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Power in non-romantic contexts makes people confident in their ability to attract potential partners, increasing their mating motivation and the likelihood of acting on this motivation. Four studies investigated whether perceptions of power within romantic relationships would also activate mating goals, intensifying desires for alternative partners. In Studies 1 and 2, participants underwent power manipulation and then described a sexual fantasy or evaluated photos of attractive strangers. Studies 3 and 4 used face-to-face interaction and daily experiences methods to examine the mechanisms underlying the link between power and extradyadic desires. Overall, high perceived relationship power was associated with increased interest in alternatives. Perceived relative mate value explained this association, suggesting that what determines whether power elicits extradyadic interest is not power perceptions alone but rather the feeling of having a higher mate value than one's partner that accompanies elevated power and affects whether high-power individuals will prioritize their own needs in ways that may hurt their partners.

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This study addresses the existing gap in theoretical and empirical research concerning the impact of social media influencers (SMIs) on followers' purchasing decisions. The primary aim is to explore and elucidate followers' journey from exposure to SMIs to the manifestation of conspicuous consumption. Grounded in the stimulus-organism-response framework and self-determination theory, the research proposes a dual model focusing on mediating factors such as social comparison, desire to mimic, materialism, and fear of missing out (FOMO). To achieve this objective, a survey targeting 272 respondents was conducted on the MTurk platform. The study findings reveal that exposure to SMIs triggers social comparisons and FOMO, subsequently influencing the acquisition of conspicuous products. Additionally, the study identifies that exposure to SMIs amplifies the desire to mimic and stimulates materialistic tendencies, thereby contributing to conspicuous consumption. The proposed Intrinsic-Extrinsic Consumption Motivation Model emerges as a novel framework to enhance our understanding of how SMIs influence conspicuous consumption, providing valuable insights for developing effective advertising programs.

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BACKGROUND: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (cPTSD) share clinical similarities, complicating diagnosis and treatment. Research on the neurobiology of BPD and monotraumatic PTSD has shown that a prefrontal-limbic imbalance in emotional and reward processing is a hallmark of both disorders, but studies examining this network in cPTSD are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to directly compare neural processing of emotion and reward during decision making in cPTSD and BPD. METHODS: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured neural activity in female patients (27 patients with cPTSD, 21 patients with BPD and 37 healthy controls) during a Desire-Reason Dilemma task featuring distracting fearful facial expressions. RESULTS: We found no differences in neural activation when comparing cPTSD and BPD. However, when grouping patients based on symptom severity instead on diagnosis, we found that increased symptoms of cPTSD were associated with increased activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during reward rejection, whereas increased symptoms of BPD were associated with decreased activation in prefrontal and limbic regions during reward rejection with distracting negative emotional stimuli. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate and compare emotional processing and reward-based decision making in cPTSD and BPD. Although we found no neural differences between disorders, we identified symptom-related neural patterns. Specifically, we found that elevated cPTSD symptoms were related to greater sensitivity to reward stimuli, whereas heightened BPD symptoms were related to increased susceptibility to emotional stimuli during goal-directed decision making. These findings enhance our understanding of neural pathomechanisms in trauma-related disorders.

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BACKGROUND: Sexual interest/arousal disorder (SIAD) is one of the most common sexual problems for women. In clinical research, there are often misalignments between the research priorities of patients and researchers, which can negatively impact care, and gender-diverse individuals are often excluded from research. Inclusion of patient perspectives when establishing research priorities may help to reduce these gaps; however, the research priorities of couples coping with SIAD remain unclear. AIM: Identify the research priorities of women and gender-diverse individuals with SIAD and their partners. METHODS: In an online survey, couples coping with SIAD provided consent and responded to an open-ended question asking them to list the top 3 things they think are important for researchers to focus on related to couples coping with low sexual desire. A team-based content analysis was conducted to identify themes and their frequency of endorsement. OUTCOMES: An author-developed open-ended question. RESULTS: Analysis of 1279 responses (n = 667 from women and gender-diverse individuals with SIAD, n = 612 from partners) resulted in our identification of 6 main themes: general causes, general treatment and coping, biophysiological, relationship, psychological, and environmental/contextual. Additionally, we identified 4 sub-themes within each of the latter 4 main themes: general, cause, treatment, and impact. For women and gender-diverse individuals with SIAD, their partners, and specifically gender-diverse participants, the 3 most endorsed themes were psychological general factors (24.3%, 21.2%, 24.3%; eg, stress and the link between SIAD and anxiety), relationship general factors (15.7%, 13.2%, 18.6%; eg, relationship length and communication on sexual desire), and biophysiological general factors (12.3%, 12.4%, 14.3%; eg, research on medications and hormones). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinical researchers should consider the research priorities of couples coping with SIAD to ensure their work aligns with the needs of the affected population. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: This study is the first to identify the research priorities of both women and gender-diverse individuals with SIAD and their partners. Most participants identified as heterosexual, North American, and of middle to high socioeconomic status; results may not generalize. Responses were sometimes brief and/or vague; interpretation of these responses was therefore limited and may have required more contextual information. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that women and gender-diverse individuals with SIAD, their partners, and gender-diverse participants have similar research priorities that are consistent with a biopsychosocial approach to research. Heterogeneity of responses across themes supports a multidisciplinary, patient-oriented approach to SIAD research.

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One longitudinal study of married couples and one experiment tested the hypothesis that the experience of sexual desire for an alternative sexual partner might heighten feelings of desire for one's long-term romantic partner, and conversely, sexual desire for one's long-term partner might heighten desire for alternative partners. A daily-diary study of newlywed couples revealed that (a) on days people reported heightened interest in alternative partners, they also reported increased desire to have sex with their partner and (b) on days people reported heightened desire to have sex with their partner, they also reported increased interest in alternative partners. An experimental study of partnered individuals revealed that people primed with sexual desire for an alternative partner reported increased sexual desire for their romantic partner (relative to a control condition). People primed with sexual desire for their romantic partner, however, did not report increased sexual desire for alternatives. Taken together, these findings support evolutionary perspectives on the function of sexual desire. Findings are consistent with the broader hypothesis that sexual desire is not partner-specific.

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BACKGROUND: Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD) is a frequent sex-related problem in women; however, a specific tool to characterize HSDD subtypes based on sexual inhibitory and excitatory factors is still lacking. AIM: (1) To find a cutoff value in Sexual Inhibition Scale (SIS)/Sexual Excitation Scale (SES) scores predicting a diagnosis of HSDD in women consulting for sexual symptoms, (2) to explore the sexual inhibitory and excitatory profiles in women referred to a clinic for female sexual dysfunction by stratifying the sample according to the newfound cutoffs, and (3) to identify biopsychosocial factors significantly associated with the 2 profiles. METHODS: An overall 133 women consulting for sexual symptoms were retrospectively evaluated for clinical, biochemical, and psychosexologic data collected at the first visit. A subgroup of 55 women treated with transdermal testosterone was retrospectively analyzed at baseline and the 6-month visit. OUTCOMES: Patients underwent physical and laboratory examinations and completed the SIS/SES, Female Sexual Function Index, Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised, Emotional Eating Scale, and Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire. RESULTS: Specific cutoffs for SIS1 (≥32.5; indicating threat of performance failure) and SES (≤46.5) predicted HSDD diagnosis with an accuracy of 66.4% (P = .002) and 68.7% (P < .0001), respectively. Patients with impaired SIS1 scores showed higher distress and psychopathologic symptoms, while those with impaired SES scores demonstrated lower desire and arousal and a negative association with some metabolic and hormonal parameters. SES score also showed a significant predictive value on testosterone treatment efficacy for HSDD. CLINICAL TRANSLATION: A better characterization of HSDD would enable individualized treatment based on the main underlying etiologies. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: Limitations of the study include the small sample size and cross-sectional retrospective design, with the choice of treatment for HSDD limited to transdermal testosterone. Strengths comprise the thorough and multifactorial evaluation of every aspect potentially affecting inhibitory and excitatory components of sexual desire. CONCLUSION: Validated cutoffs of SIS/SES scores could allow deep characterization of women diagnosed with HSDD, thus ensuring better tailoring of therapy and prediction of the probability of response to specific treatments.

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BACKGROUND: After natural disasters, the occurrence of mental health problems and adverse effects on reproductive health in women of reproductive age can be attributed to a multitude of factors, including the deterioration of health facilities, a shortage of qualified health professionals, a lack of socio-economic stability, and a paucity of familial and community support. METHODS: The descriptive correlational study was conducted through social networks with 405 women who had experienced the disaster of the century 8 months after (between November and December 2023) the earthquake. The snowball sampling method was used to obtain the research data. The questionnaire form, developed for the purpose of data collection, was disseminated to women who consented to participate in the study through social networks. The data were evaluated using a variety of statistical techniques, including number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, independent sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and structural equation modeling. RESULTS: According to the results of linear regression analysis, these were found to be predictors of the desire to avoid pregnancy: having housing problems (ß-coefficient 0.173; p = .008), having a damaged home (ß-coefficient. 276; p = .009), sleep patterns (ß-coefficient 0.433; p = .022), eating habits (ß-coefficients 0.248, 0.044), use of psychiatric medication (ß-coefficient 0.436, p = .003), and problems related to the food and water supply (ß-coefficient 0.127, p = .003). In addition, a structural equation model (SEM) was established to examine the relationship between these variables and mental well-being and pregnancy avoidance. Only the model constructed with mental well-being demonstrated significance in the SEM analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that women's mental health is negatively affected in unpredictable emergencies such as earthquakes and that poor mental health negatively affects pregnancy planning. The findings of the study may help to guide health professionals working in the field of women's health to protect women's mental health in emergency situations, to provide counseling about pregnancy planning, and to provide social and psychological support programs.

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Existing literature strongly supports the idea that children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) have brainstem abnormalities. However, the connection between pre-micturition arousal responses and brain functional connectivities is still not clearly defined. Our study investigated the correlation between the gradations of micturition desire-awakening (MDA) functionality and the functional connectivity of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), a pivotal brainstem hub implicated in the neural regulation of micturition in humans. Neuroimaging and behavioral data from 133 patients with PNE and 40 healthy children were acquired from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and precise clinical observations, respectively. The whole-brain correlation analyses were undertaken to elucidate the complex connectivity patterns between the subregions of PAG and the cerebral cortex, with a focus on their correlation to the spectrum of MDA functionality. A positive correlation was identified between MDA dysfunction and the resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between the left ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and the right temporal pole of the superior temporal gyrus. Conversely, a negative correlation was observed between MDA dysfunction and the RSFC of the right vlPAG with the right superior parietal lobule. Additionally, MDA dysfunction exhibited a negative association with the RSFC between the dorsomedial PAG (dmPAG) and the right inferior parietal lobule. These findings may indicate that the specific signal from a distended bladder is blocked in the PAG and its functional connectivity with the executive function, attention, and default mode networks, ultimately leading to impaired arousal and bladder control. This revelation underscores potential neural targets for future therapeutic interventions.

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Literature can be a fruitful source of inspiration for rethinking ageing. Two literary short stories, one by Thomas Mann, the other by Stefan Zweig, offer two original portraits of an old man, which may lead some to reconsider the relationship between old age and passion, and to restore the humanity of the figure of the old man.

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BACKGROUND: The reward-regulatory properties of GLP-1 are attracting increasing interest. Animal studies show that GLP-1 receptor agonists not only reduce consumption of addictive substances, but also influence sexual behaviour. We aimed to investigate the effect of dulaglutide versus placebo on sexual desire in humans. METHODS: In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, healthy eugonadal men of normal weight, aged 18-50 years with active and satisfactory sex lifes were (1:1) randomly allocated to dulaglutide or placebo for four weeks. We assessed sexual desire (Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire [MGH-SFQ]), hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (total testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH]) and sperm parameters. Changes in these parameters were compared under dulaglutide versus placebo using paired t-tests. FINDINGS: 24 out of 26 randomised participants completed the study (13 participants randomised to dulaglutide first and 13 to placebo first). No change in the MGH-SFQ was observed after four weeks of dulaglutide versus placebo (estimated difference 0.58 [95% CI -0.83 to 2.00], p-value = 0.402). Hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (estimated differences: total testosterone (nmol/l) 0.9 [95% CI -1.5 to 3.3], FSH (IU/l) -0.2 [95% CI -0.3 to 0.0] and LH (IU/l) -0.8 [95% CI -1.5 to 0.0]) as well as sperm parameters all remained in the normal range without significant differences between the treatments. No severe adverse events occurred. INTERPRETATION: In this study of healthy men, we found no evidence of negative impacts of a four-week treatment with the widely used GLP-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide on sexual desire, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis hormones or sperm parameters. FUNDING: Swiss National Science Foundation (PZ00P3_193206), Gottfried and Julia Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation, Goldschmidt-Jacobson Foundation, Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences.

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This article explores the sexual subjectivity of women of post-reproductive age who seek partners on dating apps. The existing literature highlights the sexual subjectivity and agency of older women as contested and not sufficiently investigated. Even less research has been conducted on changes in the sexual subjectivity of women born in the USSR in the 1960s, with the liberalisation of sexual behaviour. The study is based on 45 interviews with women aged 55 years and over, who were born in the USSR and who now live in Israel, Finland and Russia. In the article, we examine sexual subjectivity as presented in the interviews from a life course perspective. We explain theoretically and empirically how changes in sexual subjectivity are expressed in the light of age and socio-cultural context constraints. Three life stories highlight the accumulation of experience and turning points, such as divorce and migration. They illustrate very different pathways in changing sexual subjectivity, yet all contain three Leitmotifs: desire, security and caring. The expression of post-reproductive female desire can be related to the need to feel secure and enjoy mutual care in sexual relationships. We show that these Leitmotifs shape and are shaped by women's identifications as both sexual objects and subjects, and explore how they relate to different sexual cultures and variations in the socio-sexual positioning of women in Israel, Finland, and Russia.

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In this paper, I grapple with the question of why we, at times, experience ourselves as not free. In doing so I outline a crude theory of agency (and our experience of ourselves as free) as a dynamic process happening in irreversible time. In attempting to answer this question, I define agency as the ability to pursue our desires, and I claim that we experience ourselves as free as long as we can do this - with the caveat that the ability to reason is a necessary criterion. I show that agency is a sociocultural development that manifests as the ability to reason gradually develops through social interaction during infancy and into adulthood. Crucially, I point out that reason is a double-edged sword: It allows us to question our actions and desires and whether they are worth pursuing, which is what elevates us to agentic beings. However, it also allows us to alienate ourselves from our actions and desires, and thus rob ourselves of our experience of freedom. Lastly, I show how our subjective freedom is lost and gained in a constant process, generated by a reflexive-relating-to ourselves. As we act, we continually encounter constraints (physical and psychological) that bar us from acting upon our desires. This compels us to reflect on our actions and desires, and so, our feeling of freedom evaporates. However, through a retrospective forgetting, or reconstruction, of the constraints we encounter, we may regain our experience of being free.

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From 2020 until 2023, the process of vaccination and progressive control of the SARS-CoV-2 or "Covid-19" virus has allowed for monitored movement to come back. Within this short window of historical reflexion, this chapter aims to bring light to the current context of social media uses and abuses through the lens of the notion of desire for omnipresence. For that, this study articulates this goal through three different layers of analysis: first, by investigating the emergence, management and incitement of what can be described as structurally addictive platforms of online interaction and how they entail a biopolitics of social media dependency; second, by providing in the notion of desire for omnipresence, a framework to understand the driving force for our current wish to subjectively deterritorialize ourselves toward the limitlessness through a zoopolitics where the virtual profile becomes a mode and a model of existence; finally, by pointing out ways "forward" that disrupt the ordinary understanding of linearity and progress to promote modes of un-marketization of life and human affections with the aim of transforming of our current desire for omnipresence into a genuine desire for presence.

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Sexual motivation refers to the intensity of willingness to have sex with or near a potential partner and is important for sexual health. At present, low sexual desire has become an increasingly prominent social problem, and there are no unified standards for its detection and evaluation. In this paper, we systematically sorted out the commonly used methods for detecting sexual motivation in male rats, including the three major categories of male-female mating, competitive selection and task acquisition, and discussed the relevant evaluation indexes and the advantages and disadvantages of various methods. We also explored the nature of sexual motivation, elaborated sexual contact behavior as a direct manifestation of sexual motivation, and proposed focusing relevant studies on contact behaviors and differentiating sexual proximity from social proximity.

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Low sexual desire in women partnered with men has been the subject of controversy and research over the past decades, including both as construct and diagnosis. Despite discussion surrounding the causes of low desire, there is a gap in research about how women themselves understand the causes of their low desire and the potential consequences of these causal attributions. In the current study, we investigated this by asking 130 women who had low desire and were partnered with men about their attributions for low desire. Through content analysis, we identified five attribution categories: psychological/individual, relational, biological, sociocultural, and/or sexual orientation/identity/status. Many participants chose more than one category, indicating a multifaceted nature of women's causes of low desire. We then quantitatively assessed women's feelings of responsibility for, and emotions surrounding, their low desire. Our findings indicate that the majority-but not all-of women have negative feelings about their low desire. However, the specific emotions they experience are related to their attribution patterns. This underscores the significance of investigating various facets of women's attributions regarding low desire in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their emotional experiences and desire overall.

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BACKGROUND: In the digital era, developing effective teaching methods is crucial due to the challenges of maintaining students' concentration amidst distractions. This study assessed the effects of learning-promoting factors both across group boundaries and within RCT learning groups examined in our previous study on the effectiveness of online versus live teaching. METHODS: The participants' experiences in the domains of Concentration, Anticipation, Liking and Desire to reuse were evaluated online immediately after a lesson on diagnosing pediatric respiratory issues implemented either in a Live, Live-stream, Vodcast or Podcast setting. The students rated their experiences on a scale of 1-10 with scores above a median of 8 indicating high experience levels in each factor. Learning was evaluated using a Webropol e-Test immediately and five weeks after the teaching session. The 15-minute test, comprised of 10 multiple-choice questions and real-life video scenarios, measured both theoretical and diagnostic skills. The test score scale ranged from - 26 to 28 points. RESULTS: High concentration was experienced by 70/72 (97.2%) students in the Live, 41/75 (54.7%) students in the Live-stream, 53/72 (73.6%) students in the Vodcast and 36/79 (45.6%) students in the Podcast teaching groups (P < 0.01). High concentration promoted learning the most, resulting in a 1.93 score improvement in the short-term test and a 1.65 score improvement in the long-term test. Among those with high concentration, the average test scores ranged from 21.9 to 23.4, while the range for low concentration was 18.3-20.0. CONCLUSION: In our study, good concentration promoted higher test scores in comparison with low concentration across all the learning modalities, both in digital and live settings. However, the live teaching modality resulted in the highest levels of concentration. Our results suggest that teachers should use various teaching modalities and utilize related special features to engage learners and maintain their concentration.

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BACKGROUND: Patients with serious illness frequently report (temporary) wishes to hasten death. Even until the end-of-life, many patients also harbor a will to live. Although both phenomena are negatively correlated according to some studies, they can also co-exist. Knowledge about the complex relationship between the seemingly opposing wish to hasten death and will to live is limited, but crucial for delivering adequate care and understanding potential requests for assisted dying. AIM: To study the correlation of and explore the relationship between wish to hasten death and will to live over 6 weeks. DESIGN: Observatory, prospective cohort study following a mixed methods design. Analysis of quantitative (Schedules of Attitudes Toward Hastened Death, a visual numerical scale and (additional) validated questionnaires) and qualitative (semi-structured interviews) data with illustrative case descriptions. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Patients receiving palliative care with heterogenous underlying diseases from various care settings, before and after an open conversation on a possible desire to die. RESULTS: In n = 85 patients, wish to hasten death and will to live were strongly negatively correlated at three time points (baseline: r(65) = -0.647, p ⩽ 0.001; after 1 week: r(55) = -0.457, p ⩽ 0.001 and after 4-6 weeks: r(43) = -0.727, p ⩽ 0.001). However, visual assessment of scatterplots revealed a small, but substantial number of outliers. When focusing on these outlier patients, they showed clinically relevant changes between baseline and 6 weeks with the wish to hasten death changing in n = 9 (15% of n = 60) and the will to live changing in n = 11 (18.6% of n = 59). Interview data of three outlier cases illustrates unusual trajectories and possible factors which may influence them. CONCLUSIONS: As they can co-exist in different possible combinations, a high wish to hasten death does not necessarily imply a low will to live and vice versa. Patients receiving palliative care can hold such seemingly opposing positions in mind as a form of coping when confronted with an existential threat of serious illness. Therefore, health professionals are encouraged to proactively engage patients in conversation about both phenomena.

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BACKGROUND: Dementia is a leading factor in the institutionalization of older adults. Informal caregivers' desire to institutionalize (DI) their care recipient with dementia (PwD) is a primary predictor of institutionalization. This study aims to develop a prediction model for caregivers' DI by mining data from an eHealth platform in a high-prevalence dementia country. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from caregivers registering on isupport-portugal.pt. One hundred and four caregivers completed the Desire to Institutionalize Scale (DIS) and were grouped into DI (DIS score ≥ 1) and no DI (DIS score = 0). Participants completed a comprehensive set of sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial measures, pertaining to the caregiver and the PwD, which were accounted as model predictors. The selected model was a classification tree, enabling the visualization of rules for predictions. RESULTS: Caregivers, mostly female (82.5%), offspring of the PwD (70.2), employed (65.4%), and highly educated (M 15 years of schooling), provided intensive care (Mdn 24 h. week) over a median course of 2.8 years. Two-thirds (66.3%) endorsed at least one item on the DIS (DI group). The model, with caregivers' perceived stress as the root of the classification tree (split at 28.5 points on the Zarit Burden Interview) and including the ages of caregivers and PwD (split at 46 and 88 years, respectively), as well as cohabitation, employed five rules to predict DI. Caregivers scoring 28.5 and above on burden and caring for PwD under 88 are more prone to DI than those caring for older PwD (rules 1-2), suggesting the influence of expectations on caregiving duration. The model demonstrated high accuracy (0.83, 95%CI 0.75, 0.89), sensitivity (0.88, 95%CI 0.81, 0.95), and good specificity (0.71, 95%CI 0.56, 0.86). CONCLUSIONS: This study distilled a comprehensive range of modifiable and non-modifiable variables into a simplified, interpretable, and accurate model, particularly useful at identifying caregivers with actual DI. Considering the nature of variables within the prediction rules, this model holds promise for application to other existing datasets and as a proxy for actual institutionalization. Predicting the institutional placement of PwD is crucial for intervening on modifiable factors as caregiver burden, and for care planning and financing.

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BACKGROUND: Pregnancy loss affects 1 in 4 women and is linked with poorer overall health and relationship outcomes. Despite sexual well-being's importance to health, how sexual well-being changes across time after a pregnancy loss and what might predict such changes, like perinatal grief, have never been examined, leaving practitioners and couples without knowledge of what to expect. AIM: We aimed to examine (1) how sexual satisfaction, sexual desire, sexual distress, and perinatal grief change from 10 to 25 weeks postloss for both couple members; and (2) if perinatal grief levels at 10 weeks postloss predict sexual well-being trajectories. METHODS: Women and gender-diverse individuals who were pregnant when a pregnancy loss occurred (within the last 4 months) and men, women, and gender-diverse partners who were not pregnant (N = 132 couples) independently completed 4 monthly assessments of sexual well-being and perinatal grief. OUTCOMES: Outcomes included sexual satisfaction (Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction), sexual desire (Sexual Desire Inventory), sexual distress (Sexual Distress Scale-Short Form), perinatal grief (Perinatal Grief Scale). RESULTS: Dyadic growth curve modeling indicated that, from 10 to 25 weeks postloss, both couple members' sexual satisfaction increased, and their sexual desire remained stable; sexual distress decreased for partners but remained stable for individuals who were pregnant; and both couple members' perinatal grief decreased. Perinatal grief levels at 10 weeks postloss did not predict sexual well-being trajectories over time. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Given sexual well-being's dynamic nature, clinicians should regularly discuss sexuality with both couple members after pregnancy loss. During such discussions, clinicians could reassure couples about their sexual relationship's recovery by sharing that, on average, sexual satisfaction, sexual desire, and sexual distress tend to improve or stay the same (rather than worsen) from 10 to 25 weeks postloss. They can also share that perinatal grief tends to decrease during this time and is unrelated to trajectories of sexual satisfaction, sexual desire, and sexual distress. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: This is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine how sexual well-being changes across time after a pregnancy loss and perinatal grief's role in such changes. The results may not generalize broadly, as most couples were in mixed-gender/sex relationships, identified as White, and were relatively affluent. CONCLUSION: From 10 to 25 weeks postloss, both couple members tend to experience improvements in their overall sexual well-being and declines in their perinatal grief. Early perinatal grief levels and subsequent sexual well-being trajectories are seemingly unrelated.

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This research examined how 3-6-year-olds judge appropriate levels of counting games based on a person's ability, desire for learning and degree of difficulty. Study 1 found that 3-year-olds did not consider a character's ability or desire, whereas older children gave high ability characters large number games and low ability characters small number games when the characters wanted to play a manageable game. However, older children gave large number games to characters who wanted to learn counting, regardless of their ability. In Study 2, in addition to a similar developmental change of jointly considering a character's ability and desire, it was found that 5-and 6-year-olds were more sensitive to the degree of difficulty. They were more careful than younger children to choose exceedingly large number games given the character's ability and desire. Implications for children's understanding of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and goal orientation are discussed.