Equipo , Semántica , Interfaz Usuario-Computador , Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective is to provide a review of ecological interface design (EID), to illustrate its value to human factors/ergonomics, and to identify areas for future research and development. BACKGROUND: EID uses mature interface technologies to provide decision making and problem solving support. A variety of theoretical concepts and analytical tools have been developed to meet the associated challenges. EID provides support that is simultaneously grounded in the practical realities of a work domain and tailored to human capabilities and limitations. METHOD: EID's theoretical foundation is discussed briefly. Concrete examples of ecological and traditional interfaces are provided. Different categories of work domains are described, as well as the associated implications for interface design. A targeted literature review is conducted and the experimental outcomes are summarized. A representative evaluation is discussed, and interpretations of performance are provided. RESULTS: The evidence reveals that EID has been remarkably successful in significantly improving performance for work domains with constraints that are law driven (e.g., process control). In contrast, work domains that are intent-driven (e.g., information retrieval) have, by and large, been ignored. Also, few studies have addressed nonvisual displays. CONCLUSION: EID has not yet realized its potential to improve safety and efficiency across the entire continuum of work domains. APPLICATION: EID provides a single integrated framework that is (a) sufficiently comprehensive to deal with complicated work domains and (b) capable of producing innovative support that will generalize to actual work settings.
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Sistemas de Apoyo a Decisiones Administrativas , Ergonomía , Interfaz Usuario-Computador , Solución de ProblemasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to replicate and extend population stereotypes from a broad range of users for display-control relations of common interfaces using pictures/images of the objects. BACKGROUND: Population stereotypes for display-control configurations refer to people's tendencies to associate certain control actions with display properties. An interface will benefit by being designed in a manner that is consistent with the stereotypes. The stimuli used in the present study include conceptual replications of objects that have been examined previously and new ones. METHOD: An online survey was designed to collect data about participants' natural response tendencies or interpretations of the meaning associated with objects, representations, and colors. Participants were obtained through MTurk from the United States, India, and UK. RESULTS: We replicated 76% and partially replicated an additional 16% of the stereotypic responses found in prior studies. Considering the full data set, we found stereotypic responses for 62% of the stimuli that are consistent across the three countries in which the participants were located, although the strength of these stereotypes may differ by location. For the remaining 38% of the stimuli, population stereotypes still emerged for some locations. Few gender differences were found. CONCLUSION: Cross-cultural stereotypic responses exist for many objects, representations, and display-control configurations. However, because stereotypes can be limited to specific regions or change over time, we recommend that they be captured periodically to ensure design guidelines based on the stereotypes remain valid. APPLICATION: Designers can use the stereotypic responses to guide design decisions.
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Presentación de Datos , Estereotipo , Adolescente , Adulto , Comparación Transcultural , Ergonomía , Femenino , Humanos , India , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ocupaciones , Factores Sexuales , Reino Unido , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We tested whether enhanced sonifications would improve participants' ability to judge the oxygen saturation levels (SpO2) of simulated neonates in the first 10 min after birth. BACKGROUND: During the resuscitation of a newborn infant, clinicians must keep the neonate's SpO2 levels within the target range, however the boundaries for the target range change each minute during the first 10 min after birth. Resuscitation places significant demand on the clinician's visual attention, and the pulse oximeter's sonification could provide eyes-free monitoring. However, clinicians have difficulty judging SpO2 levels using the current sonification. METHOD: In two experiments, nonclinicians' ability to detect SpO2 range and direction-while performing continuous arithmetic problems-was tested with enhanced versus conventional sonifications. In Experiment 1, tremolo signaled when SpO2 had deviated below or above the target range. In Experiment 2, tremolo plus brightness signaled when SpO2 was above target range, and tremolo alone when SpO2 was below target range. RESULTS: The tremolo sonification improved range identification accuracy over the conventional display (81% vs. 63%, p < .001). The tremolo plus brightness sonification further improved range identification accuracy over the conventional display (92% vs. 62%, p <.001). In both experiments, there was no difference across conditions in arithmetic task accuracy ( p >.05). CONCLUSION: Using the enhanced sonifications, participants identified SpO2 range more accurately despite a continuous distractor task. APPLICATION: An enhanced pulse oximetry sonification could help clinicians multitask more effectively during neonatal resuscitations.
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Monitoreo Fisiológico/instrumentación , Oximetría/instrumentación , Resucitación/instrumentación , Diseño de Equipo , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Estudios Prospectivos , Sonido , Interfaz Usuario-ComputadorRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: A prototype ecological interface for computer network defense (CND) was developed. BACKGROUND: Concerns about CND run high. Although there is a vast literature on CND, there is some indication that this research is not being translated into operational contexts. Part of the reason may be that CND has historically been treated as a strictly technical problem, rather than as a socio-technical problem. METHODS: The cognitive systems engineering (CSE)/ecological interface design (EID) framework was used in the analysis and design of the prototype interface. A brief overview of CSE/EID is provided. EID principles of design (i.e., direct perception, direct manipulation and visual momentum) are described and illustrated through concrete examples from the ecological interface. RESULTS: Key features of the ecological interface include (a) a wide variety of alternative visual displays, (b) controls that allow easy, dynamic reconfiguration of these displays, (c) visual highlighting of functionally related information across displays, (d) control mechanisms to selectively filter massive data sets, and (e) the capability for easy expansion. Cyber attacks from a well-known data set are illustrated through screen shots. CONCLUSION: CND support needs to be developed with a triadic focus (i.e., humans interacting with technology to accomplish work) if it is to be effective. Iterative design and formal evaluation is also required. The discipline of human factors has a long tradition of success on both counts; it is time that HF became fully involved in CND. APPLICATION: Direct application in supporting cyber analysts.
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Seguridad Computacional , Presentación de Datos , Diseño de Software , Interfaz Usuario-Computador , Adulto , Seguridad Computacional/normas , Presentación de Datos/normas , HumanosRESUMEN
The focus of this manuscript is on cognitive systems engineering/ecological interface design (CSE/EID) and the role that this framework may play in improving system safety. First, the decision making and problem solving literatures are reviewed with an eye towards informational needs that are required to support these activities. The utility of two of Rasmussen's analytical tools (i.e., the abstraction and aggregation hierarchies) in conducting work domain analyses to identify associated information (i.e., categories and relationships) is discussed. The importance of designing ecological displays and interfaces that span the informational categories in the abstraction hierarchy is described and concrete examples are provided. The potential role that ecological interfaces can play in providing effective decision making (i.e., preventing accidents) and problem solving (i.e., dealing with accidents) support, thereby improving the safety of our socio-technical systems, is explored.
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Técnicas de Apoyo para la Decisión , Ecología , Administración de la Seguridad/métodos , Análisis de Sistemas , Interfaz Usuario-Computador , Toma de Decisiones , HumanosRESUMEN
The central thesis of this paper is that Rasmussen framed his approach to Cognitive Systems Engineering from the perspective of a Triadic Semiotic Model. This frame became the context for integrating multiple intellectual threads including Control Theory, Information Theory, Ecological Psychology, and Gestalt Psychology into a coherent theoretical framework. The case is made that the triadic semiotic framework is essential for a complete appreciation of the constructs that were central to Rasmussen's approach: Abstraction Hierarchy, Skill-Rules-Knowledge Model, Ecological Interface Design, and Proactive Risk Management.
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Cognición , Ergonomía/métodos , Ecología , Teoría Gestáltica , Humanos , Teoría de la Información , ConocimientoRESUMEN
This article describes challenges encountered in applying Jens Rasmussen's Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) framework to the practice of energy efficiency Monitoring & Targeting (M&T). Eight theoretic issues encountered in the analysis are described with respect to Rasmussen's work and the modeling solutions we adopted. We grappled with how to usefully apply Work Domain Analysis (WDA) to analyze categories of domains with secondary purposes and no ideal grain of decomposition. This difficulty encouraged us to pursue Control Task (ConTA) and Strategies (StrA) analysis, which are under-explored as bases for interface design. In ConTA we found M&T was best represented by two interlinked work functions; one controlling energy, the other maintaining knowledge representations. From StrA, we identified a popular representation-dependent strategy and inferred information required to diagnose faults in system performance and knowledge representation. This article presents and discusses excerpts from our analysis, and outlines their application to diagnosis support tools.
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Ciencia Cognitiva/métodos , Eficiencia , Fuentes Generadoras de Energía , Ergonomía/métodos , Análisis de Sistemas , Humanos , Interfaz Usuario-ComputadorRESUMEN
Two sets of design principles for analogical visual displays, based on the concepts of emergent features and perceptual objects, are described. An interpretation of previous empirical findings for three displays (bar graph, polar graphic, alphanumeric) is provided from both perspectives. A fourth display (configural coordinate) was designed using principles of ecological interface design (i.e. direct perception). An experiment was conducted to evaluate performance (accuracy and latency of state identification) with these four displays. Numerous significant effects were obtained and a clear rank ordering of performance emerged (from best to worst): configural coordinate, bar graph, alphanumeric and polar graphic. These findings are consistent with principles of design based on emergent features; they are inconsistent with principles based on perceptual objects. Some limitations of the configural coordinate display are discussed and a redesign is provided. Practitioner Summary: Principles of ecological interface design, which emphasise the quality of very specific mappings between domain, display and observer constraints, are described; these principles are applicable to the design of all analogical graphical displays.