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PURPOSE: Sexual debut in early adolescence is associated with poor health outcomes in adulthood. We examined the associations of social capital within families, schools, and neighborhoods with early sexual debut. METHODS: Using data from the Healthy Passages cohort, a longitudinal multilevel study of adolescents, we performed a series of cross-classified multilevel logistic regression models to examine (1) the relative contribution of schools and neighborhoods to the variance and (2) the association of markers of social cohesion/social capital in families, schools, and neighborhoods with sexual debut by 10th grade. RESULTS: There were 4,001 youth participants nested in 115 schools and 751 neighborhoods, with a high degree of cross-classification (1,340 unique combinations of school and neighborhoods). In models adjusting for individual demographics, neighborhoods contributed more to the variance (log odds U [95% confidence interval {CI}] [intra class correlation {ICC}%]) in sexual debut than schools: Uneighborhoods = 0.11 (0.02, 0.23) [3.2%] versus Uschools = 0.07 (0.01, 0.16) [2%]. Restriction of dating and family cohesion, markers of family social capital, were associated with reduced odds of sexual debut by 10th grade (odds ratio = 0.45 95% CI: 0.41-0.49 and 0.93, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.00). Neighborhood cohesion and education level were associated with early debut. Although reduced, there remained significant, unexplained variance in both the school and neighborhood level in the fully adjusted model (Uschool = 0.08 [0.01, 0.17] [2.3%], Uneighborhood = 0.08 [0.02, 0.17] [2.2%]). DISCUSSION: Markers of social capital at the family and neighborhood levels were associated with sexual debut by 10th grade. Developers of public health programs aiming to delay sexual debut should consider family-focused and neighborhood-focused interventions.

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We investigated the association between early sexual debut and HIV infection among adolescents and young adults. Analyzing data from nationally representative Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) surveys in 11 African countries, the research employed a multivariate logistic regression model to assess the relationship between the early sexual debut and new HIV infections in the age group of 10-24 years. The results revealed a significant and robust association, indicating that young individuals who experienced early sexual debut were approximately 2.65 times more likely to contract HIV than those who did not, even after accounting for other variables. These findings align with prior research suggesting that early initiation of sexual activity may increase vulnerability to HIV infection due to factors such as biological susceptibility and risky behaviors like low condom use and multiple sexual partners. The implications of these findings for HIV prevention strategies are substantial, suggesting that interventions aimed at delaying sexual debut could be an effective component in reducing HIV risk for this population. Targeted sex education programs that address the risks of early sexual debut may play a pivotal role in these prevention efforts. By employing a comprehensive approach, there is a possibility to advance efforts towards ending AIDS by 2030.

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BACKGROUND: The burden of early sexual engagement among youth is enormous. It directly raises the risk of sexually transmitted infections(STIs) and indirectly contributes to unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, premature childbirth, and psychosocial issues. The aim of this paper was to estimate the timing of sexual debut and examine the factors influencing the timing of first sexual intercourse following menarche among female youth aged between 15 and 24 in Uganda. METHOD: Self-reported data were extracted from the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS), with a sub-sample of 7964 female youth from the individual woman file. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, decrement life-table analysis, and the discrete-time logit model were used to examine the timing of sexual debut and associated factors. RESULTS: 67.4% of the female youth had experienced first sexual initiation. Overall, the meantime to sexual debut was 4.4 years and the median time was 4.3 years, and all the female youth had experienced first sexual initiation by the end of the twelfth year following menarche. Significant factors found to influence the timing of sexual initiation include having higher education level (OR = 0.724: 95% CI = 0.59-0.89; p = 0.003), residing in the Northern region (OR = 0.877:95% CI = 0.79-0.97, p = 0.012), being employed (OR = 1.085: 95% CI = 1.01-1.16; p = 0.021), and being literate (OR = 1.155; 95% CI = 1.07-1.25; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings are expected to be central in the bid to delay first sexual intercourse. Also they shed light on some of the factors associated with the timing of sexual debut which may be addressed at community level for non-school going youth and in schools, as school based prevention sexual and reproductive health programs. The findings highlight the need for future studies to collect more data to explore further the linkage between time to first debut since menarche and, mass media, religion, type of residence, and wealth index.

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Using a Bayesian statistical approach, this study aimed to provide a robust assessment of associations between religiosity and personal faith, timing of sexual initiation and sexual risk taking in young people. To produce posterior probability distribution of the estimation of associations, this study combined two population-based surveys of emerging Croatian adults and meta-analytical estimates pertaining to international studies published between 2000 and 2020. Regardless of the prior used, age at sexual debut was delayed by both religiosity (correlations ranged from 0.10 to 0.13) and personal faith (r = 0.09-0.13). Apart from delaying sexual debut, the findings suggest a very limited role of religiosity and personal faith in the protection of sexual and reproductive health among young people.

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BACKGROUND: Children's initiation of early sex has several negative implications on their sexual and reproductive health, growth and development. In Ghana, few studies on early sexual debut have focused on adolescents. Therefore, this study examined the prevalence, causes, correlates and effects of early sexual debut among children aged 8 to 17 in Ghana using secondary data from the Department of Children of the Ministry of Gender, Children, and Social Protection. METHODS: A convergent parallel mixed-method approach guided the study. Descriptive statistics and multivariable binary logistic regression were used to analyse the quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. RESULTS: The study found that the prevalence of early sexual debut among children was 13.2%, which is more predominant among female children. The main causes of early sexual debut include engaging in sex after watching pornography, self-desire to have sex, and being influenced by alcohol consumption. Also, age, sex, education, marital status, religion, ecological zone, living arrangements, and access to the Internet were significant correlates of early sexual debut. Early sexual debut increases children's risk of unwanted pregnancy, which leads to the termination of children's education or induced abortion. Also, early sexual debut had adverse impacts on the wellbeing of pregnant children and increased children's risk of multiple lifetime sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that socio-demographic characteristics of children (e.g., age, sex, education, and marital status) were significant correlates of early sexual debut. Policymakers need to design appropriate interventions, considering the socio-demographic characteristics of children, to curb its occurrence in Ghana.

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Background: Age-disparate relationships (ADR) place adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) at higher risk of unprotected sex and HIV infection; few studies have investigated ADR at first sex in sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigates ADR at first sex and its association with reproductive autonomy, reproductive empowerment, contraception coercion, and consent at first sex among female Rwandan youth. Methods: Cross-sectional data from a randomized trial (n = 5768) of in-school youth ages 12-19 at enrollment were analyzed with focus on those who reported sexual activity (n = 1319). General estimating equation linear models and Poisson models were used to estimate linear coefficients and prevalence ratios (PR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated using robust standard errors. Results: Females reported a significantly higher average partner age gap than males by 2.43 years (2.90 years vs. 0.46 years, 95% CI: 2.01, 2.86). Overall, 23.4% (n = 102) of sexually active AGYW engaged in an ADR at first sex. The prevalence of non-consensual first sex was 60% higher among AGYW reporting ADR at first sex compared to AGYW reporting similar-aged partners (adjusted PR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.25, 2.02). No association was found between ADR at first sex and reproductive autonomy, reproductive empowerment, or contraception coercion. Conclusions: Our results suggest a high prevalence of sexual violence among AGYW engaging in first sex with an age-disparate partner. However, we did not find evidence that ADR at first sex affects reproductive autonomy or empowerment within the first few years of sexual initiation. Further research is needed to explore the impact of ADR at first sex and longer-term trajectories of sexual behavior, empowerment and autonomy.

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Sexual behaviour of adolescents is contextual, with various determinants affecting sexual activity and age of sexual debut. Insight into sexual activity among young adolescents has the potential to influence appropriate sexual and reproductive health interventions. For this analysis, adolescents were recruited as part of the Tumaini smartphone game efficacy trial. Data collection included a self-administered behavioural survey and blood test for HIV and HSV-2. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographics and measures of sexual behaviour and behavioural intent based on gender and sexual experience, with associations assessed using chi-square tests, t-tests and Wilcoxon rank sum tests as appropriate. We enrolled 996 adolescents, mean age 14 years and 2.2% HSV-2 positivity. Overall, 15% of the adolescents were sexually experienced, this being associated with lower socio-economic status (p = 0.01), household food insecurity (p = 0.008), a living situation without both parents (p < 0.01), substance use (p = 0.02), no adult conversation about future goals (p = 0.003), conversations about condoms (p = 0.01), with some gender disparity within these factors. Among those sexually experienced, 21.7% reported unwilling sex; 17.5% had engaged in transactional sex; 57.8% had willing first sex, of whom 60.9% reported no condom use. Among those abstaining, female adolescents were less likely to contemplate condom use at first sex (p = 0.006). Our findings determine that young sexually active adolescents are likely engaging in unprotected sex and having unwilling sexual experiences. Socio-economic status, living situation and parental monitoring remain significant factors associated with sexual experience among young adolescents. In this context, early adolescence is an opportunity to provide age- and developmentally appropriate education about safer sex practices.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04437667.

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High-risk sexual behavior is the primary risk factor for the acquisition and persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the development of HPV-associated diseases including cancer. Incidence of HPV infection is high among individuals in their late teens and early 20s. Thus, college students represent a historically high-risk group for HPV infection yet are also a group with the ability to independently access HPV vaccination for HPV prevention. To inform future interventions, we examined factors associated with HPV-associated risky sexual behaviors among sexually active college students. Data (N = 741) were from an anonymous online survey distributed to students at a public Midwestern university in 2021. The outcomes were HPV-associated sexual risk behaviors-number of oral or vaginal sexual partners [high (≥ 5) or low (< 5)] and age of oral or vaginal sexual debut [early (< 18 years) or late (≥ 18 years)]. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated the association between HPV-associated risky sexual behaviors and several predictors including age, gender, relationship status, academic level, country of birth, and rural-urban status. Among sexually active students, approximately 47% and 41% had a high number of lifetime vaginal and oral partners, respectively. Among the same group, 60% and 64% had early vaginal and oral sexual debut. Students who were single and dating (aOR = 1.93; 95% CI = 1.21, 3.08) or single and not dating (2.11; 1.28, 3.48) were more likely to have a high number of vaginal lifetime partners compared with married students. Single (vs. married) students were also about twice as likely to have a high number of oral lifetime partners. Relative to graduate students, freshmen/sophomores were more likely to have an early vaginal (2.44; 1.45, 4.11) and oral (2.14; 1.26, 3.63) sexual debut. Interventions tailored to college freshmen/sophomores and unmarried students should encourage students to receive the HPV vaccine for prevention of future HPV-associated diseases.

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PURPOSE: Considering the high levels of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Sierra Leone with over 83% of girls and young women aged 15-24 years having undergone the practice, the study explores the potential influence of FGM on sexual behaviors of adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Sierra Leone. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the 2019 Demographic Health Survey were utilized to examine the association between FGM and three sexual behaviors; sexual debut before 18 years, child marriage and adolescent motherhood. To model this association, a generalized estimation equation technique was employed, while controlling for socio-demographic characteristics. Additionally, the study corrected for multiple-hypothesis testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure with a specified false discovery rate of 0.05. Finally, percentage predicted probabilities of occurrence of the sexual risk behaviors in the presence of FGM were also calculated. RESULTS: Of the 5524 AGYW, 76% had undergone FGM. FGM was associated with all three sexual risk behaviors. Sexual debut before 18 years had the highest predicted probability increase (+18.00 ppt, 95% CI: 14.41 to -21.59), followed by adolescent motherhood (+13.38 ppt, 95% CI: 10.16-16.60) and child marriage (+12.61 ppt; 95% CI: 10.22-15.01). Education was found to be protective against all three sexual risk behaviors. DISCUSSION: The findings of this study demonstrate that FGM remains a prevalent practice in Sierra Leone, even among the younger generation. This practice is strongly associated with sexual behaviors that pose a significant risk to the health outcomes of AGYW. Investments in education by removing barriers to access for AGYW could lead to multiple gains.

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Difficulty in performing instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) is currently considered an important indicator of cognitive impairment in the elderly. A non-experimental case-control investigation was conducted to assess the convergent validity of the PA-IADL with traditional (standard) cognitive assessment tests in its ability to identify adults with mild cognitive impairment. The analysis of the data was carried out by means of various multivariate statistical tests, and the sequence in its execution led to the conclusion that 8 of the 12 Tasks that make up the PA-IADL allow for the identification of people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to the same extent as traditional cognitive assessment tests and regardless of age. Age was found to be a moderating variable in the performance of the eight tasks; however, the results allow us to hypothesize that people with MCI experience a significant decline when it happens but thereafter, the deterioration that occurs does so at the same rate as the deterioration experienced by healthy people. They also allow us to hypothesize that the difference in the cognitive skills required by the eight functional tasks, and therefore also in the cognitive skills required by the traditional (standard) tests of a person with MCI compared to a person of the same age without MCI (Healthy), is approximately 10 years. These hypotheses have remarkable relevance and should be tested via longitudinal research. In the meantime, the results highlight the importance of the IADL assessment for the diagnosis of MCI as a complement to the standard cognitive assessment.

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Introducción. Las formas clínicas de presentación del lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) son variadas, así como las recaídas que ocurren en el curso de la enfermedad. Objetivo. Describir las formas de presentación del debut y las recaídas de pacientes con LES. Metodología. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, de pacientes con LES, que acudieron al Hospital Nacional, durante el periodo 2022 a 2023. Las variables analizadas fueron las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y de laboratorio, al debut y durante las recaídas. Resultados. Se incluyeron 47 pacientes, entre 14 y 68 años de edad (media: 29,6 ±12 años), 91,5% del sexo femenino, 59,5% del interior del país, con educación secundaria (68,1%) y ocupación ama de casa (55,3%). El tiempo de enfermedad fue en promedio 48,7 ±37.1 meses. La forma más frecuente de debut fue la poli-artralgia (55,3%), seguido de nefritis (27,7%). En la recaída, la nefritis fue más frecuente (44,7%), seguida de dolor poliarticular (40,4%). La causa de recaída más frecuente fue el abandono del tratamiento (34,0%). Conclusión. La mayoría de las pacientes eran mujeres jóvenes que debutaron la enfermedad con artralgias, seguida de la afectación renal. Las recaídas se presentaron con nefritis. La causa principal de las recaídas fue el abandono del tratamiento.

Introduction: The clinical forms of presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are varied, as well are the relapses that occur in the course of the disease. Objective: To describe the onset and relapses in a cohort of patients with SLE. Methodology. Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study of patients with SLE who attended the National Hospital, during the period 2022 to 2023. The variables analyzed were sociodemographic, forms of onset and relapses. Results: 47 patients between 14 and 68 years of age (mean: 29.6 ±12 years) were included in the study, 91.5% female, 59.5% from the interior of the country, with secondary education (68.1%) and housewife occupation (55.3%). The duration of illness was on average 48.7 ±37.1 months. The most common form of onset was polyarthralgia (55.3%), followed by nephritis (27.7%). In relapse, nephritis was more frequent (44.7%), followed by polyarticular pain (40.4%). The most frequent cause of relapse was treatment abandonment (34.0%). Conclusion: The majority of patients were young women who presented the disease with arthralgia, followed by kidney involvement. Relapses presented with nephritis. The main cause of relapses were treatment abandonment.

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INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine whether the administration of antiepileptic drugs (AED) alters the likelihood of detecting epileptiform abnormalities in electroencephalographies (EEG) performed early after a first epileptic seizure. METHODS: We performed a retrospective, observational study including patients with a first seizure attended at our centre's emergency department between July 2014 and November 2019. We collected clinical data, as well as technical data on the acquisition and interpretation of the EEG performed within the first 72 hours after the seizure, and the factors related with seizure recurrence. RESULTS: We recruited 155 patients with a mean (SD) age of 48.6 (22.5) years; 61.3% were men. Regarding seizure type, 51% presented tonic-clonic seizures of unknown onset and 12% presented focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Thirty-nine patients (25.2%) received AED treatment before the EEG was performed: 33 received a non-benzodiazepine AED and 6 received a benzodiazepine. Epileptiform abnormalities were observed in 29.7% of patients. Previous administration of AEDs was not significantly associated with the probability of detecting interictal epileptiform abnormalities (P = .25) or with the risk of recurrence within 6 months (P = .63). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of AEDs before an early EEG following a first seizure does not decrease the likelihood of detecting epileptiform abnormalities. These findings suggest that starting AED treatment immediately in patients with a high risk of early recurrence does not imply a reduction in the diagnostic accuracy of the test.

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BACKGROUND: Unsafe sexual behaviours and associated sexual ideas among adolescents may contribute to adverse health consequences for sexual health in adulthood. The patterns of sexual ideology and sociodemographic factors profiles on adolescents' sexual behaviours have not been the subject of a definite consensus in research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude and prevalence of early sexual debut and associated risk sexual behavior among adolescents in Tanzania as the evidence from baseline data in a Randomized Controlled Trial. METHODS: The study included 647 randomly chosen in-school adolescents from Tanzania and used an analytical cross-section survey in a quantitative research approach. Sexual-risk Behaviour Beliefs and Self-esteem Scale from previous studies were the main data collection tool. According to the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS), computer software version 9.4 descriptive analysis established respondents' socio-demographic profiles, attitudes, prevalence, and determinants linked to teenagers' early sexual debut. The link between the variables was established via multivariate logistic regression at a 5% significance level and a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The mean age was 15 ± 1.869 years while 57.5% of adolescents were females. 69.7% of adolescents were sexually active whereas 44.8% of them practised sexual behaviours willingly against 24.9% who practised coerced sexual behaviours. The majority (44.4%) and 16.2% of them initiated sexual behaviours during the early and middle adolescence stages respectively. Most adolescents had the ideology that sex was okay to them even before the age of 18 years. Their odds of practicing sexual behaviours were significantly high with the ideology that sex was okay to them even before 18 years of age (AOR = 1.293; p < 0.05; 95%CI: 0.689, 2.989), exposure to drug abuse (AOR = 1.210; p < 0.05; 95%CI: 0.803, 2.130), using media (AOR = 1.006; p < 0.05; 95%CI: 0.748, 2.667) and/or exposure to social groups [Jogging, Gym, health clubs, betting, Games] (AOR = 1.032; p < 0.05; 95%CI: 0.889, 2.044). CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that holding a positive attitude towards early sexual debut is a precursor to early sexual activity among adolescents. Unsafe sex, coercive sex, and other risky sexual behaviors are not uncommon among adolescents starting sex before the age of 18 years. Exposure to drug abuse, online sexual content, and/or social groups significantly influenced early sexual debut irrespective of other known factors. Age-appropriate school-based sexuality education programs should be promoted and implemented to address the most prevalent positive attitude towards early sexual debut and associated risk sexual behaviour among adolescents in Tanzania and other similar settings.

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Sexual awareness is an understudied phenomenon, despite its known effects on mental health. Little is known about the predictors of sexual awareness, including how early sexual debut and early engagement with online dating and hookup apps might impact the development of sexual mindfulness. Given the conceptual overlap between mindfulness and sexual awareness, this study tested a model that hypothesized that general mindfulness and early sexual and online dating debuts may be associated with mental health outcomes and sexual behavior through pathways involving sexual awareness (assertiveness, consciousness, appeal, and monitoring). A sample of 2,379 heterosexually active young adult women completed an online survey. Path models indicated that both early sexual debut (prior to age 15) and early online dating debut (prior to age 18) had significant, positive direct associations with anxiety and depression scores. Early online dating was also associated with condomless sex with casual male partners. However, both early sexual debut and early online dating debut were indirectly linked to greater sexual risk through greater appeal, and to lower sexual risk through sexual assertiveness. Additionally, greater monitoring contributed to more depression for those with an earlier sexual debut. These findings point to potential risks associated with early online dating. They also highlight benefits of studying sexual awareness as a multi-dimensional construct, especially as it helps to clarify divergent findings in the existing literature on the long-term consequences associated with early sexual debut. While some domains were associated with risk (monitoring and appeal), others were indicative of resilience (assertiveness).

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In Kenya similar to other countries in Eastern and Southern Africa There is a disproportionately high burden of the global HIV incidence among youth ages 15-24 years, and where adolescent girls and young women account for up to a third of all incident HIV infections and more than double the burden of HIV compared to their male peers. Previous work has shown early sexual debut as entry point into risks to sexual and reproductive health among young people including STI/HIV acquisition. This was a formative assessment of the local context of three sexual risk behaviors among youth ages of 15-24 years: early sexual debut, multiple sexual partnerships, and age-mixing /intergenerational sex for purposes of informing comprehensive combination HIV intervention program design. We conducted a cross-sectional formative qualitative study in four sub-counties within Homabay county a high HIV prevalence region of Kenya. Participants were recruited through youth groups, schools, government offices and, community gatekeepers using approved fliers, referred to a designated venue for focus group discussion (FGD). After oral informed consent, twelve FGDs of 8-10 participants were carried out. Transcripts and field notes were uploaded to Atlas.ti qualitative data analysis and research software (version 8.0, 2017, ATLAS.ti GmbH). Open coding followed by grouping, categorization of code groups, and thematic abstraction was used to draw meaning for the data. A total of 111 youth participated in the FGD, 65 males and 46 females. The main findings were that youth engaged in early sex for fear of being labeled 'odd' by their peers, belief (among both male and female) that 'practice makes perfect', curiosity about sex, media influence, need to prove if one can father a child (among male), the notion that sex equals love with some of the youth using this excuse to coerce their partners into premature sex, and the belief that sex is a human right and parents/guardians should not intervene. Male youth experienced more peer-pressure to have sex earlier. Female youths cited many reasons to delay coitarche that included fear of pregnancy, burden of taking care of a baby, and religious doctrines. Having multiple sexual partners and intergenerational sexual relationships were common among the youth driven by perceived financial gain and increased sexual prowess. HIV prevention strategies need to address gender vulnerabilities, as well as promoting a protective environment, hence application of combination prevention methods is a viable solution to the HIV pandemic.Trial registration number: The study was approved by the KNH/UoN Ethics review committee (KNH/UoN ERC-P73/03/2011) and New York University (NYU Reg no.-00000310).

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Gender differences in appraisals of first intercourse are among the largest in sexuality research, with women indicating less satisfying "sexual debuts" than men. Dispositional or "actor-level" explanations for this gender gap are pervasive, yet research has largely examined heterosexual debuts in which actor gender and partner gender are confounded. We assessed whether women's less satisfying sexual debuts are better explained by actor gender or partner gender, comparing experiences of women who debuted with men (WDM) with those of men and women who debuted with women (MDW, WDW). Retrospective accounts of sexual debut were collected from 3033 adults. At first intercourse, we found that WDW had equal physical and emotional satisfaction to MDW, and more satisfaction than WDM, suggesting satisfaction gaps owing to partner gender, not actor gender. This pattern did not extend to a comparison event (first masturbation), where WDW and WDM had similar satisfaction, but less satisfaction than MDW, suggesting an actor gender gap. To identify sources of satisfaction gaps, we probed for corresponding differences in the circumstances of sexual debut. Sexual circumstances were more strongly implicated than nonsexual ones, with relative deprivation of glans stimulation explaining relative dissatisfaction at first intercourse, but not first masturbation, and orgasm explaining it at both. Findings challenge the view that the satisfaction gap at first intercourse reflects an inherent difference between genders. Indeed, they demonstrate similarities when partner gender does not differ and suggest strategies for ensuring equal sexual satisfaction-and equal sexual rights realization-at (hetero) sexual debut.

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Differing global sociocultural contexts of sexual relationships influence age at first sexual intercourse with potentially long-lasting region-specific effects such as increased risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In these cross-sectional analyses of data from the screening and enrollment visits for an HIV incidence study in Kisumu County, Kenya, we evaluated factors associated with having experienced an early sexual debut (ESD) among males and females aged 18-35 years. Clinical evaluation was performed and sexual behaviors were assessed via questionnaire. ESD was defined as self-reported age 15 years or younger at first sexual intercourse. Robust Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for factors associated with ESD. Of 1057 participants, 542 (51.3%) were female. Participants' median age at study screening was 25 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 22-29), and at sexual debut was 16 years (IQR: 14-17). Five hundred and four participants (47.7%) reported ESD. ESD was less common among females (PR 0.78, CI 0.67-0.90) and participants with more than primary education (PR 0.56, CI 0.47-0.66). ESD was more common in participants with a history of drug use (PR 1.28, CI 1.10-1.49). Drug use removed the protective effect of education (some secondary education or less, no drug use: PR 0.72, CI 0.61-0.85; some secondary education or less, drug use: PR 0.94, CI 0.74-1.18). ESD was common in our study and associated with lower educational attainment and increased likelihood of drug use. Interventions are needed early in life, well before 15 years of age, to encourage engagement in schooling and prevent drug use. Comprehensive sexual education and interventions to prevent drug use may be beneficial before the age of 15 years.

Early sexual debut can be defined as first sexual intercourse at or before 15 years of age. There are many social and cultural factors that influence the age of sexual debut. People who start having sex early in life may exhibit behaviors that increase risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. We conducted a study of men and women aged 18­35 years in Kisumu County, Kenya, which included documentation of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and a questionnaire to assess sexual behaviors. Among the 1057 people studied, the average age of sexual debut was 16.0 years for females and 15.4 years for males. A total of 504 (47.7%) participants reported early sexual debut. The data showed that early sexual debut was less common in females and in participants with more years of education. Early sexual debut was more common in participants with a history of drug use. The findings suggest that interventions to prevent early sexual debut might be improved if they focus on educational attainment and prevention of drug use.

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Across the lifespan, males negotiate the tradeoff between current and future reproduction. From a life history theory (LHT) perspective, resources invested into earlier reproduction pose a cost to later reproduction. The age of sexual debut is a commonplace measure of sexual maturation. However, in males, thorarche (age of first ejaculation) and years from thorarche to age of first reproduction both represent milestones related to reproductive timing. A fundamental prediction from LHT is that earlier sexual maturation-a "quantity" strategy-predicts decreased levels of care per offspring. In the current study, we test this straightforward relationship looking specifically at a father's investment of time. In a sample of first-time fathers, we measured the amount of time spent with their 9-to-12-month infants longitudinally using an experience sampling method (ESM)-an ecologically valid method of collecting self-report data on fathers' use of time Fathers contributed data on their time allocation across a 12-week period. They reported on ages of sexual debut, thorarche, and the years between thorarche and first reproduction (i.e., current age) was calculated. Only age of sexual debut had a relationship with time allocated toward infants. Importantly however, this effect was in a direction opposite of our LHT derived hypothesis. Males with earlier sexual debut spent more time with their infants. Discussion focuses on the potential contributions to this finding and limitations related to small effect size, methods and measurement, and sample demographics.

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Earlier age of anal sex debut (ASD) has been linked with contemporary and long-term health outcomes, including vulnerability to HIV acquisition. The goal of this study was to utilize a life course approach to examine associations between earlier ASD and recent health behaviors among sexual minoritized men (SMM) living with HIV. A total of 1156 U.S. SMM living with HIV recruited from social and sexual networking apps and websites completed online surveys as part of a longitudinal eHealth intervention. Data from baseline surveys were analyzed to determine associations between age of ASD and adult health outcomes, including mental health, HIV viral load, and substance use. The median age of ASD among these participants was 17 years old, consistent with other work. Earlier ASD was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of past 2-week anxiety (AOR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.07-1.97) and past 3-month opioid use (AOR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.13-2.26); no significant associations were found for recent depression, HIV viral load, or stimulant use. Earlier ASD may function as an important proxy measure for deleterious health outcomes in adulthood, particularly recent anxiety and opioid use. Expansion of comprehensive and affirming sexual health education is critical to early engagement of individuals with a higher risk of HIV acquisition, with plausible downstream health benefits lasting into adulthood among SMM living with HIV.

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BACKGROUND: Bacterial vaginosis is a risk factor for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Adult African women have a high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis, but it is not known when first bacterial vaginosis occurs. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe bacterial vaginosis in younger African women, before and after first sex, and to determine the incidence of bacterial vaginosis and significant correlates of bacterial vaginosis incidence and recurrence. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective observational cohort study enrolling adolescents with limited sexual experience, young women aged 16 to 21 years were recruited in Thika, Kenya. Eligible participants were HIV and herpes simplex virus 2 seronegative and reported 0 or 1 lifetime sexual partner. The Nugent score was determined at quarterly visits from vaginal Gram stains. The trends in bacterial vaginosis were described over time; hazard ratios were calculated using Cox regression, and relative risk of bacterial vaginosis was estimated using generalized estimating equations and Poisson regression. RESULTS: A total of 400 participants with a median age of 18.6 years (interquartile range, 16-21) were enrolled. Of note, 322 participants (80.5%) reported no history of sex, whereas 78 participants (19.5%) reported sex with 1 partner. At enrollment, bacterial vaginosis (Nugent score of ≥7) was uncommon (21/375 [5.6%]). Overall, 144 participants had bacterial vaginosis at least once, for an incidence rate of 16.5 cases per 100 person-years. Before first sex, bacterial vaginosis was present at 2.8% of visits, compared with 13.7% of visits after first sex. An adjusted model of bacterial vaginosis incidence observed that first sex was associated with more than a 2-fold increased bacterial vaginosis risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-4.76; P=.009). Chlamydia diagnosis (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.8; P=.02), and herpes simplex virus 2 seropositivity (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-7.09; P=.021) were both associated with incident bacterial vaginosis. A multivariate generalized estimating equation model, including all episodes of bacterial vaginosis, demonstrated risk factors, including first sex, sexually transmitted infections, urban residence, recent sex, and no income; the most important risk factor was first sex (adjusted relative risk, 1.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-3.31; P=.018). The probability of bacterial vaginosis increased with each subsequent episode; mean Nugent scores increased after each bacterial vaginosis episode. CONCLUSION: Using detailed longitudinal observation, this study found that Kenyan adolescents have almost no bacterial vaginosis before first sex and that initiation of sexual activity was the strongest risk factor for both prevalent bacterial vaginosis and incident bacterial vaginosis.

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