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BACKGROUND: Antibiotic consumption is a driver for the increase of antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study is to analyze variations in antibiotic consumption and its appropriate use in Brazil from 2014 to 2019. METHODS: We conducted a time series study using the surveillance information system database (SNGPC) from the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency. Antimicrobials sold in retail pharmacies were evaluated. All antimicrobials recorded for systemic use identified by the active ingredient were eligible. Compounded products and formulations for topic use (dermatological, gynecological, and eye/ear treatments) were excluded. The number of defined daily doses (DDDs)/1,000 inhabitants/day for each antibiotic was attributed. The number of DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DDIs) was used as a proxy for consumption. Results were stratified by regions and the average annual percentage change in the whole period studied was estimated. We used the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) framework to categorize antimicrobial drugs. RESULTS: An overall increase of 30% in consumption from 2014 to 2019 was observed in all Brazilian regions. Amoxicillin, azithromycin and cephalexin were the antimicrobials more consumed, with the Southeast region responsible for more than 50% of the antibiotic utilization. Among all antimicrobials analyzed 45.0% were classified as watch group in all Brazilian regions. CONCLUSION: We observed a significant increase in antibiotics consumption from 2014 to 2019 in Brazil restricted to the Northeast and Central West regions. Almost half of the antibiotics consumed in Brazil were classified as watch group, highlighting the importance to promote rational use in this country.

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OBJECTIVES: Consumption trends of four broad-spectrum antimicrobials and their correlation with antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) from 2013-2017 within intensive care units (ICUs) were explored. METHODS: Consumption of meropenem (MEM), polymyxin B (PMB), piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP) and cefepime (FEP) in defined daily doses per 1000 patient-days (DDD/1000PD) was measured. Infection-related GNB isolates were grouped according to specific resistance profiles. Time series of antimicrobial consumption and their parametric correlation with each grouped resistant GNB were explored. RESULTS: A total of 1423 GNB were evaluated. A significant linear decline in consumption was observed for MEM [slope -3.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) -4.96 to -2.81; P < 0.0001] and PMB (slope -3.51, 95% CI -5.528 to -1.495; P = 0.0009). A significant decline in MEM-non-susceptible Acinetobacter spp. (R2 = 0.476; P = 0.006) and an increase in FEP-non-susceptible Escherichia coli (R2 = 0.124; P = 0.006) was observed. A significant correlation between MEM consumption and MEM-non-susceptible Acinetobacter spp. (r = 0.43; P = 0.001) was observed. MEM consumption and MEM-non-susceptible Acinetobacter spp. showed a positive correlation. CONCLUSION: Reduction in the consumption of broad-spectrum antimicrobials may alter the frequency of infection-related isolates and their antimicrobial resistance profiles.

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La vigilancia del consumo de antimicrobianos es parte central en los programas de utilización de antimicrobianos. Sin embargo, en Chile no se conocen datos del consumo de antibacterianos por servicios clínicos, que representen un número importante de hospitales. En el año 2013 se envió una encuesta a múltiples hospitales chilenos para evaluar el consumo de antimicrobianos en los servicios clínicos de Medicina (SM), Cirugía (SC) y Unidades de Pacientes Críticos (UPC). Para ello se usó la metodología estandarizada recomendada por la OMS de DDD/100 días camas. En los SM y SC se evaluaron antibacterianos β-lactámicos y no β-lactámicos de uso frecuente. En las UPC se evaluó el consumo de vancomicina, linezolid, imipenem, meropenem, colistín y tigeciclina. Se obtuvo resultados de 15 hospitales, los cuales informaron la densidad de consumo de antimicrobianos de los servicios mencionados. Ceftriaxona y cloxacilina fueron los antimicrobianos más utilizados en servicios generales (promedio cloxacilina 4,9 DDD/100 días cama en SM y 8,0 DDD/100 en SC; ceftriaxona 13,5 DDD/100 en SM y 16,7 DDD/100 en SC). En los SC se agrega además un consumo importante de metronidazol (promedio 14,5 DDD/100 días cama). En las UPC destaca la variabilidad de consumo de antimicrobianos seleccionados. Este estudio reporta el promedio y rangos de consumo de antibacterianos en SM, SC y UPC de un número importante de hospitales del país durante el año 2013. Esta información permite a los hospitales comparar su consumo de antibacterianos con una muestra significativa de hospitales chilenos. El análisis de esta información debe considerar una cuidadosa interpretación de acuerdo a la muestra aquí representada y la realidad de cada uno de los hospitales.

Surveillance of antimicrobial consumption is a central part in programs of antibiotic stewardship. However, in Chile there are no national data on antibiotic consumption representing a significant number of hospitals by clinical services. In 2013 a survey was sent to multiple Chilean hospitals to evaluate antimicrobial consumption in medical services (MS), surgery services (SS) and critical care units (ICU). We used the standardized methodology recommended by the WHO, using the number of DDD/100 days beds. In the MS and SS beta-lactam and no beta-lactam antibiotics commonly used were evaluated. In the ICU consumption vancomycin, linezolid, imipenem, merope-nem, colistin and tigecycline was evaluated. Fifteen hospitals reported the density of antimicrobial consumption. Ceftriaxone and cloxacillin were the most commonly used antibiotics in general services (average cloxacillin 4,9 DDD/100 bed days in MS and 8,0 DDD/100 in SS; ceftriaxone 13,5 DDD/100 in MS and 16,7 DDD/100 in SS). In the SS there was also a significant consumption of metronidazole (average 14,5 DDD/100 bed days). In the ICU there was an important variability of consumption of selected antibiotics. This study reports the average and range of antibiotic consumption in MS, SS, and ICU from a significant number of hospitals in the country, during 2013. This information allows hospitals to compare their consumption of antibiotics with a significant sample of Chilean hospitals. Analysis of this information should consider a careful interpretation according to the sample shown here and the reality of each hospital.

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Introducción. Se evalúa la tendencia de consumo, precio promedio ponderado (PPP) y costo total, así como la influencia del consumo y PPP sobre los costos totales, en los subgrupos de medicamentos (dosis diaria definida/100 días-cama) antibacterianos, antimicóticos, antimicobacterianos y antivirales de 2005 a 2007. Métodos. De la base de datos de la farmacia del hospital, se calcularon, para cada medicamento, su consumo, PPP y costo total de los cuatro subgrupos terapéuticos. El análisis estadístico fue regresión lineal múltiple y coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Resultados. El subgrupo con mayor consumo y costo fue el de antibacterianos, y el de mayor precio ponderado el de los antivirales. Se identificó que el consumo y los precios ponderados influyeron significativamente en los costos totales. El cambio por cada unidad de consumo y de precio ponderado produjo un incremento de $190,893.8 USD (IC95% 118,196.1-263,591.6) y de $3,050.4 USD (IC95% 1,912.5-4,188.3), respectivamente. Conclusiones. El aumento porcentual progresivo del costo de los antiinfecciosos en comparación con el total de grupos terapéuticos del hospital fue consecuencia del consumo y de los PPP. El análisis estadístico empleado y el uso de las variaciones porcentuales permitieron identificar, por subgrupos terapéuticos, el efecto que los consumos y los PPP tienen sobre los costos totales. El análisis individual de los medicamentos de alto costo también permitió interpretar algunos comportamientos; por lo que se recomienda efectuar este tipo de evaluaciones para identificar las diversas variables que influyen en los costos.

Background. We undertook this study to evaluate the tendency of the consumption (defined as daily doses/100 bed-days), the weighted average price (WAP) and the total cost of antibacterials, antimycotics, antimycobacterials and antiviral subgroups from 2005 to 2007, as well as the influence of the consumption and the WAP on the total costs. Methods. We used the database of the hospital pharmacy in order to calculate consumption, WAP and total cost of each drug for therapeutic subgroups. Multiple linear regression and Spearman correlation coefficient were used for statistical analyses. Results. The antibacterial subgroup showed the highest consumption and the total cost. The antiviral subgroup showed the highest WAP. Consumption and WAP had a significant influence on the total costs. The change by each unit of consumption and WAP produced an increase of 190,893.8 USD (95% CI 118,196.1-263,591.6) and 3,050.4 USD (95% CI 1,912.5-4,188.3), respectively. Conclusion. The progressive percentage increase of the total cost of anti-infective drugs in comparison with the total cost of hospital's therapeutic subgroups was due to the consumption and WAP. Statistical analysis and percentage of variations can identify the effect of consumption and WAP on total costs according to therapeutic subgroups. The analysis of high-cost drugs allows interpretation of some behaviors. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out these types of evaluations so as to identify the different variables that can influence costs.