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BACKGROUND: Preservation of organ function and viability is a crucial factor for survival in cardiogenic shock (CS) patients. There is not information enough on cytoprotective substances that may delay organs damage in CS. We hypothesize that cytidine-5-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) can act as a cytoprotective pharmacological measure that diminishes the target organ damage. So, we aimed to perform a review of works carried out in our institution to evaluate the effect of therapeutic cytoprotection of the CDP-choline. SUMMARY: CDP-choline is an intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. It is also a useful drug for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases and has shown an excellent pharmacological safety profile as well. We review our institution's work and described the cytoprotective effects of CDP-choline in experimental models of heart, liver, and kidney acute damage, where this compound was shown to diminish reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias, oxidative stress, apoptotic cell death, inflammation, lactic acid levels and to preserve mitochondrial function. KEY MESSAGES: We propose that additional research is needed to evaluate the impact of cytoprotective therapy adjuvant to mitigate target organ damage in patients with CS.

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Treatment options for advanced gallbladder cancer (GBC) are scarce and usually rely on cytotoxic chemotherapy, but the effectiveness of any regimen is limited and recurrence rates are high. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of acquired resistance in GBC through the development and characterization of two gemcitabine-resistant GBC cell sublines (NOZ GemR and TGBC1 GemR). Morphological changes, cross-resistance, and migratory/invasive capabilities were evaluated. Then, microarray-based transcriptome profiling and quantitative SILAC-based phosphotyrosine proteomic analyses were performed to identify biological processes and signaling pathways dysregulated in gemcitabine-resistant GBC cells. The transcriptome profiling of parental and gemcitabine-resistant cells revealed the dysregulation of protein-coding genes that promote the enrichment of biological processes such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and drug metabolism. On the other hand, the phosphoproteomics analysis of NOZ GemR identified aberrantly dysregulated signaling pathways in resistant cells as well as active kinases, such as ABL1, PDGFRA, and LYN, which could be novel therapeutic targets in GBC. Accordingly, NOZ GemR showed increased sensitivity toward the multikinase inhibitor dasatinib compared to parental cells. Our study describes transcriptome changes and altered signaling pathways occurring in gemcitabine-resistant GBC cells, which greatly expands our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of acquired drug resistance in GBC.

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PURPOSE: We report the results of low back pain treatment using a combination of nucleotides, uridine (UTP), cytidine (CMP) and vitamin B12, vs a combination of vitamins B1, B6, and B12. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, of a 60-day oral treatment: Group A (n=317) receiving nucleotides+B12 and Group B (n=317) receiving B vitamins. The primary endpoint was the percentage of subjects in each group presenting adverse events (AEs). Secondary endpoints were visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at Visit 2 (day 30) and Visit 3 (day 60) in relation to pretreatment values, Roland-Morris Questionnaire (RMQ) scores and finger-to-floor distance (FFD) (percentage of subjects per group presenting improvement ≥5 points and ≥3cm, respectively). RESULTS: Seventy-five (24%) and 105 (33%) subjects (P=0.21) presented 133 and 241 AEs, with 3159% of subjects presenting ≥2 AEs (P=0.0019) in Group A and Group B, respectively. Twenty-four subjects in Group B were discontinued due to AEs, while no AE-related discontinuations occurred in Group A (P<0.0001). VAS score reduction after 30 and 60 days of treatment was statistically significant (P<0.0001) in both groups, with Group A showing greater reduction at Visit 2 (P<0.0001). RMQ score improvement ≥5 points occurred in 99% of subjects from each group, and FFD improvement ≥3 cm occurred in all subjects. CONCLUSION: Treatment with nucleotides+B12 was associated with a lower number of total AEs, fewer AEs per subject, and no AE-related treatment discontinuation. Pain intensity (VAS) reduction was superior at 30 days of treatment in the nucleotides+B12 group and equivalent between groups at 60 days of treatment. Improvements in efficacy measures RMQ and FFD were observed in both groups at treatment days 30 and 60.

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The relationship between skin color and skin cancer is well established: the less melanin in one's skin the greater the risk for developing skin cancer. This review is in two parts. First, we summarize the current understanding of the cutaneous pigmentary system and trace melanin from its synthesis in the pigment cell melanosomes through its transfer to keratinocytes. We also present new methods for reducing melanin content in hyper-pigmented areas of skin such as solar lentigenes, melasma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Second, we present evidence that at least one mechanism for the development of metastatic melanoma and other solid tumors is fusion and hybridization of leucocytes such as macrophages with primary tumor cells. In this scenario, hybrid cells express both the chemotactic motility of the leucocyte and the de-regulated cell division of the tumor cell, causing the cells to migrate a deadly journey to lymph nodes, distant organs, and tissues.

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Antiviral drug resistance is the most important factor contributing to treatment failure using nucleos(t)ide analogs such as lamivudine for chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Development of a system supporting efficient replication of clinically resistant HBV strains is imperative, and new antiviral drugs are needed urgently to prevent selection of drug-resistant HBV mutants. A novel fluorinated cytidine analog, NCC (N-cyclopropyl-4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-ß-d-cytidine), was recently shown to strongly inhibit human HBV in vitro and in vivo. This study was designed to evaluate the antiviral activity of NCC against lamivudine-resistant HBV. We generated a stable cell line encoding the major pattern of lamivudine-resistant mutations rtL180M/M204V and designated it "HepG2.RL1". Immuno-transmission electron microscopic examination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect secretion of HBV-specific particles and antigens. Quantification of extracellular DNA and intracellular DNA of HepG2.RL1 cells by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed >625-fold and >5556-fold increases in the 50% inhibitory concentration of lamivudine, respectively, compared with that for the wild-type virus. The results showed that NCC inhibited DNA replication and HBeAg production in wild-type or lamivudine-resistant HBV in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, screening for antiviral compounds active against lamivudine-resistant HBV can be carried out with relative ease using hepG2.RL1 cells. NCC is a potential antiviral agent against wild-type HBV and clinical lamivudine-resistant HBV and deserves evaluation for the treatment of HBV infection.

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ABSTRACT Antiviral drug resistance is the most important factor contributing to treatment failure using nucleos(t)ide analogs such as lamivudine for chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Development of a system supporting efficient replication of clinically resistant HBV strains is imperative, and new antiviral drugs are needed urgently to prevent selection of drug-resistant HBV mutants. A novel fluorinated cytidine analog, NCC (N-cyclopropyl-4′-azido-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-β-d-cytidine), was recently shown to strongly inhibit human HBV in vitro and in vivo. This study was designed to evaluate the antiviral activity of NCC against lamivudine-resistant HBV. We generated a stable cell line encoding the major pattern of lamivudine-resistant mutations rtL180M/M204V and designated it "HepG2.RL1". Immuno-transmission electron microscopic examination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect secretion of HBV-specific particles and antigens. Quantification of extracellular DNA and intracellular DNA of HepG2.RL1 cells by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed >625-fold and >5556-fold increases in the 50% inhibitory concentration of lamivudine, respectively, compared with that for the wild-type virus. The results showed that NCC inhibited DNA replication and HBeAg production in wild-type or lamivudine-resistant HBV in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, screening for antiviral compounds active against lamivudine-resistant HBV can be carried out with relative ease using hepG2.RL1 cells. NCC is a potential antiviral agent against wild-type HBV and clinical lamivudine-resistant HBV and deserves evaluation for the treatment of HBV infection.

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Cytidine deaminase (MtCDA), encoded by cdd gene (Rv3315c), is the only enzyme identified in nucleotide biosynthesis pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is able to recycle cytidine and deoxycytidine. An M. tuberculosis knockout strain for cdd gene was obtained by allelic replacement. Evaluation of mRNA expression validated cdd deletion and showed the absence of polar effect. MudPIT LC-MS/MS data indicated thymidine phosphorylase expression was decreased in knockout and complemented strains. The cdd disruption does not affect M. tuberculosis growth both in Mid- dlebrook 7H9 and in RAW 264.7 cells, which indicates that cdd is not important for macrophage invasion and virulence.

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CONTEXT: This paper reports on the results of treatment of compressive neuralgia using a combination of nucleotides (uridine triphosphate trisodium [UTP] and cytidine monophosphate disodium [CMP]) and vitamin B12. OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety and efficacy of the combination of nucleotides (UTP and CMP) and vitamin B12 in patients presenting with neuralgia arising from neural compression associated with degenerative orthopedic alterations and trauma, and to compare these effects with isolated administration of vitamin B12. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, consisting of a 30-day oral treatment period: Group A (n=200) receiving nucleotides + vitamin B12, and Group B (n=200) receiving vitamin B12 alone. The primary study endpoint was the percentage of subjects presenting pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores ≤20 at end of study treatment period. Secondary study endpoints included the percentage of subjects presenting improvement ≥5 points on the patient functionality questionnaire (PFQ); percentage of subjects presenting pain reduction (reduction in VAS scores at study end in relation to pretreatment); and number of subjects presenting adverse events. RESULTS: The results of this study showed a more expressive improvement in efficacy evaluations among subjects treated with the combination of nucleotides + vitamin B12, with a statistically significant superiority of the combination in pain reduction (evidenced by VAS scores). There were adverse events in both treatment groups, but these were transitory and no severe adverse event was recorded during the study period. Safety parameters were maintained throughout the study in both treatment groups. CONCLUSION: The combination of uridine, cytidine, and vitamin B12 was safe and effective in the treatment of neuralgias arising from neural compression associated with degenerative orthopedic alterations and trauma.

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Since its first description by Denis Burkitt, endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), the most common childhood cancer in sub-Saharan Africa, has led scientists to search for clues to the origins of this malignancy. The discovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in BL cells over 50 years ago led to extensive sero-epidemiology studies and revealed that rather than being a virus restricted to areas where BL is endemic, EBV is ubiquitous in the world's population with an estimated greater than 90% of adults worldwide infected. A second pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria is also linked to BL. In this review, we will discuss recent studies that indicate a role for P. falciparum malaria in dysregulating EBV infection, and increasing the risk for BL in children living where P. falciparum malaria transmission is high.

Desde la primera descripción por Denis Burkitt, el linfoma de Burkitt (LB) endémico -el tipo de cáncer pediátrico más común en el África subsahariana- ha guiado a los científicos a investigar este padecimiento en la búsqueda de claves para entender sus orígenes. El descubrimiento desde hace 50 años del virus de Epstein-Barr (VEB) en el LB ha conducido a extensos estudios sero-epidemiológicos y ha revelado que, más que ser un virus restringido a áreas donde el LB es endémico, el VEB es ubicuo en la población mundial, con un estimado mayor del 90% de adultos infectados a escala global. Un segundo agente patógeno se ha ligado al LB, el Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria. En esta revisión se discuten los estudios recientes que indican el papel de P. falciparum malaria en la desregulación de la infección por VEB y en el aumento del riego del LB en niños que viven en regiones con alta transmisión de P. falciparum malaria.

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Since its first description by Denis Burkitt, endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), the most common childhood cancer in sub-Saharan Africa, has led scientists to search for clues to the origins of this malignancy. The discovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in BL cells over 50 years ago led to extensive sero-epidemiology studies and revealed that rather than being a virus restricted to areas where BL is endemic, EBV is ubiquitous in the world's population with an estimated greater than 90% of adults worldwide infected. A second pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria is also linked to BL. In this review, we will discuss recent studies that indicate a role for P. falciparum malaria in dysregulating EBV infection, and increasing the risk for BL in children living where P. falciparum malaria transmission is high.

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Cytidine monophosphate kinase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtCMK) likely plays a role in supplying precursors for nucleic acid synthesis. MtCMK catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphoryl group transfer preferentially to CMP and dCMP. Initial velocity studies and Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements showed that MtCMK follows a random-order mechanism of substrate (CMP and ATP) binding, and an ordered mechanism for product release, in which ADP is released first followed by CDP. The thermodynamic signatures of CMP and CDP binding to MtCMK showed favorable enthalpy and unfavorable entropy, and ATP binding was characterized by favorable changes in enthalpy and entropy. The contribution of linked protonation events to the energetics of MtCMK:phosphoryl group acceptor binary complex formation suggested a net gain of protons. Values for the pKa of a likely chemical group involved in proton exchange and for the intrinsic binding enthalpy were calculated. The Asp187 side chain of MtCMK is suggested as the likely candidate for the protonation event. Data on thermodynamics of binary complex formation were collected to evaluate the contribution of 2'-OH group to intermolecular interactions. The data are discussed in light of functional and structural comparisons between CMP/dCMP kinases and UMP/CMP ones.

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Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a DNA editing protein that plays an essential role in three major events of immunoglobulin (Ig) diversification: somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination and Ig gene conversion. Mutations in the AID gene (AICDA) have been found in patients with autosomal recessive Hyper-IgM (HIGM) syndrome type 2. Here, two 9- and 14-year-old Brazilian sisters, from a consanguineous family, were diagnosed with HIGM2 syndrome. Sequencing analysis of the exons from AICDA revealed that both patients are homozygous for a single C to G transversion in the third position of codon 15, which replaces a conserved Phenylalanine with a Leucine. To our knowledge, this is a new AICDA mutation found in HIGM2 patients. Functional studies confirm that the homologous murine mutation leads to a dysfunctional protein with diminished intrinsic cytidine deaminase activity and is unable to rescue CSR when introduced in Aicda(-/-)stimulated murine B cells. We briefly discuss the relevance of AICDA mutations found in patients for the biology of this molecule.

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Citicoline may be used in many neurological disorders. Combined treatment of citicoline with patching in amblyopia has previously been researched. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the effect of citicoline in non-patching amblyopic patient. A 11-year-old amblyopic boy underwent complete ophthalmological examinations, including VEP with flash and pattern stimulus. Two averages of 100 sweep were performed for flash stimulus. Pattern reversal stimulus obtained with high contrast was performed with 60', 30' and 15' checks stimuli. The VEP was repeated 90 days later after a therapy with citicoline and vitamin and the results compared with the responses of the previous recording session. The visual acuity (VA) was 0,7 in the RE and 1,0 in the LE. The VEP pattern amplitude was normal in both eyes. Delayed in latency was detected for all spatial frequency stimulus (SFS) in the RE. Delay in latency was detected only for high SFS in the LE. After the treatment, the VA was 1,0 in both eyes. The latency was normalized with low SFS on the RE and with high SFS on the LE. The flash VEP was normal before and after the therapy. In conclusion, the citicoline demonstrated that it was effective in the treatment of amblyopic eye without patching. The VA and the VEP latency improvement demonstrated that the citicoline enhance the transmission of the electric impulse from retina to visual cortex. Further research is required to understand the immediate and long-term effect of coline treatment in amblyopic patients.

A citicolina pode ser utilizada em vários problemas neurológicos. O tratamento combinado de citicolina e oclusão na ambliopia já foi previamente relatado. O objetivo deste estudo é ilustrar o efeito da citicolina em paciente amblíope sem o tratamento oclusivo. Um menino de 11 anos de idade foi submetido a um exame oftalmológico completo incluindo PEV do tipo flash e do tipo padrão reverso. Para o PEV tipo flash, foram analisadas duas médias de 100 estímulos cada uma. Para o PEV do tipo padrão reverso, foram utilizados estímulos de alto contraste de 60', 30' e 15'. O PEV foi repetido 90 dias depois do tratamento com citicolina e vitaminas e os resultados comparados com os exames antes do tratamento. A acuidade visual era de 0,7 no olho direito e 1,0 no olho esquerdo. A amplitude do PEV era normal em ambos os olhos. Era presente um aumento da latência a todas as frequências espaciais de estimulação (FEE) no olho direito e somente à alta FEE no olho esquerdo. Após o tratamento, a acuidade visual era de 1,0 em ambos os olhos. A latência se normalizou à baixa FSS no olho direito e à alta FSS no olho esquerdo. O PEV tipo flash era normal antes e depois do tratamento. Em conclusão, a citicolina demonstrou ser eficaz no tratamento de olhos amblíopes sem oclusão. A melhora da acuidade visual e da latência do PEV demonstraram que a citicolina restaura a transmissão elétrica do impulso da retina ao cortex visual. Pesquisas futuras são necessárias para entender o efeito imediato e a longo prazo da citicolina no tratamento de pacientes amblíopes.

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The use of a combination of uridine triphosphate (UTP), cytidine monophosphate (CMP), and hydroxocobalamin was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized study in the treatment of neuralgia due to degenerative orthopedic alterations with neural compression. Following informed consent, 80 patients were randomized to a 30 day treatment period. The subjects received a thrice-daily oral treatment regimen of either the combination treatment (Group A: total daily dose of 9mg UTP, 15mg CMP, 6 mg hydroxocobalamin) or vitamin B12 alone (Group B: total daily dose of 6 mg hydroxocobalamin). Efficacy measures evaluated global patient condition from the perspective of the subject and the investigating physician pain ? measured by a visual-analog scale and functionality, using a patient-response questionnaire. The safety evaluation took into account physical evaluations and laboratory tests performed at each visit to the study center as well as the incidence and severity of adverse events. At the end of the 30-day treatment period, there were reductions in the pain scale scores in both groups, however there was a significantly larger reduction in the scores of the Group A patients. The Patient Global Evaluation scores improved in both groups but showed greater improvement in Group A, while the Physician Global Evaluation improved significantly only in Group A. A similar finding was observed in the scores of the Patient Functionality Questionnaire. Based on the findings of this clinical trial, we conclude that the combination of UTP, CMP, and vitamin B12 has a positive effect on pain and functionality improvement in the treatment of degenerative orthopedic alterations with neural compression, in the study population evaluated.

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Background: Deficiency in vitamin B12 is commonly associated with pernicious anemia, presenting a number of clinical symptoms resulting from neurological alterations due to modifications in myelin formation. Treatment consists of oral or parenteral vitamin B12 supplementation. Vitamin B12 has also been shown to have analgesic action whether administered alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents. Oral or parenteral pyrimidine ribonucleotide supplementation may be advantageous in the treatment of peripheral neuropathies. Objectives: To evaluate and compare the efficacy and tolerability of an orally administered combination of vitamin B12, uridine and cytidine, versus administration of the nucleotides alone in the treatment of the signs and symptoms of anemia. Study design: Study goal was normalization of MCV and MCH and serum vitamin B12 as well as improvement in pain and paresthesia among patients presenting these symptoms at Pretreatment. The study was designed as a double-blind, randomized trial in two arms: Group A patients were treated with the vitamin + nucleotide combination Group B patients received nucleotides alone. Treatment lasted 60 days, with two interim visits at 20 and 40 days of treatment and a final evaluation after 60 days of treatment. Setting: Patients were attended in an ambulatory setting of a UNIFESO university hospital. Patients: Eligible patients were between 18-65 years of age, with clinical and laboratory presentation of anemia with or without underlying autoimmune disease, caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. Female patients were not pregnant and were required to use birth control for the duration of the treatment period. Eighty patients were randomized, with 40 patients in each treatment group. Treatment consisted of 3 daily oral doses of: 1.0 mg hydroxocobalamin acetate, 2.5 mg cytidine 5'-{sodium P'(2-(trimethylammonio)-ethyl) hydrogen diphosphate}, and 1.5 mg uridine 5'-trisodium triphosphate for Group A patients, while patients in Group B received 2.5 mg cytidine 5'-{sodium P'(2-(trimethylammonio)-ethyl) hydrogen diphosphate}, and 1.5 mg uridine 5'-trisodium triphosphate in identical capsule forms. Main outcome measure: Primary outcome measures defined in the protocol included improvements in MCV, MCH and vitamin B12 reaching laboratory reference range, 3-point improvements in Global, Pain, and Paresthesia evaluations and a 20% reduction in VAS scores. Results: Normalization of laboratory evaluations occurred only in Group A. Three-point improvement in Global evaluation by the physician was observed only in Group A, while both groups showed improvement in Global evaluation by the patient. Patient's assessment of pain improved only in Group A, although VAS score decrease was noted in both groups both groups also had improvement in paresthesia evaluations. Vital signs did not change, while weight gain was observed in both groups. Adverse events seen in both groups included nausea, diarrhea, headache and abdominal cramps. Alterations in laboratory evaluations were reported in both groups, but could be directly attributed to anemia. Conclusion: The combination of vitamin B12, uridine and cytidine was found to be safe and effective in the treatment of the signs and symptoms of anemia in the population studied. The pain reduction observed in both groups may be attributed to activity of the nucleotides.