RESUMEN
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychoactive substance use by adolescents from public schools. This is a cross-sectional study that used a random sample of adolescents from five public schools located in a municipality in the central-west region of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil. Information on demographic, socioeconomic, and drug use was collected using self-report questionnaires. The sample consisted of 1,460 students, 716 (49%) males, aged 10-19 years (13.19±2.04 years). The prevalence of psychoactive substance use in the last month was 51% for analgesics; 48.8% for alcohol; 37.3% for tobacco; 30.8% for tranquilizers; 23.1% for marijuana; 22.6% for anabolic steroids; 21.6% for ecstasy; 15.3% for amphetamines/stimulants; 13.4% for phencyclidine; 12.9% for cocaine/crack; 12.6% for inhalants/solvents; 11.5% for opiates; 11.4% for hallucinogens; and 16.2% for other unclassified drugs. Elementary and middle school students were more likely to consume tobacco (OR = 2.306; 95%CI: 1.733-3.068; p < 0.001), and male students were more likely to consume any type of substance. We identified a high use of psychoactive substances among this study participants, with a higher prevalence among male students.
O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de uso de substâncias psicoativas por adolescentes de escolas públicas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com uma amostra aleatória de adolescentes de cinco escolas públicas localizadas em um município da zona centro-oeste da Região Metropolitada de São Paulo, Brasil. Informações sobre as características demográficas, socioeconômicas e de uso de drogas foram coletadas por meio de questionários autorreferidos. A amostra foi composta por 1.460 estudantes, sendo 716 (49%) meninos, com idade entre 10 e 19 anos (13,19±2,04 anos). A prevalência de uso de substâncias psicoativas no último mês foi de 51,0% para analgésicos; álcool 48,8%; tabaco 37,3%; tranquilizantes 30,8%; maconha 23,1%; esteroides anabolizantes 22,6%; ecstasy 21,6%; anfetaminas/estimulantes 15,3%; fenciclidina 13,4%; cocaína/crack 12,9%; inalantes/solventes 12,6%; opiáceos 11,5%; alucinógenos 11,4%; e outras drogas não classificadas 16,2%. Alunos do Ensino Fundamental foram mais propensos a consumir tabaco (OR = 2,306; IC95%: 1,733-3,068; p < 0,001), e os estudantes do sexo masculino foram mais propensos a consumir qualquer tipo de substância. Identificou-se um alto uso de substâncias psicoativas entre os participantes deste estudo, com maior prevalência entre os estudantes do sexo masculino.
El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por adolescentes de escuelas públicas brasileñas. Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado con una muestra aleatoria de adolescentes de cinco escuelas públicas, ubicadas en una ciudad de la región centro-oeste de la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. La información sobre las características demográficas, socioeconómicas y de consumo de drogas se recabó de cuestionarios autoinformados. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1.460 estudiantes; 716 (49%) de los cuales eran varones, con edades entre 10 y 19 años (13,19±2,04 años). La prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en el último mes fue: para analgésicos 51%; alcohol 48,8%; tabaco 37,3%; tranquilizantes 30,8%; marihuana 23,1%; esteroides anabólicos 22,6%; éxtasis 21,6%; anfetaminas/estimulantes 15,3%; fenciclidina 13,4%; cocaína/crack 12,9%; inhalantes/disolventes 12,6%; opiáceos 11,5%; alucinógenos 11,4%; y otras drogas no clasificadas 16,2%. Los estudiantes de primaria fueron los más propensos a consumir tabaco (OR = 2,306; IC95%: 1,733-3,068; p < 0,001), y los varones los más propensos a consumir cualquier tipo de sustancia. Se identificó un alto consumo de sustancias psicoactivas entre los participantes, con mayor prevalencia entre los estudiantes del sexo masculino.
RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Tigecycline is an antimicrobial agent, approved for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections, hospital-acquired and community-acquired pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections and anaerobic or atypical infections. OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of tigecycline in a teaching hospital and to compare data from patients who had their prescriptions audited by the hospital infection committee with those who did not have audited prescriptions. METHODS: Retrospective observational cohort study conducted at a teaching hospital from April 2012 to March 2014 including patients who received tigecycline. Demographic variables, comorbidities, microbiological findings, prescribed antibiotics and technical opinions issued by the Hospital Infection Control Service were collected. RESULTS: 71 patients were included, aged between 13 and 92 years, 63.4% were male and 56.3% were non-white. Tigecycline was the first antimicrobial choice in 19.7% (14/71) of the cases, while the use associated with other antibiotics was observed in 66.2% (45/71) of the prescriptions. mainly with meropenem (28.9%). Empirical use was performed in 69.0% of cases, after culture and the antibiogram in 31.0% and off label use in 81.7%. The microorganisms frequently identified by the culture tests were Enterococcus faecalis (17.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.7%) and Klebsiella penumoniae (11.8%). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that empirical and off label use is common in clinical practice and few prescriptions were guided by the results of the culture and the antibiogram, demonstrating the need for prescribers to evaluate the benefits/ risks of using this antibiotic, risk of resistance, adverse effects and drug interactions, in addition to cost.
INTRODUÇÃO: A tigeciclina é agente antimicrobiano, aprovada para o tratamento de infecções complicadas na pele e tecidos moles, pneumonia hospitalar e adquirida na comunidade, infecções intra-abdominal e infecções anaeróbias ou atípicas. OBJETIVO: Descrever o uso da tigeciclina em hospital de ensino e comparar dados de pacientes que tiveram suas prescrições auditadas pela comissão de infecção hospitalar com os que não tiveram prescrições auditadas. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo observacional realizado em hospital de ensino de abril de 2012 a março de 2014 incluindo pacientes que receberam tigeciclina. Foram coletadas variáveis ââdemográficas, comorbidades, achados microbiológicos, antibióticos prescritos e pareceres técnicos emitidos pelo Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 71 pacientes, com idade entre 13 e 92 anos, 63,4% eram do sexo masculino e 56,3% eram não brancos. A tigeciclina foi primeira escolha antimicrobiana em 19,7% (14/71) dos casos, enquanto o uso associado a outros antibióticos foi observado em 66,2% (45/71) das prescrições. principalmente com meropenem (28,9%). O uso empírico foi realizado em 69,0% dos casos, após cultura e o antibiograma em 31,0% e o uso off label em 81,7%. Os microrganismos frequentemente identificados pelos testes de cultura foram Enterococcus faecalis (17,6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14,7%) e Klebsiella penumoniae (11,8%). CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstrou que o uso empírico e off label é comum na prática clínica e poucas prescrições foram orientadas pelos resultados da cultura e do antibiograma, demonstrando necessidade de prescritores avaliarem os benefícios/riscos do uso desse antibiótico, risco de resistência, efeitos adversos e interações medicamentosas, além do custo.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Tigeciclina , Hospitales Universitarios , Infección Hospitalaria , Uso Fuera de lo Indicado , AntiinfecciososRESUMEN
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic pain has become an extremely prevalent disease and an ever more recurrent reason for seeking medical attention. It has been treated with opioids, opening the possibility for abuse. This study's objective was to analyze the risk profile for opioid abuse in chronic pain outpatients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 72 patients seen in an outpatient clinic of a public hospital in the period of July and August 2019. The variables analyzed were age, gender, comorbidities, drugs in use, and aspects related to pain such as intensity, anatomical location, etiology, and need to be absent from work. In addition, a questionnaire was applied to assess the risk of opioid abuse. RESULTS: The study analyzed 72 patients with chronic pain, most of whom were women (84.7%). The mean age was 52.8 years. Patients were classified into three groups according to the risk of opioid abuse: high (21%), moderate (29%) and low (50%). There was an association of increased risk with opioid use (p=0.004) and presence of depression (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: Half of the patients presented low risk for opioid abuse. Increased risk for opioid abuse is related to the presence of depression or depressive symptoms. No relationship was observed between benzodiazepines use and increased risk for opioid abuse. Patients considered at high risk for opioid abuse are more likely to develop aberrant behaviors. Knowing the patient's risk profile is necessary to increase the safety and effectiveness of chronic pain treatment.
RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor crônica tem se tornado uma doença extremamente prevalente e um motivo cada vez mais recorrente para procura de atendimento médico. Tem sido tratada com opioides possibilitando o abuso de seu uso. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o perfil de risco para abuso de opioides em pacientes ambulatoriais com dor crônica. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 72 pacientes atendidos em ambulatório de um hospital público no período de julho e agosto de 2019. As variáveis analisadas foram idade, sexo, comorbidades, fármacos em uso e aspectos relacionados à dor como intensidade, localização anatômica, etiologia e necessidade de se afastar do trabalho. Além disso, foi aplicado um questionário para avaliar o risco de abuso de opioides. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 72 pacientes com dor crônica, sendo a maioria mulheres (84,7%). A média de idade foi de 52,8 anos. Os pacientes foram classificados em três grupos conforme o risco de abuso de opioides: alto (21%), moderado (29%) e baixo (50%). Houve associação do aumento do risco com o uso de opioides (p=0,004) e com a presença de depressão (p=0,003). CONCLUSÃO: Metade dos pacientes apresentou baixo risco para abuso de opioides. O aumento do risco de abuso de opioides está relacionado à presença de depressão ou sintomas depressivos. Não foi observada relação entre o uso de benzodiazepínico e o aumento no risco de abuso para opioides. Pacientes considerados de alto risco para abuso de opioides têm mais chances de desenvolverem comportamentos aberrantes. É preciso conhecer o perfil de risco do paciente para aumentar a segurança e eficácia do tratamento da dor crônica.
RESUMEN
Drug promotion and advertisement by pharmaceutical industry influence medical prescription and, in some cases, the information provided is incomplete or biased. The objective was to analyze the advertisements delivered by medical representatives and determine if the information was appropriate for rational prescribing. It is a prospective study (March to November 2018) by collecting print advertisements randomly received in neurology centers. It was evaluated if they met the ethical criteria established by the WHO, using as a reference leaflets from Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica (ANMAT), Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) and pharmacology books. A committee of pharmacology physicians analyzed if the content of the pamphlets was misleading according to the WHO. Sixty advertisements were analyzed, being anti-epileptics and antidepressants the most advertised drugs. The 33.3% (n = 20) of them included leaflets in accordance to ANMAT. One case presented an "off-label" indication. Drug action was presented in 31.7% (n = 19) of the pamphlets, adverse reactions in 40% (n = 24), posology in 45% (n = 27), contraindications in 38.3% (n = 23) and the necessary precautions in 36.7% (n = 22) of them. The information provided was false in 80% (n = 48) and 53.3% (n = 32) contained misleading images; and 69.2% (n = 18) of the graphics were false. The information provided by medical advertisements analyzed in this study would be insufficient to know and prescribe a new drug. Lack of information in posology, contraindication, drug action and adverse reactions do not contribute to rational use of medications.
La publicidad y promoción de medicamentos por parte de la industria farmacéutica ejerce influencia sobre la prescripción médica y, en algunos casos, la información provista es incompleta o sesgada. El objetivo fue analizar las publicidades entregadas por representantes médicos y determinar si la información era apropiada para la prescripción racional. Es un estudio prospectivo (marzo a noviembre 2018) mediante la recolección de publicidades impresas recibidas aleatoriamente en centros de neurología. Se evaluó si cumplían los criterios éticos establecidos por la OMS, utilizando como referencia prospectos de la Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología médica (ANMAT), la Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) y libros de farmacología. Un comité de médicos farmacólogos analizó si el contenido de los folletos era engañoso según la OMS. Se analizaron 60 publicidades, siendo antiepilépticos y antidepresivos los más publicitados. El 33.3% (n = 20) incluían prospectos acordes según ANMAT. Un caso presentaba indicación off-label. Los folletos exponían el mecanismo de acción en el 31.7% (n = 19), las reacciones adversas medicamentosas 40% (n = 24), la posología en el 45% (n = 27), las contraindicaciones 38.3% (n = 23) y en 36.7% (n = 22) las precauciones necesarias. La información brindada era falaz en el 80% (n = 48) y el 53.3% (n = 32) tenían imágenes capciosas. El 69.2% (n = 18) de los gráficos eran capciosos. En el presente trabajo, la información brindada por la publicidad médica sería insuficiente para conocer y prescribir nuevos fármacos. La falta de información en la posología, contraindicaciones, mecanismos de acción y reacciones adversas no contribuyen al uso racional de medicamentos.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Industria Farmacéutica , Humanos , Estudios Prospectivos , Derivación y ConsultaRESUMEN
Resumen La publicidad y promoción de medicamentos por parte de la industria farmacéutica ejerce influencia sobre la prescripción médica y, en algunos casos, la información provista es incompleta o sesgada. El objetivo fue analizar las publicidades entregadas por representantes médicos y determinar si la información era apropiada para la prescripción racional. Es un estudio prospectivo (marzo a noviembre 2018) mediante la recolección de publicidades impresas recibidas aleatoriamente en centros de neurología. Se evaluó si cumplían los criterios éticos establecidos por la OMS, utilizando como referencia prospectos de la Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología médica (ANMAT), la Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) y libros de farmacología. Un comité de médicos farmacólogos analizó si el contenido de los folletos era engañoso según la OMS. Se analizaron 60 publicidades, siendo antiepilépticos y antidepresivos los más publicitados. El 33.3% (n = 20) incluían prospectos acordes según ANMAT. Un caso presentaba indicación off-label. Los folletos ex ponían el mecanismo de acción en el 31.7% (n = 19), las reacciones adversas medicamentosas 40% (n = 24), la posología en el 45% (n = 27), las contraindicaciones 38.3% (n = 23) y en 36.7% (n = 22) las precauciones necesarias. La información brindada era falaz en el 80% (n = 48) y el 53.3% (n = 32) tenían imágenes capcio sas. El 69.2% (n = 18) de los gráficos eran capciosos. En el presente trabajo, la información brindada por la publicidad médica sería insuficiente para conocer y prescribir nuevos fármacos. La falta de información en la posología, contraindicaciones, mecanismos de acción y reacciones adversas no contribuyen al uso racional de medicamentos.
Abstract Drug promotion and advertisement by pharmaceutical industry influence medical prescription and, in some cases, the information provided is incomplete or biased. The objective was to analyze the advertisements deliv ered by medical representatives and determine if the information was appropriate for rational prescribing. It is a prospective study (March to November 2018) by collecting print advertisements randomly received in neurology centers. It was evaluated if they met the ethical criteria established by the WHO, using as a reference leaflets from Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica (ANMAT), Food and Drugs Ad ministration (FDA) and pharmacology books. A committee of pharmacology physicians analyzed if the content of the pamphlets was misleading according to the WHO. Sixty advertisements were analyzed, being anti-epileptics and antidepressants the most advertised drugs. The 33.3% (n = 20) of them included leaflets in accordance to ANMAT. One case presented an "off-label" indication. Drug action was presented in 31.7% (n = 19) of the pam phlets, adverse reactions in 40% (n = 24), posology in 45% (n = 27), contraindications in 38.3% (n = 23) and the necessary precautions in 36.7% (n = 22) of them. The information provided was false in 80% (n = 48) and 53.3% (n = 32) contained misleading images; and 69.2% (n = 18) of the graphics were false. The information provided by medical advertisements analyzed in this study would be insufficient to know and prescribe a new drug. Lack of information in posology, contraindication, drug action and adverse reactions do not contribute to rational use of medications.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Publicidad , Derivación y Consulta , Estudios Prospectivos , Industria FarmacéuticaRESUMEN
RESUMEN Introducción: La automedicación no responsable conduce a una baja efectividad e inseguridad en los tratamientos, daños a la salud e insatisfacción del paciente. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados con la automedicación no responsable en la población peruana. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal basado en el análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios en Salud 2016 realizada en Perú. Incluyó 3849 usuarios de establecimientos farmacéuticos. Se calcularon: chi-cuadrado con valor p, odds ratio crudo (ORc) y odds ratio ajustado (ORa) con su intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: El riesgo de automedicación no responsable fue muy alto cuando el dispensador del medicamento no solicitó la receta del usuario (ORa = 29,057). Además, acudir al establecimiento farmacéutico para pedir consejo (ORa= 1,884), el consumo eventual del medicamento comprado (ORa= 1,925), menos de cinco minutos de demora en la compra del medicamento (ORa= 1,587) y ser hombre (ORa= 1,321) también fueron factores de riesgo. La proximidad del establecimiento farmacéutico a los establecimientos de salud del primer y segundo nivel de atención también actuó como un factor de riesgo (ORa= 1,340 y 1,652, respectivamente). Conclusión: La falta de solicitud de prescripción en el establecimiento farmacéutico fue el principal factor de riesgo para la automedicación no responsable.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Non-responsible self-medication leads to low effectiveness and insecurity in treatments, damage of health and patient dissatisfaction. Objective: To identify factors associated with non-responsible self-medication in the Peruvian population. Material and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted based on the secondary analysis of the National Survey of Users Satisfaction in Health performed in Peru in 2016. It included 3849 users of pharmaceutical establishments. Chi-square statistic with p-value, crude odds ratio (cOR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. Results: When the dispenser of the medicine did not request the prescription from the user, the risk of non-responsible self-medication was very high (aOR=29.057). Additionally, going to the pharmaceutical establishment to ask for advice (aOR=1.884), eventual consumption of the purchased medicine (aOR=1.925), less than five minutes delay in purchasing medicine (aOR=1.587) and being male (aOR=1.321) were also risk factors. The proximity of the pharmaceutical store to health services from the first and second level of health care also acted as a risk factor (cOR=1.340 and 1.652, respectively). Conclusion: The lack of request for prescription in the pharmaceutical establishment was the main risk factor for non-responsible self-medication.
RESUMEN
Objectives: The misuse of prescription drugs in the U.S. is an alarming public health crisis. Prior research at the U.S.-Mexico border has found high rates of prescription drug misuse, but with rates varying significantly across border communities. We aimed to examine a model of permissive climate measures and stress exposures as potential mediators of community differences in prescription drug misuse at the U.S.-Mexico border.Design: We analyzed data from the U.S.-Mexico Study of Alcohol and Related Conditions (UMSARC). Household, in-person interviews were conducted with Mexican-origin residents of the Texas border cities Laredo (n = 751) and Brownsville/McAllen (n = 814). Interviews assessed past-year misuse of any and pain-reliever prescription drugs. Drug availability, neighborhood safety, exposure to violence/crime, and social support were examined as potential mediators. Analyses were stratified by gender and employed regressions and mediation analysis with Mplus.Results: The past-year prevalence of any prescription drug misuse in Laredo was 26.3% among women and 24.4% among men, and in Brownsville/McAllen was 12.4% among men, and 6.7% among women. Mediation analysis revealed site effects via some of the hypothesized risk factors for men, but not for women. Specifically, for men, site effects on any and pain reliever prescription drug misuse were partially mediated via high drug availability and low family support.Conclusions: Past-year prescription drug misuse was over 3 times the 2015 national prevalence among both men and women in Laredo and calls for immediate attention. Findings regarding the model suggest drug availability and social support may be relevant to understanding community differences in prescription drug misuse among men living at the border, and that additional factors should be investigated to understand misuse among women living at the border.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol , Mal Uso de Medicamentos de Venta con Receta , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/epidemiología , Emigración e Inmigración , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos , México/epidemiología , Texas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To identify drug interactions of potentially inappropriate medications and mental and behavioral disorders, according to explicit potentially inappropriate medications criteria-based tools. METHODOLOGY: A systematic scoping review was conducted in February 2020. Study characteristics, potentially inappropriate medications, drug interactions, rationale, and therapeutic management proposed were extracted. The commercialization and potentially inappropriate medications standard as essential in Brazil and in the world were identified. Therapeutic management was proposed for the most cited potentially inappropriate medications. RESULTS: 36 tools including 151 drug interactions, in addition to 132 potentially inappropriate medications with concerns related to six mental and behavioral disorders were identified. Cognitive impairment and dementia were the most frequently disorders reported and antipsychotics, anticholinergics, and benzodiazepines were the pharmacological classes more involved in the drug interactions. Despite the tools recommended risperidone and quetiapine when the use of antipsychotics were inevitable; levodopa + carbidopa for Parkinson's disease; and short and intermediate half-life benzodiazepines; the quality of the evidence needs to be assessed. In this review, sleep hygiene; deprescription; medication review; and clinical monitoring of adverse drug reactions are strongly recommended. In addition, to consider agomelatine, bupropion, moclobemide and melatonin as potential safer options for benzodiazepines. CONCLUSION: Knowing the clinical conditions or risk morbidities associated with the use of potentially inappropriate medications and management of these medications for safer therapeutic equivalents or non-pharmacotherapeutic alternatives are relevant for patient safety.
Asunto(s)
Prescripción Inadecuada , Trastornos Mentales , Anciano , Brasil , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/tratamiento farmacológico , Lista de Medicamentos Potencialmente InapropiadosRESUMEN
Justificativa e Objetivos: As intoxicações por medicamentos estão se tornando um problema de saúde pública. Nesse contexto, a atenção farmacêutica, bem como os cuidados dos profissionais de saúde que trabalham diretamente com medicamentos, tornam-se fundamentais na reparação da saúde do paciente e na prevenção de problemas relacionados ao uso desses produtos. Objetivou-se determinar a prevalência de intoxicação por medicamentos no estado da Bahia, Brasil, entre 2007 e 2017. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, do tipo descritivo e exploratório, que avaliou as notificações relacionadas à intoxicação por medicamentos no estado da Bahia registradas no DATASUS entre 2007 e 2017, tendo como variáveis de interesse: faixa etária, raça/cor e sexo, circunstância, classificação final, critério de confirmação e evolução, ano e município de notificação. Resultados: Foram registrados 28.412 casos de intoxicação exógena no período, sendo 29,7% causados por medicamentos. A faixa etária de maior prevalência foi de 20 a 39 anos (38,5%), com maior número de casos entre pessoas do sexo feminino (66,7%), tendo a tentativa de suicídio como a principal causa, correspondendo a 38,5% das notificações. A maior concentração de casos notificados ocorreu na capital do estado. Conclusão: No período estudado, os medicamentos foram os maiores responsáveis pelos casos de intoxicação exógena, sendo a tentativa de suicídio o maior motivo. Sem dúvidas, a facilidade de acesso a esses produtos predispõe à automedicação, sendo um fator de risco para esses casos de intoxicação. Nesse cenário, é necessária a implementação de campanhas de uso racional de medicamentos no estado da Bahia, bem como de prevenção ao suicídio, direcionadas, principalmente, aos adultos jovens, faixa etária com maior prevalência de casos.(AU)
Background and Objectives: Drug poisoning is becoming a public health problem. In this context, pharmaceutical care and the care of health professionals who work directly with medications are fundamental in the repair of patients' health and in the prevention of problems related to the use of these products. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of drug poisoning in the state of Bahia, Brazil, between 2007 and 2017. Methods: This is a quantitative, descriptive and exploratory study, which evaluated the drug poisoning notifications in the state of Bahia, recorded in DATASUS between 2007 and 2017, considering as variables of interest: age group, race, sex, circumstance, final classification, confirmation criterion and evolution, year and city of notification. Results: In the period, 28,412 cases of exogenous intoxication were recorded, 29.7% of which were caused by medications. The age group with the highest prevalence was 20 to 39 years old (38.5%), females presented the highest number of cases (66.7%); suicide attempt was the main cause, corresponding to 38.5% of the notifications. The highest concentration of reported cases occurred in the state capital. Conclusion: In the studied period, the drugs were the most responsible for cases of exogenous intoxication, and suicide attempt was the main reason. Undoubtedly, the easy access to these products predisposes self-medicationa risk factor for these cases of intoxication. In this scenario, it is necessary to implement campaigns for the rational use of medicines in the state of Bahia, as well as suicide prevention, directed mainly to young adultsthe age group with the highest prevalence of cases.(AU)
Justificación y Objetivos: La intoxicación por medicamentos se está convirtiendo en un problema de salud pública. En este contexto, la atención farmacéutica, así como los cuidados de los profesionales de la salud que trabajan directamente con medicamentos, se vuelven fundamentales en la reparación de la salud del paciente y la prevención de problemas relacionados con este uso. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de intoxicación por medicamentos en el estado de Bahía entre 2007 y 2017. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio exploratorio cuantitativo, descriptivo, que evaluó las notificaciones relacionadas con la intoxicación por medicamentos en el estado de Bahía registradas en DATASUS entre 2007 y 2017, teniendo como variables de interés: grupo de edad, raza/color y sexo, circunstancia, clasificación final, criterios de confirmación y evolución, año y ciudades de notificación. Resultados: Hubo 28.412 casos de intoxicación exógena en el período; de los cuales el 29,7% fueron causados por medicamentos. El grupo de edad más prevalente fue el de 20-39 años (38,5%), con un mayor número de casos entre mujeres (66,7%), con intento de suicidio como la causa principal que corresponde al 38,5% de las notificaciones. La mayor concentración de casos reportados ocurrió en la capital del estado. Conclusión: Se observó que en el período estudiado la mayoría de los casos de intoxicaciones exógenas se dieron por el uso de medicamentos, con el intento de suicidio como la principal razón. El fácil acceso a los medicamentos predispone a la automedicación, un factor de riesgo para casos de intoxicación. En este sentido, se hace necesario implementar campañas para el uso racional de medicamentos en el estado de Bahía, así como para la prevención del suicidio, sobre todo en los adultos jóvenes, grupo de edad con una mayor prevalencia de casos.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Intoxicación/epidemiología , Automedicación , Mal Uso de Medicamentos de Venta con Receta , Servicios Farmacéuticos , Intento de SuicidioRESUMEN
Abstract Introduction: Vitamins and micronutrients are essential organic substances in the metabolic processes of living things, and supplementation is only recommended in conditions of nutritional deficits. Objective: To determine the prescription patterns of vitamins and supplements in a group of patients enrolled in the Colombian Health System in 2016. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study based on a population database. Vitamin-prescribed patients of both sexes and all ages were selected for 3 consecutive months. A database was designed using the dispensing records. SPSS 23.0 was used for the univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In total, 9998 patients receiving vitamin supplementation were identified. A female predominance was observed (n=8341, 83.4%). The mean age was 57.7±18.7 years. The most commonly formulated vitamins and micronutrients were vitamin D (58.0%), calcium (55.0%) and folic acid (25.0%). Overall, 60.8% of patients were prescribed more than one vitamin. The most frequent multiple-nutrient association was between calcium and vitamin D (n=5505); 77.3% received concurrent treatment with other medications to manage comorbidities. The probability of comedication in the multivariate analysis was higher for folic acid (OR:3.10, 95%CI 2.69-3.59), thiamine (OR:2.75, 95%CI:2.15-3.5) and calcium + vitamin D (OR:1.61, 95%CI: 1.42-1.82) and for those individuals older than 65 years (OR:1.24, 95%CI:1.02-1.51). Conclusions: Vitamins are widely used in the Colombian population. The results of this study elucidate the patterns of use of these supplements and offer proposed strategies to the future and to evaluate and minimize prescriptions that are potentially inappropriate or of little therapeutic value. MÉD.UIS. 2020;33(2):41-8.
Resumen Introducción: Las vitaminas y micronutrientes son sustancias orgánicas esenciales en los procesos metabólicos de los seres vivos y solo se recomienda suplementación en condiciones con déficits nutricionales. Objetivo: Determinar los patrones de prescripción de vitaminas y suplementos en un grupo de pacientes afiliados al Sistema de Salud en Colombia, en el año 2016. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal a partir de una base de datos poblacional. Se seleccionaron pacientes con prescripción de vitaminas por 3 meses consecutivos de ambos sexos y todas las edades. Se diseñó una base de datos con los registros de dispensación. Se usó SPSS 23.0 para análisis univariados, bivariados y multivariados. Se consideró estadísticamente significativo un valor de p<0,05. Resultados: Se hallaron 9998 pacientes con prescripción de suplementos vitamínicos. Se halló un predominio femenino (n=8341; 83,4%). La edad media fue de 57,7±18,7 años, las vitaminas y micronutrientes más formulados fueron: vitamina D (58,0%), calcio (55,0%) y ácido fólico (25,0%). El 60,8% de pacientes tenía más de un suplemento prescrito. La asociación más frecuente fue calcio y vitamina D (n=5505), y el 77,3% recibía tratamiento simultáneo con otros medicamentos para el control de comorbilidades. La probabilidad de comedicacion en el análisis multivariado fue mayor en formulados con ácido fólico (OR:3,10; IC95%:2,69-3,59), tiamina (OR:2,75; IC95%:2,15-3,50), calcio+vitamina D (OR:1,61; IC95%:1,42-1,82) y los mayores de 65 años (OR:1,24; IC95%:1,02-1,51). Conclusiones: Las vitaminas son ampliamente usadas en la población colombiana, los hallazgos de este estudio permiten conocer un estado de los patrones de uso de estos suplementos, así como plantear estrategias para racionalizar las prescripciones potencialmente inapropiadas o de poco valor terapéutico. MÉD.UIS. 2020;33(2):41-8.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Prescripciones de Medicamentos , Vitaminas , Colombia , Suplementos Dietéticos , Farmacoepidemiología , Prescripción InadecuadaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to describe the knowledge regarding the antibiotic therapy of students of three medical schools in Medellín, Colombia. METHODS: The study population comprised medical students who were enrolled in three universities. The instrument contained questions regarding their current academic term, the university, the perceived quality of the education received on antibiotic therapy and bacterial resistance, and specific questions on upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infections. The information was analyzed by calculating frequencies and measures of dispersion and central tendency. Knowledge regarding the treatment for each type of infection was compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis H test. RESULTS: We included 536 medical students, of which 43.5% students consider that the university has not sufficiently trained them to interpret antibiograms and 29.6% students consider that the quality of information received on the subject at their university ranges from regular to poor. The mean score for knowledge regarding antibiotic therapy for upper respiratory tract infections was 44.2 (9.9) on a scale from 0 to 100. The median score with regard to the treatment of pneumonia was 52.9 (14.7), that of urinary tract infection was 58.7 (14.8), and that of skin and soft tissue infections was 63.1 (19.4). The knowledge regarding antibiotic therapy for upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, and urinary tract infection does not improve with the academic term, the university, or perceived quality of the education received. CONCLUSION: A large proportion of medical students perceive that the training received from the university is insufficient with regard to antibiotic use and bacterial resistance, which is consistent with the limited knowledge reflected in the selection of antibiotic treatment for respiratory, urinary tract, and skin and soft tissue infections. Overall, the situation was identical among all universities, and it did not significantly increase with the completion of an academic term.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Competencia Clínica , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Educación Médica/normas , Facultades de Medicina/normas , Estudiantes de Medicina , Adolescente , Adulto , Colombia , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Prescripción Inadecuada , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neumonía Bacteriana/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Cutáneas Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones de los Tejidos Blandos/tratamiento farmacológico , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Estudiantes de Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Infecciones Urinarias/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Background: College students are susceptible to using cognitive enhancement drugs, also known as smart drugs. Objectives: estimate the prevalence of smart drug use and investigate the factors related to access and use among undergraduate students. Methods: cross-sectional study performed among all students who entered the university in 2017 using an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. Smart drug usage was defined as taking methylphenidate, modafinil or piracetam at any point in life and in the preceding 12 months. We characterized the means of obtaining smart drugs, reasons for using and students' residential situation. We asked students who did not use any medication if they were interested in taking it and the reasons for not using. Results: Out of 1865 respondents, 4.2% had used smart drugs in the last 12 months, and the prevalence among law students reached 14.3%. The most commonly used smart drug was methylphenidate. Among the students who did not present ADD diagnosis, the drug was obtained mostly through a friend. More than 300 students reported a desire to use some smart drug, but they did not, mainly due to the fear of side effects. Conclusions: The current study has found a variety of frequency of smart drug use among college students and has also showed that many students are willing to take some kind of cognitive enhancement drug. Therefore, it is important to discuss this issue from a public health perspective.
Asunto(s)
Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Metilfenidato , Modafinilo , Piracetam , Estudiantes , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , UniversidadesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infections have chronic courses. HCV is primarily transmitted via the hematogenous route, whereas HTLV-1 is primarily transmitted sexually, although it can also be transmitted by blood. Individuals chronically infected with either HTLV-1 or HCV can differ in terms of behavioral characteristics and personality traits. This study compared the occurrence of risk behaviors and impulsivity aspects between HCV and HTLV-1 carriers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, comparative and cross-sectional study that involved a sample of outpatients who had HCV or HLTV-1, by way of a sociodemographic and behavioral questionnaire and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale - BIS-11. 143 individuals with HCV and 113 individuals with HTLV-1 were evaluated. RESULTS: There was a difference with regards to gender among patients, with mostly males affected in the HCV group. Risk behaviors commonly mediated by impulsiveness were significantly more frequent in the HCV group. Similarly, overall impulsiveness and domain nonplanning were higher in the HCV group. Multivariate analysis showed that increased age, male gender, higher nonplanning scores and HCV infection were independent factors for the occurrence of risk behaviors. Both groups presented high rates of other sexually transmitted diseases and a low rate of condom use in sexual relations. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the higher rate of risk behaviors and the levels of impulsiveness commonly observed in patients with HCV, along with comparisons to patients with HTLV-1.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por HTLV-I/psicología , Hepatitis C Crónica/psicología , Conducta Impulsiva , Asunción de Riesgos , Conducta Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/epidemiología , Factores de Edad , Condones/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Infecciones por HTLV-I/epidemiología , Hepatitis C Crónica/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Factores Sexuales , Parejas Sexuales , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Sexo Inseguro/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Introducción: El consumo de sustancias con fines de abuso y entre ellas los medicamentos, se ha incrementado a nivel mundial. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes atendidos por intoxicaciones agudas debido a medicamentos consumidos con fines de abuso. Métodos: El universo estuvo constituido por consultas de 961 pacientes, realizadas al servicio de información toxicológica de urgencia del Centro Nacional de Toxicología, durante el período 2010 al 2014. Fueron todas las intoxicaciones agudas por consumo de sustancias con fines de abuso. La serie incluyó 578 pacientes con intoxicaciones agudas con fines de abuso, donde el agente causal fueron los medicamentos. Se recopilaron los datos sociales y biológicos, formas de consumo, grupos farmacológicos, manifestaciones clínicas, aspectos de la toxicocinética y la toxicodinamia. Resultados: Los consumidores de medicamentos con fines de abuso, representaron el 60,14 por ciento de las consultas por consumo de sustancias con fines de abuso. El grupo etario de hasta 20 años fue el de mayor consumo (360 consultas; 62,28 por ciento) y el sexo masculino el más frecuente (447 pacientes; 77,3 por ciento). La combinación de medicamentos más alcohol fue la forma de consumo más empleada (292 consultas; 50,5 por ciento). La carbamazepina fue el medicamento más consumido (305 consultas; 52,7 por ciento). Conclusiones: Predominó la intoxicación aguda en el grupo etario de 10-20 años y del sexo masculino. La ingestión de medicamentos más alcohol, fue la forma de consumo más empleada. El grupo farmacológico más utilizado con fines no médicos, fue el de los anticonvulsivantes (carbamazepina), seguido de las benzodiacepinas y los opiáceos. Las manifestaciones clínicas que predominaron fueron del sistema neurológico, seguido del cardiovascular y el digestivo(AU)
ABSTRACT Introduction: The consumption of substances for the purpose of abuse, including drugs, has increased worldwide. Objective: To characterize patients treated for acute intoxications due to drugs consumed for abuse purposes. Methods: The universe was constituted by consultations of 961 patients, made to the emergency toxicology information service of the National Center of Toxicology, during the period from 2010 to 2014. They were all acute intoxications due to the consumption of substances for the purpose of abuse. The series included 578 patients with acute intoxications for abuse, where the causative agent was medication. We collected social and biological data, forms of consumption, pharmacological groups, clinical manifestations, aspects of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Results: Consumers of medications for the purpose of abuse accounted for 60.14 percent of consultations for the consumption of substances for the purpose of abuse. The age group of up to 20 years consumed the most (360 consultations, 62.28 percent) and the most frequent was the male sex (447 patients, 77.3 percent). The combination of drugs plus alcohol was the most used form of consumption (292 consultations, 50.5 percent). Carbamazepine was the most commonly used medication (305 consultations, 52.7 percent). Conclusions: Acute intoxication predominated in the age group of 10-20 years and of the male sex. The ingestion of drugs plus alcohol was the most used form of consumption. The most used pharmacological group for non-medical purposes was the anticonvulsant group (carbamazepine), followed by benzodiazepines and opiates. The clinical manifestations that predominated were of the neurological system, followed by cardiovascular and digestive(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Intoxicación , Toxicología , Carbamazepina , Etanol , Combinación de Medicamentos , ToxicocinéticaRESUMEN
Resumo O objetivo do estudo é estimar a prevalência do uso de clonazepam no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Estudo ecológico e descritivo do consumo de clonazepam (2009-2013), com dados do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Produtos Controlados da Anvisa. O consumo foi medido pela Dose Diária Definida, com indicadores por população total e com 18 anos e mais utilizando a DDD padronizada de 8mg (anticonvulsivante) e a de 1mg (hipnosedativo). Os Municípios da Região Metropolitana foram agrupados segundo os Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e de GINI, submetidos à análise de conglomerados e apresentados segundo o consumo de clonazepam. No Estado do RJ, o consumo entre 2009 e 2013 aumentou de 0,35 para 1,97 DDD/1000 habitantes. Os valores são maiores para os indivíduos acima de 18 anos. Empregando-se 1mg ao invés de 8mg, chega-se a 21 DDD/1000 habitantes acima de 18 anos, em 2013. Rio de Janeiro e Niterói, com os maiores IDH, apresentaram em 2013 os maiores consumos, 3,38 e 4,52 DDD, respectivamente. Os dados sugerem que até 2% da população adulta é usuária de clonazepam, possivelmente como hipnosedativo. Deve-se atentar para o uso ampliado e fora de indicações terapêuticas, dados o potencial de abuso e as reações adversas ao clonazepam.
Abstract This descriptive, ecological study of clonazepam consumption in Rio de Janeiro State (RJ) estimated use prevalence from 2009 to 2013 using data from the National Controlled Product Management System operated by Brazil's health surveillance agency, Anvisa. Consumption was measured by total population and by population over 18 years old, using the standardised Daily Defined Doses of 8 mg (anticonvulsant) and 1 mg (sedative-hypnotic). The municipalities of the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region were grouped by Human Development Index (HDI) and GINI index, subjected to cluster analysis and ranked by clonazepam consumption. From 2009 to 2013, consumption in the state rose from 0.35 to 1.97 DDD/1000 population, but the figures are higher for individuals over 18 years of age. A DDD of 1 mg instead of 8mg returns consumption in 2013 of 21 DDD/1000 population over 18 years of age. Consumption in 2013 was highest - 3.38 and 4.52 DDD, respectively - in Rio de Janeiro and Niterói, which have the highest HDIs. This suggests that up to 2% of the adult population uses clonazepam, possibly as a sedative-hypnotic. This broad use and use outside therapeutic indications deserves attention, given clonazepam's potential for abuse and adverse reactions.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/tendencias , Clonazepam/administración & dosificación , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/administración & dosificación , Anticonvulsivantes/administración & dosificación , Brasil , Análisis por Conglomerados , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a DrogaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Drug use has been discussed by various authorities and health professionals, and a change in attitude. Among them, psychoanalysts and psychotherapists recognize the importance that the theme has been having in recent decades, considering the rational use of psychotropic drugs as supporting psychoanalytic treatment. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the use of psychotropic drugs and their relationship with psychoanalytic psychotherapy in the interface of mental health. METHODS: This is an integrative review of the MEDLINE Database based on a statement of preferred reports for systematic methods and meta-analyzes (PRISMA) through the descriptors: Psychotropic Drugs and Psychoanalysis Drug Therapy and Drug Misuse and Drug Use and Signs and Symptoms, filtering the results by title and summary specificity and only studies available in their full version and conducted in humans were detected. RESULTS: 42 articles were selected for final analysis. The object of article analysis was submitted to the analyst who treats his patients and conducts clinical trials with drug interaction, as well as therapeutic transfer complement as a clinical resource for treatment of psychoanalytic sessions. In addition, the results of this drug interaction were evidenced as supporting factors in the clinical treatment of clients exposed to the clinical session. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The use of psychoactive drugs and psychoanalytic psychotherapy Shows as an association capable of proving interaction and integration of the personality aspects and the psychological structure of the individual. It is a clinical condition that can be stimulated in the mental health treatment of individuals suffering from mental / emotional distress.
INTRODUÇÃO: O consumo de medicamentos tem sido discutido por diversas autoridades e profissionais da saúde, proporcionando uma mudança de postura desses. Dentre eles, os psicanalistas e psicoterapeutas reconhecem a tamanha importância que o tema tem tomado nas últimas décadas, considerando o uso racional de psicofármacos como coadjuvantes do tratamento psicanalítico. OBJETIVO: Analisar o uso de psicofármacos e sua relação com a psicoterapia psicanalítica na interface da saúde mental. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa na Base de Dados MEDLINE realizada de acordo com a declaração de relatórios preferenciais para avaliações sistemáticas e metanálises (PRISMA), através dos descritores Psychotropic Drugs AND Psychoanalysis Therapy AND Drug Misuse AND Drug Utilization AND Signs and Symptoms, filtrando os resultados por especificidade em título e resumo e selecionando apenas estudos disponíveis em sua versão completa e realizados com seres humanos. RESULTADOS: Selecionaram-se 42 artigos para análise final. O objeto de análise dos artigos foi o sujeito analista que trata seus pacientes e realiza observações clínicas com interação medicamentosa, bem como complemento de transferência terapêutica como recurso clínico para o tratamento na sessão psicanalítica. Ademais, os resultados dessa interação medicamentosa foram evidenciados como coadjuvantes no tratamento clínico dos clientes expostos à sessão clínica. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: O uso de psicofármacos e psicoterapia psicanalítica apresentou-se como uma associação capaz de prover interação e integração dos aspectos da personalidade e da estrutura psíquica do sujeito. Trata-se de condição clínica que deverá ser estimulada em tratamento de saúde mental de sujeitos acometidos por sofrimento mental/emocional.
RESUMEN
Resumen Introducción: se describen las buenas prácticas de prevención, distinguidas de esta manera por 13 programas de prevención de drogas en Colombia. La identificación de buenas prácticas se ha extendido en el campo de las drogas para ayudar a mejorar los procesos, la toma de decisiones, encontrar metodologías exitosas y, en general, mejorar el saber hacer en los programas de drogas. Para la investigación se realizó un estudio cualitativo, hermenêutico, con alcance descriptivo, a partir de un proceso de realización de entrevistas a coordinadores y operadores de dichos programas, información que se sometió a un análisis de categorías previas y emergentes. Desarrollo: los resultados mostraron que algunas de las buenas prácticas descritas en la literatura especializada eran implementadas por los programas consultados, aunque no todas las necesarias para mostrar resultados eficaces y comprobables, especialmente en la generación de evidencia. Conclusiones: de forma aislada, dichas prácticas no tienen la suficiente fuerza; pero, si fueran adoptadas en su conjunto redundarían en una mejora de la prevención de drogas en Colombia.
Abstract Introduction: There is a description of good practices in drug prevention, acknowledged as such by 13 drug prevention programs in Colombia. The identification of good practices has been widened in the field of drugs in order to improve processes, decision making, finding successful methodologies and in general improving the know-how processes in drug programs. A qualitative study was carried out under a descriptive hermeneutic approach based on the information gathered through interviews with program coordinators and staff; the information was analyzed and categorized. Development: The results showed that the programs that were consulted used some of the good practices that were described in the specialized literature, even though not all were necessary to show efficient results, especially in generating evidences. Conclusions: When isolated, such practices are not enough, if they are adopted as a whole they would improve drug prevention processes in Colombia.
Resumo Introdução: descrevem-se as boas práticas de prevenção distinguidas desta maneira por 13 programas de prevenção de drogas na Colômbia. A identificação de boas práticas se tem estendido no campo das drogas para ajudar a melhorar os processos, a tomada de decisões, encontrar metodologias bem-sucedi-das e em geral melhorar o saber fazer nos programas de drogas. Para a pesquisa se realizou um estudo qualitativo, hermenêutico, com alcance descritivo, a partir de um processo de realização de entrevistas a coordenadores e operadores de ditos programas, informação que se submeteu a uma análise de categorias prêvias e emergentes. Desenvolvimento: os resultados mostraram que algumas das boas práticas descritas na literatura especializada eram implementadas pelos programas consultados, ainda que não todas as necessárias para mostrar resultados eficazes e comprováveis, especialmente na geração de evidência. Conclusões: de forma isolada ditas práticas não têm a suficiente força; mas se fossem adotadas em seu conjunto redundariam em uma melhora da prevenção de drogas na Colômbia.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Prevención Primaria , Colombia , Planificación en Salud , Promoción de la SaludRESUMEN
A renovação de receita é uma prática comum nos serviços de atenção básica no Brasil, ainda que pouco discutida. Embora exista um número expressivo de artigos em língua inglesa sobre o assunto, pouco se encontra a respeito na literatura brasileira. A renovação de medicamentos de uso contínuo traz consigo riscos e potenciais danos à saúde do usuário quando praticada sem protocolos bem definidos e sem a correta avaliação clínica das pessoas acompanhadas. Dessa forma, a renovação de receita pode perpetuar o uso de medicações com indicação duvidosa, efeitos colaterais significativos, interações medicamentosas importantes, medicamentos contraindicados e/ou que não são mais necessários. Além disso, pode transmitir a sensação de que a população está sendo bem assistida apenas pelo fato de as pessoas conseguirem receber medicamentos, ainda que sem uma avaliação periódica. Por outro lado, caso realizada de forma ideal, poderia favorecer aumento da adesão ao tratamento, bem como a avaliação de interações medicamentosas, o cumprimento da terapêutica e a necessidade de exames complementares. O presente artigo realizará uma discussão crítica sobre os riscos e benefícios da renovação de receita da maneira como é feita no Brasil, incluindo seus aspectos legais e pontos passíveis de melhorias segundo a literatura internacional. (AU)
Repeat prescribing is a common practice at primary health care in Brazil which is poorly discussed. Despite the large number of articles in English, the Brazilian literature barely discuss this subject. The renewal of continuous-use medication may lead to risks and potential harms to patient health when used without defined protocols or adequate clinical evaluation. This practice may perpetuate the use of medication with arguable indication, significant side effects, significant drug interactions, contraindicated drugs or that are no longer needed. It also may leads to a misperception of being well attended, although it is a mere transcription of medical receipts. However, if performed in an adequate way, it might be associated with increased adherence to treatment. It also might allow assessment of drug interactions, compliance with therapy and checking out the need for complementary tests. This article will critically discuss the risks and benefits of prescription renewal in the way it is done in Brazil, including its legal aspects and possible points for improvement according to the international literature. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Medicamentos bajo Prescripción/análisis , Prescripción Inadecuada/prevención & control , Atención Primaria de Salud , Acceso a Medicamentos Esenciales y Tecnologías Sanitarias , Evaluación en Salud , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , BrasilRESUMEN
Few studies have examined the socio-cultural determinants of alcohol and drug misuse trajectories among adult Latinas. To assess the associations between socio-cultural determinants and alcohol and drug misuse, we used a longitudinal design to follow a sample of adult Latina mother-daughter-dyads (N = 267) for ten years, and collected four waves of data. They were adult Latinas of Caribbean, South and Central American descent. Specifically, this study investigated the effects of the following factors: (1) Individual Determinants (e.g., socioeconomic conditions, mental health, and medical status); (2) Cultural Determinants (e.g., acculturation to US culture); (3) Interpersonal Determinants (e.g., interpersonal support, relationship stress, mother-daughter attachment, intimate partner violence); (4) Community Determinants (e.g., neighborhood related stress); and (5) Institutional Determinants (e.g., religious involvement, involvement with the criminal justice system). Using hierarchical modeling, we found that taking prescribed medication on a regular basis for a physical problem, religious involvement, and mother-daughter attachment were negatively associated with drug misuse, while involvement in criminal activity was positively associated with drug misuse. Regarding alcohol misuse, results showed that age at arrival in the United States, number of years in the United States, and religious involvement were negatively associated with alcohol misuse, while involvement in criminal activity was positively associated with alcohol misuse. Based on our findings, explicit implications are provided for culturally relevant interventions.
Asunto(s)
Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Relaciones Madre-Hijo/etnología , Religión y Psicología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Alcoholismo/etnología , Región del Caribe/etnología , América Central/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Persona de Mediana Edad , América del Sur/etnología , Estados Unidos/etnología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, que teve por objetivo analisar a produção científica sobre o uso de substâncias psicoativas em idosos, focalizando suas condições sociodemográficas e clínicas. Foi realizada uma busca sistemática utilizando-se as bases Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Academic Search Premier, PubMed e ScienceDirect. Considerando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados 13 estudos, sem restrição de período de tempo. Os idosos usuários de substâncias psicoativas caracterizam-se, predominantemente, por serem homens, com baixos níveis de escolaridade e renda, desocupação laboral, não casados e a habitar isoladamente, além de apresentarem comorbilidades orgânicas e psíquicas. O álcool é a droga mais comum nessa faixa etária, seguido do abuso de medicamentos; no entanto, o uso de substâncias ilícitas tem aumentado progressivamente. Ainda que as evidências sejam limitadas, estudos indicam menores taxas de comportamentos de alto risco para saúde em idosos. A literatura é consensual sobre a necessidade de mais estudos, de modo a preencher as lacunas do conhecimento e facilitar a identificação precoce desses utentes.
This paper is an integrative literature review that analyzes the scientific production of psychoactive substances use, as well as the demographic and clinical characteristics of elderly that use psychoactive substances. The systematic research was performed in Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Academic Search Premier, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. Considering the criteria for inclusion and exclusion, 13 studies were selected without restriction to a period The elderly are mainly characterized for being men with low levels of education and income, unemployed, single and living alone. The elderly present organic and psychological comorbidities. Alcohol is the most common drug used by people this age, followed by the abuse of medication, however, the use of illicit substances is increasing. Although evidence is limited, studies indicate lower rates of high-risk behaviors to elderly's health. Literature is consensual about the need for more studies in order to fill the knowledge gaps and to facilitate the identification of these users.
Este trabajo es una revisión integradora de la literatura, con el objetivo de analizar la producción científica sobre el uso de sustancias psicoactivas, así como las características demográficas y clínicas de los ancianos que utilizan estas sustancias. Se ha realizado una búsqueda sistemática utilizando las bases Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Academic Search Premier, PubMed y ScienceDirect, sin restricción de tiempo. Teniendo en cuenta los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 13 estudios, sin restricción del periodo de tiempo. Las personas mayores que utilizan sustancias psicoactivas se caracterizan por ser predominantemente hombres, con bajos niveles de educación e ingresos, desempleo laboral, no casados y viviendo solos. Muestran comorbilidades orgánicas y psicológicas. El alcohol es la droga más común a esta edad, seguido por el abuso de medicamentos, sin embargo, el uso de sustancias ilícitas ha aumentado incrementalmente. Aunque las evidencias sean limitadas, los estudios indican menores porcentajes de conductas de alto riesgo para la salud en las personas mayores. La literatura es consensual sobre la necesidad de más estudios a fin de colmar las lagunas de conocimiento y facilitar la identificación de dichos usuarios.