RESUMEN
Stichopus monotuberculatus is a tropical sea cucumber species and used as a folk medicine and tonic food. In this study, a fucosylated glycosaminoglycan (SmFG), the depolymerized SmFG (dSmFG) and its oligosaccharide fractions were prepared. The SmFG and its depolymerized products were comprised of a chondroitin-sulfate-E backbone, and various sulfated fucose side chains, including an unusual disaccharide side chain connected to the C-3 position of D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) or GlcA-ol. A peeling reaction occurred during the deaminative depolymerization process. The dSmFG and its fractions showed strong anticoagulant activity by selectively inhibiting intrinsic tenase complex, and had no anti-factor IIa, Xa and VIIa activity. The anticoagulant activity reduced with the decrease of molecular weight, and the unusual branch and novel reducing end may enhance the anticoagulant activity. These findings can provide significant information for development and utilization of depolymerized products from SmFG in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Asunto(s)
Glicosaminoglicanos , Pepinos de Mar , Animales , Anticoagulantes/química , Anticoagulantes/farmacología , Sulfatos de Condroitina/química , Disacáridos , Fucosa/química , Ácido Glucurónico , Glicosaminoglicanos/química , Glicosaminoglicanos/farmacología , Oligosacáridos/química , Pepinos de Mar/química , SulfatosRESUMEN
Polygonatum cyrtonema is a known tonic herb in Chinese Materia Medica, extensively consumed in China, but the structure and activity of its polysaccharide components remain to be clarified. Herein, two new polysaccharides (a fructan and a galactan) were purified from the dried and the processed P. cyrtonema rhizome, respectively. Structural analysis suggested that the fructan consisted of a (2 â 6) linked ß-d-Fruf residues backbone with an internal α-d-Glcp residue and two (2 â 1) linked ß-d-Fruf residues branches, and that the galactan was a (1 â 4)-ß-d-galactan branched with a single ß-d-galactose at C-6 at about every nine residues in its main chain. The bioactive assay showed that the fructan and the galactan remarkably promoted growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains, indicating that they possess prebiotic activity. These findings may help expand the application of the polysaccharides from the tonic herb P. cyrtonema as functional ingredients in food products.
Asunto(s)
Fructanos/química , Fructanos/metabolismo , Galactanos/química , Galactanos/metabolismo , Polygonatum/química , Bifidobacterium/metabolismo , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Fructanos/aislamiento & purificación , Galactanos/aislamiento & purificación , Lactobacillus/metabolismo , Peso Molecular , PrebióticosRESUMEN
In this study, a glucuronoxylomannan named TAP-3 was obtained from high-value Tremella aurantialba Bandoni et Zang. Physicochemical analysis revealed that TAP-3, which had a molecular weight of â¼624â¯kDa, mainly consisted of d-mannose (Man), d-xylose (Xyl), and d-glucuronic acid (GlcA) in a molar ratio of 3.0:1.0: 1.0. Structural analyses of its depolymerized fragments clarified that TAP-3 contained a (1â¯ââ¯3) and (1â¯ââ¯2)-linked α-Manp backbone, side chains formed by ß-Xylp and ß-GlcpA linked to the C-2 position of α-Manp, and acetyl groups connected to the sixth hydroxyl positions of Manp. TAP-3 showed marked immune enhancement activity, promoting NO, IL-1ß and TNF-α secretion from macrophages. The critical membrane receptor of TAP-3 was identiï¬ed to be TLR4, and the chain length was essential for its immunoregulatory activity. These findings expand knowledge of the structural types of glucuronoxylomannan and illustrate its biological activity as an immunopotentiator.
Asunto(s)
Basidiomycota/química , Factores Inmunológicos , Macrófagos , Polisacáridos , Animales , Factores Inmunológicos/química , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Estructura Molecular , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Células RAW 264.7RESUMEN
A water-soluble polysaccharide from Monostroma nitidum, designated MWS, was isolated using water extraction, anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. MWS was a sulfated glucuronorhamnan consisting of â3)-α-l-Rhap-(1â, â4)-ß-d-GlcpA-(1â and â2)-α-l-Rhap-(1â units. Sulfate ester groups located at C-4/C-2 of â3)-α-l-Rhap-(1â and C-4/C-3 of â2)-α-l-Rhap-(1â units. In in vitro tests, it was proved that MWS possessed broad spectrum against different viruses, especially for enterovirus 71 (EV71) with nearly no toxicity in relation to cell lines used. MWS may largely inhibit EV71 infection before or during viral adsorption through binding to virus particles and block some early steps of virus life cycle by down-regulating host phosphoinositide 3-kinase /protein kinase B signaling pathway. Intramuscular injection of MWS markedly reduced viral titers in EV71-infected mice. The data demonstrated that MWS could have great promising to become an antiviral drug for prevention and therapy of EV71 infection.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Chlorophyta , Enterovirus Humano A/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Enterovirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Mananos/uso terapéutico , Sulfatos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antivirales/química , Antivirales/farmacología , Chlorocebus aethiops , Perros , Infecciones por Enterovirus/virología , Femenino , Células de Riñón Canino Madin Darby , Mananos/química , Mananos/farmacología , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Estructura Molecular , Algas Marinas , Sulfatos/química , Sulfatos/farmacología , Células VeroRESUMEN
A sulfated polysaccharide, designated MAP2, was isolated from Monostroma angicava by water extraction, anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. The structural characteristics of MAP2 were investigated by chemical and spectroscopic methods, including methylation analysis, one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation spectroscopic analyses. The results showed that MAP2 was primarily composed of rhamnose with small amounts of xylose, glucuronic acid and glucose. The molecular weight of MAP2 was estimated to be about 671â¯kDa. The backbone of MAP2 was mainly constituted by 3-linked, 2-linked-á-l-rhamnose residues. Sulfate substitutions were at C-2/C-4 of 3-linked-á-l-rhamnose and C-3/C-4 of 2-linked-á-l-rhamnose residues. The branches consisted of 3-linked and 2-linked-á-l-rhamnose with monosulfate/unsulfate, as well as small amounts of ß-d-GlcA-(1â and ß-d-GlcA (2SO4)-(1â¯ââ¯. Minor amounts of â4)-d-Glcp-(1â and ß-d-Xylp (4SO4)-(1â might also be existent in MAP2. The investigation demonstrated that MAP2 was a novel sulfated rhamnan distinguishing from other algal sulfated rhamnans.
Asunto(s)
Chlorophyta/química , Desoxiazúcares/química , Desoxiazúcares/aislamiento & purificación , Mananos/química , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Sulfatos/química , Conformación de CarbohidratosRESUMEN
The digestibility of fucosylated glycosaminoglycan (FG) and its effects on digestive enzymes were investigated using an in vitro digestion model. Results showed that the molecular weight and the reducing sugar content of FG were not significantly changed, and no free monosaccharides released from FG were detected after the salivary, gastric and intestinal digestion, indicating that both the backbone and the sulfated fucose branches of FG are resistant to be cleaved in the saliva and gastrointestinal tract environments. Furthermore, FG can dose-dependently inhibit digestive enzymes such as α-amylase, pepsin and pancreatic lipase in different degrees under the simulated digestion conditions due to the sulfate and carboxyl groups. These physiological effects of FG may help control the postprandial glucose concentration and have the potential in the prevention or treatment of reflux disease and obesity. The findings may provide information on the digestibility and beneficial physiological effects of FG as a potential natural product to promote human health.
Asunto(s)
Tracto Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Glicosaminoglicanos/metabolismo , Pepinos de Mar/metabolismo , Animales , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/metabolismo , Monosacáridos/metabolismo , Pepsina A/metabolismo , alfa-Amilasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
A homogeneous polysaccharide was obtained from Monostroma angicava Kjellm by water extraction, preparative anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Results of chemical and spectroscopic analyses showed that the polysaccharide was a glucuronic acid-containing rhamnan-type sulfated polysaccharide. The backbone mainly consisted of â3)-α-l-Rhap-(1â and â2)-α-l-Rhap-(1â residues, partially sulfated at C-2 of â3)-α-l-Rhap-(1â and C-3/C-4 of â2)-α-l-Rhap-(1â. The branching contained unsulfated or monosulfated 3-linked, 2-linked, 4-linked α-l-rhamnose and terminal ß-d-glucuronic acid residues. The polysaccharide had strong antidiabetic activity assessed by glucose consumption, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels using human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. The polysaccharide exhibited high anticoagulant property by activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time assays, and possessed high fibrin(ogen)olytic activity evaluated by plasminogen activator inhibitior-1, fibrin(ogen) degradation products and D-dimer levels using rats plasma. The investigation demonstrated that the polysaccharide from Monostroma angicava Kjellm was a novel sulfated rhamnan and could be a potential antidiabetic and anticoagulant polysaccharide.
Asunto(s)
Chlorophyta/química , Desoxiazúcares/farmacología , Mananos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Animales , Anticoagulantes/farmacología , Desoxiazúcares/química , Fibrinolíticos/farmacología , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Mananos/química , Polisacáridos/química , RatasRESUMEN
Two polysaccharides, GCP-I-I and GCP-II-I, were obtained from 100°C water extracts of Gentiana crassicaulis roots by DEAE anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The results from methanolysis, methylation, FT-IR and NMR, indicated that these two fractions are typical pectic polysaccharides, with HG and RG-I regions and AG-I/AG-II side chains, and some of the galacturonic acid units of fraction GCP-I-I were methyl esterified. Fractions GCP-I-I and GCP-II-I, both exhibited potent complement fixation, and fraction GCP-I-I was more potent than positive control BPII. The higher complement fixation activity obtained in fraction GCP-I-I may be due to the higher Mw and/or higher amount of AG-II present in fraction GCP-I-I than fraction GCP-II-I. The polysaccharides from G. crassicaulis could be used as a potential natural immunomodulator.
Asunto(s)
Eritrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Gentiana/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Animales , Cromatografía en Gel , Pruebas de Fijación del Complemento , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Ovinos , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
An anticoagulant-active polysaccharide PF2 was extracted with boiling water from the green seaweed Monostroma angicava, further purified by anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. PF2 was a rhamnan-type sulfated polysaccharide with molecular weight of about 88.1kDa. Results of chemical and spectroscopic analyses demonstrated that PF2 consisted ofâ3)-α-l-Rhap-(1â and â2)-α-l-Rhap-(1âresidues, with partially branches at C-2 ofâ3)-α-l-Rhap-(1âresidues. Sulfate groups were substituted at C-3 of â2)-α-l-Rhap-(1â residues. The sulfated polysaccharide PF2 had a high anticoagulant action, and the mechanism of anticoagulant activity mediated by PF2 was mainly attributed to strong potentiation thrombin by heparin cofactor II. PF2 also exhibited weak effect on antithrombin-dependent thrombin or factor Xa inhibition. The fibrin(ogen)olytic activity and thrombolytic activity of PF2 were also evaluated. The investigation revealed that PF2 was a novel sulfated rhamnan differing from previously described sulfated polysaccharides from green seaweed and could be a potential anticoagulant polysaccharide.
Asunto(s)
Coagulación Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Algas Marinas/química , Animales , Anticoagulantes/química , Anticoagulantes/aislamiento & purificación , Anticoagulantes/farmacología , Humanos , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Sulfatos/química , Sulfatos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
One acidic polysaccharide named EPS-1 was isolated from the aqueous extract of the leaves of Epimedium acuminatum Franch. It may be composed of 1,4-linked α-d-GalpA, 1,3,4-linked α-d-GalpA, 1,6-linked ß-d-Galp and terminal α-l-Rhap residues in a molar ratio of 11.0:1.0:1.0:1.0 by chemical and spectroscopic analysis. EPS-1 possessed immune modulation effects on peripheral T lymphocyte and immature chBM-DCs such as promoting the proliferation and cytokine secretion of these cells and increasing the phagocytosis ability of immature chBM-DCs.