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This study investigates the antibacterial activity and spectral characteristics of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via the gelatin-based sol-gel method, focusing on their potential biomedical applications. Zn1₋ₓCuₓO nanoparticles (x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) were fabricated using this method. The incorporation of copper dopants into the ZnO matrix significantly influences both the crystalline structure and spectral properties of the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the presence of a wurtzite structure without any pyrochlore phase. The broadening of spectral features indicates modifications in lattice parameters and elastic constants. XRD results reveal that adding Cu to the ZnO lattice causes a decrease in crystallite size from 32 to 18 nm. Transmission electron microscopy shows spherical-shaped ZnO nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 30 to 40 nm. Moreover, Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit considerable inhibition against bacterial growth. Adding Cu enhances the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles, suggesting their potential in biomedical applications. Overall, these findings highlight the promising prospects of sol-gel synthesized Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles in the biomedical field.

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The fashion industry's reliance on dyes contributes significantly to environmental pollution, which disturbs the ecological balance. To address this issue, we used ZnO/Mg combined with activated carbon (AC) at various concentrations (0.1 g, 0.5 g, and 1 g), which were synthesized via sol-gel and mechanical alloying processes. The analysis of X-ray diffraction shows reduced crystallite size, with d-spacing change ( → d ← ) for ZnO/Mg/AC (0.5 g) and ( ← d → ) for ZnO/Mg/AC (1 g), respectively. The results of the IR spectrum indicated the main vibrations is MgO and Zn-O bonds at wave numbers 673 cm-1 and 467 cm-1. It was found that ZnO/Mg/AC (1 g) shows high degradation performance D % : 86.15% as a consequence of reduced crystallite size: 22.67 nm, decreased skin depth: 0.002 cm, widening of optical phonon vibration ( Δ ( LO - TO ) ): 252 cm-1 and increased E g : 4.6 eV as a function AC variation. Moreover, the finding of high photocatalytic performance ≥  80% for 0.25 mL MB dissolved in 250 mL distilled water is obtained from all composites. Based on these results, ZnO/Mg/AC shows potential as a photocatalyst to solve the MB waste problem.

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This research investigates the structural, morphological, and optical properties of Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) thin films deposited via the Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) Technique, focusing on the impact of Iron (Fe) doping. Using Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) and Ferrous chloride (FeCl2) as precursor materials, the research investigates how Fe doping affects the structural and photoelectric characteristics of the films. Employing various characterization methods including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis NIR spectroscopy, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of the films. XRD analysis confirms the formation of a cubic structure with a predominant orientation along the (111) plane, consistent with XRD peaks. Additionally, XRD data reveals the degradation of thin films post-annealing. Crystalline size and strain are determined using the Debye-Scherrer and Wilson formulae, while lattice constant and Size-strain plots are derived from X-ray line broadening. The average crystallite size ranges from 12 to 21 nm. Optical band gaps are found to be 2.25 eV, 2.91 eV, 2.87 eV, and 2.85 eV for the samples. Interestingly, a decrease in crystal size with increasing doping concentration correlates with a reduction in bandgap. This investigation offers valuable insights into the fabrication and characterization of CdSe thin films, particularly highlighting the impact of Fe doping on their structural and optical properties. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the fabrication and characterization of CdSe thin films, emphasizing the importance of precise doping control for tailoring material properties and advancing their applications in photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices.

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A series ofCd0.45Co0.55Fe2-yEuyO4(y= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) spinel nanoferrites (SNFs) were synthesized using a self-igniting process and employed as electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. The results demonstrated the formation of a single SNFs phase, as shown by the XRD data. The crystallite size lies between the range of 29.30-51.12 nm. The porosity percentage is within the range of 31.37%-32.99%. Rietveld refinement of XRD and Raman analysis revealed the pure spinel phase and no secondary phase was observed. The saturation magnetization and magnetic anisotropy were also decreased with the addition of Eu3+in Cd-Co SNFs. The high coercive field was enhanced for Eu3+doping as compared to pure Cd-Co SNFs. The dielectric constant was improved with the substitution of Eu3+in Cd-Co SNFs. The dielectric tangent loss was reduced with the doping of Eu3+. The electrochemical performance of the Eu3+doped Cd-Co SNFs achieved an impressive maximum specific capacitance at a lower scan rate. Based on these findings, the outstanding electrochemical performance of the Eu3+doped Cd-Co SNFs suggests their potential as promising materials for high-frequency, magnetic ferrofluid, and supercapacitor electrodes.

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The supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of nanomaterials has gained significant attention due to its straightforward operation and the excellent performance of the resulting products. In this study, the supercritical hydrothermal method was used with Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O as the precursor and deionized water and ethanol as the solvent. Nano-ZnO was synthesized under different reaction temperatures (300~500 °C), reaction times (5~15 min), reaction pressures (22~30 MPa), precursor concentrations (0.1~0.5 mol/L), and ratios of precursor to organic solvent (C2H5OH) (2:1~1:4). The effects of synthesis conditions on the morphology and size of ZnO were studied. It was found that properly increasing hydrothermal temperature and pressure and extending the hydrothermal time are conducive to the more regular morphology and smaller size of ZnO particles, which is mainly achieved through the change of reaction conditions affecting the hydrothermal reaction rate. Moreover, the addition of ethanol makes the morphology of nano-zno more regular and significantly inhibits the agglomeration phenomenon. In addition to the change in physical properties of the solvent, this may also be related to the chemical bond established between ethanol and ZnO. The results show that the optimum synthesis conditions of ZnO are 450 °C, 26 MPa, 0.3 mol/L, 10 min, and the molar ratio of precursor to ethanol is 1:3.

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The layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of transition metals are of great interest as building blocks for the creation of composite photocatalytic materials for hydrogen production, environmental remediation and other applications. However, the synthesis of most LDHs is reported only by the conventional coprecipitation method, which makes it difficult to control the catalyst's crystallinity. In the present study, ZnCr- and NiCr-LDHs have been successfully prepared using a facile hydrothermal approach. Varying the hydrothermal synthesis conditions allowed us to obtain target products with a controllable crystallite size in the range of 2-26 nm and a specific surface area of 45-83 m2∙g-1. The LDHs synthesized were investigated as photocatalysts of hydrogen generation from aqueous methanol. It was revealed that the photocatalytic activity of ZnCr-LDH samples grows monotonically with the increase in their average crystallite size, while that of NiCr-LDH ones reaches a maximum with intermediate-sized crystallites and then decreases due to the specific surface area reduction. The concentration dependence of the hydrogen evolution activity is generally consistent with the standard Langmuir-Hinshelwood model for heterogeneous catalysis. At a methanol content of 50 mol. %, the rate of hydrogen generation over ZnCr- and NiCr-LDHs reaches 88 and 41 µmol∙h-1∙g-1, respectively. The hydrothermally synthesized LDHs with enhanced crystallinity may be of interest for further fabrication of their nanosheets being promising components of new composite photocatalysts.

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Tricalcium aluminate is an important phase of Portland clinker. In this paper, three polymorphs of C3A were prepared by means of the solid-state synthesis method using intensive milling of the raw material mixture which was doped with various amounts of Na2O and sintered at a temperature of 1300 °C for 2 h. The final products were evaluated through X-ray diffraction using Rietveld analysis. The effect of the Na dopant content on the change in the crystalline structure of tricalcium aluminate was studied. It was proven that the given preparation procedure, which differed from other studies, was close to the real conditions of the formation of Portland clinker, and it was possible to prepare a mixture of different polymorphs of calcium aluminate. Fundamental changes in the crystal structure occurred in the range of 3-4% Na, when the cubic structure changes to orthorhombic. At a dosage of Na dopant above 4%, the orthorhombic structure changes to a monoclinic structure. There are no clearly defined boundaries for the existence of individual C3A phases; these phases arise at the same time and overlap each other in the areas of their formation at different Na doses.

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Resin-derived hard carbons have shown great advantages in serving as promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their flexible microstructure tunability. However, it remains a daunting challenge to rationally regulate the pseudo-graphitic crystallite and defect of hard carbon toward advanced sodium storage performance. Herein, a molecular engineering strategy is demonstrated to modulate the cross-linking degree of phenolic resin and thus optimize the microstructure of hard carbon. Remarkably, the resorcinol endows resin with a moderate cross-linking degree, which can finely tune the pseudo-graphitic structure with enlarged interlayer spacing and restricted surface defects. As a consequence, the optimal hard carbon delivers a notable reversible capacity of 334.3 mAh g-1 at 0.02 A g-1, a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 82.1%, superior rate performance of 103.7 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1, and excellent cycling durability over 5000 cycles. Furthermore, kinetic analysis and in situ Raman spectroscopy are performed to reveal the electrochemical advantage and sodium storage mechanism. This study fundamentally sheds light on the molecular design of resin-based hard carbons to advance sodium energy for scale-up applications.

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The hyoid is the only bone in the human body that is completely independent, not forming a joint with any other bone; its position is maintained by the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, as well as several ligaments. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effect of the functional pressure arising from these muscles and ligaments on the hyoid body structure from its bone mineral density, bone quality, and histological observations. The area between the mesial-most part of each lesser horn and the center of the hyoid body was divided equally into four measurement regions. We conducted histological investigations at each measurement region and observed the entheses. To analyze bone mass and bone quality, we also measured bone mineral density (BMD) and analyzed biological apatite (BAp) crystallite orientation in the same regions. Histological observations identified periosteal insertions and fibrocartilaginous entheses. There was no significant difference in BMD between any of the measurement regions, but the preferential orientation of BAp crystallites was stronger in the infrahyoid muscles and ligaments, where fibrocartilaginous entheses are found, than in other places. This suggests that the functional pressure at these sites might exert a major effect not only on the morphological characteristics of the entheses but also on bone quality.

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The main chemical components of waste cow bones are apatite minerals, especially those containing calcium and phosphorus. This study investigated whether this bone could produce extracted hydroxyapatite through calcining at 900° C for different holding times (1-6 h). An average mass loss of 45% occurred in this experiment during the preparation of bone powders, which involved crushing and further calcining at this temperature. The quantitative XRD analysis showed that 99.97 wt.% hydroxyapatite and over 0.3 wt.% calcite were present in the raw and as-calcined bone powders, with trace amounts of CaFe3O5 (calcium ferrite) phases appearing in the calcined product. Depending on the holding calcining times, SEM images of the calcined bovine powders revealed aggregate sizes ranging from 0.5-3 µm and crystallite (grain) sizes ranging from 70 to 340 nm in all calcium-phosphate powder products. Following EDX analysis of all sample surfaces, possible calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite instead of hydroxyapatite formed, as evidenced by the calcined product's Ca/P ratio exceeding 1.67. Additionally, calcining cow bones for 5-6 h at 900° C yielded a high-purity nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite powder precursor in biomedical applications.

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Hydroxyapatite (HAp) [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] is remarkably similar to the hard tissue of the human body and the uses of this material in various fields in addition to the medical sector are increasing day by day. In this research, mustered oil, soybean oil, as well as coconut oil were employed as liquid media for synthesizing nanocrystalline HAp using a wet chemical precipitation approach. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) study verified the crystalline phase of the HAp in all the indicated media and discovered similarities with the standard database. Several prominent models such as the Scherrer's Method (SM), Halder-Wagner Method (HWM), linear straight-line method (LSLM), Williamson-Hall Method (W-M), Monshi Scherrer Method (MSM), Size-Strain Plot Method (SSPM), Sahadat-Scherrer Method (S-S) were applied for the determination of crystallite size. The stress, strain, and energy density were also computed from the above models. All the models, without the Linear straight-line technique of Scherrer's equation, resulted in an appropriate value of crystallite size for synthesized products. The calculated crystallite sizes were 6.5 nm for HAp in master oil using Halder-Wagner Method, and 143 nm for HAp in coconut oil using the Scherrer equation which were the lowest and the largest, respectively.

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The influence of milling time and volume fraction of reinforcement on the morphology, microstructure, and mechanical behaviors of SiCp-reinforced AA2017 composite powder produced by high-energy ball milling (HEBM) was investigated. AA2017 + SiCp composite powder with different amounts of SiC particles (5, 10, and 15 vol%) was successfully prepared from gas-atomized AA2017 aluminum alloy powder with a particle size of <100 µm and silicon carbide (SiC) powder particles with an average particle size of <1 µm. An optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were utilized to characterize the microstructure of the milled composite powder at different milling periods. The results indicated that the SiC particles were homogeneously distributed in the AA2017 matrix after 5 h of HEBM time. The morphology of the particles transformed from a laminar to a nearly spherical shape, and the size of the milled powder particles reduced with increasing the content of SiC particles. The XRD analysis was carried out to characterize the phase constituents, crystallite size, and lattice strain of the composite powders at different milling periods. It was found that with increasing milling time and SiC volume fraction, the crystallite size of the aluminum alloy matrix decreased while the lattice strain increased. The average crystallite sizes were reduced from >300 nm to 68 nm, 64 nm, and 64 nm after 5 h of milling, corresponding to SiC contents of 5, 10, and 15 vol%, respectively. As a result, the lattice strain increased from 0.15% to 0.5%, which is due to significant plastic deformation during the ball milling process. XRD results showed a rapid decrease in crystallite size during the early milling phase, and the minimum grain size was achieved at a higher volume fraction of SiC particles. Microhardness tests revealed that the milling time has a greater influence on the hardness than the amount of SiC reinforcements. Therefore, the composite powder milled for 5 h showed an average microhardness three times higher than that of the unmilled powder particles.

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Experiments were conducted to reveal the nanostructure evolution in additively manufactured (AMed) 316L stainless steel due to severe plastic deformation (SPD). SPD-processing was carried out using the high-pressure torsion (HPT) technique. HPT was performed on four different states of 316L: the as-built material and specimens heat-treated at 400, 800 and 1100 °C after AM-processing. The motivation for the extension of this research to the annealed states is that heat treatment is a usual step after 3D printing in order to reduce the internal stresses formed during AM-processing. The nanostructure was studied by X-ray line profile analysis (XLPA), which was completed by crystallographic texture measurements. It was found that the as-built 316L sample contained a considerable density of dislocations (1015 m-2), which decreased to about half the original density due to the heat treatments at 800 and 1100 °C. The hardness varied accordingly during annealing. Despite this difference caused by annealing, HPT processing led to a similar evolution of the microstructure by increasing the strain for the samples with and without annealing. The saturation values of the crystallite size, dislocation density and twin fault probability were about 20 nm, 3 × 1016 m-2 and 3%, respectively, while the maximum achievable hardness was ~6000 MPa. The initial <100> and <110> textures for the as-built and the annealed samples were changed to <111> due to HPT processing.

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Lactose crystallization during storage deteriorates reconstitution performance of milk powders, but the relationship between lactose crystallization and reconstitution is inexplicit. The objective of this study is to characterize crystalline lactose in the context of formulation and elucidate the complex relationship between lactose crystallization and powder functionality. Lactose in Skim Milk Powder (SMP), Whole Milk Powder (WMP) and Fat-Filled Milk Powder (FFMP) stored under 23 %, 53 % and 75 % Relative Humidity (RH) at 25  â„ƒ for four months was compared. Lactose, surface chemistry and microstructure of FFMP stored at 25 â„ƒ and 40 â„ƒ at 23 % to 75 % RH for four months were also analyzed and interpreted. At the same RH, FFMP crystallized in the same pattern as WMP. At 53 % RH, FFMP and WMP differentiated from SMP in terms of lactose morphology as well as the ratio between anhydrous α-lactose and anhydrous ß-lactose. Lactose remained amorphous at 23 % RH, crystallized predominantly to α/ß-lactose (1:4) at 40 to 58 % RH and to α-lactose monohydrate at 75 % RH. The crystallinity index was similar for all powders containing crystalline lactose. The estimated crystallite size increased from approx. 0.1 to 20 µm with increasing RH and temperature. When amorphous lactose crystallized into crystals below approx. 0.1 µm at 25 °C and 43 % RH, the microstructure and surface lipid were comparable to that of the reference powder. This powder reconstituted into a stable suspension system comparable to that of reference (well performing) powders. These results demonstrate that crystallite size is the key property linking lactose crystallization and reconstitution. Our finding thus indicates limiting crystallite size is important for maintaining desired product quality.

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HYPOTHESIS: Methyl ester sulfonates (MES) show limited water solubility at lower temperatures (Krafft point). One way to increase their solubility below their Krafft points is to incorporate them in anionic surfactant micelles. The electrostatic interactions between the ionic surfactant molecules and charged micelles play an important role for the degree of MES solubility. EXPERIMENTS: The solubility and electrolytic conductivity for binary and ternary surfactant mixtures of MES with anionic sodium alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) and sodium lauryl ether sulfate with two ethylene oxide groups (SLES-2EO) at 5 °C during long-term storage were measured. Phase diagrams were established; a general phase separation theoretical model for their explanation was developed and checked experimentally. FINDINGS: The binary and ternary phase diagrams for studied surfactant mixtures include phase domains: mixed micelles; micelles + crystallites; crystallites, and molecular solution. The proposed general phase separation model for ionic surfactant mixtures is convenient for construction of such complex phase diagrams and provides information on the concentrations of all components of the complex solution and on the micellar electrostatic potential. The obtained maximal MES mole fraction of transparent micellar solutions could be of interest to increase the range of applicability of MES-surfactants.

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Chromium (Cr)-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel autocombustion method, with the chemical formula CoCrxFe2xO4. The value of x ranged from 0.00 to 0.5 in 0.1 increments. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the development of highly crystalline cubic spinel structures for all samples, with an average crystallite size of approximately 40 to 45 nm determined using the Scherrer equation. Pellets were prepared using a traditional ceramic method. The magnetic and magnetostrictive properties of the samples were tested using strain gauge and VSM (vibrating sample magnetometer) techniques. The results of the magnetic and magnetostrictive tests showed that the chromium-substituted cobalt ferrites exhibited higher strain derivative magnitudes than pure cobalt ferrite. These findings indicated that the introduction of chromium into the cobalt ferrite structure led to changes in the material's magnetic properties. These changes were attributed to anisotropic contributions, resulting from an increased presence of Co2+ ions at B-sites due to the chromium substitutions. In summary, this study concluded that introducing chromium into the cobalt ferrite structure caused alterations in the material's magnetic properties, which were explained by changes in the cationic arrangement within the crystal lattice. This study successfully explained these alterations using magnetization and coercivity data and the probable cationic dispersion.

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This work is concerned with fabricating ferrite nanoparticles of nickel-zinc with the chemical formula: Ni0.55Zn0.45Fe2-xCexO4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.011 by co-deposition technique and modifying their electrical, microscopic, spectroscopic, optical, electrical and dielectric properties as advanced engineering materials through doping with the cerium (Ce) element. XRD patterns displayed that the samples have a monophasic Cerium-Nickel-zinc (CNZ) spinel structure without other impurities for cerium concentration (x) ≤ 0.066. Both values of crystallite size and lattice parameters decrease from 33.643 to 23.137 nm and from 8.385 to 8.353 nm, respectively, with the increasing Ce ions substitution content from 0 to 0.066. SEM images indicate that grains of the fabricated compounds are smaller, more perfect, more homogeneous, and less agglomeration than those of the un-doped Ni-Zn nano-ferrites. The maximum intensity of first-order Raman spectral peaks (Eg, F2g(2), A1g(2), and A1g(1)) of CNZ ferrite nanoparticles are observed at about (330, 475, 650, 695) cm-1, respectively, that confirms the CNZ samples have the cubic spinel structure. The direct and indirect optical energy bandgaps of CNZ samples have a wide spectrum of values from semiconductors to insulators according to cerium concentration. The results showed that the values of dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor, and Ac conductivity and the conductivity transition temperature are sensitive to cerium ions content. AC conductivity exhibited by the CNZ samples has the semiconductor materials behavior, where the AC conductivity increases due to temperature or doping concentration. The results indicate that Ni0.55Zn0.45Fe1.944Ce0.066O4 ferrite nanoparticles may be selected for optoelectronic devices, high-frequency circuits, and energy storage applications.

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Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized by a simple chemical precipitation method. The effect of monoethanolamine (MEA) content in different solvents on ZnO NPs synthesis and their structural properties has been investigated. The NPs synthesized by using isopropanol (IPA) with 15 ml MEA as a stabilizer under the most favorable conditions (deposition time, td = 120 min, temperature = 60 °C) showed good structural properties. Synthesized NPs exhibited beneficial structural properties after annealing. The hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure of ZnO NPs was verified by XRD. Different models were used to calculate structural parameters such as crystallite size, strain, stress, and energy density for all the reflection peaks of XRD corresponding to ZnO lying in the range 2θ = 15°-80°. The crystallite size of the ZnO nanoparticles was found to be 50-60 nm. FTIR and EDX confirmed the presence of ZnO NPs in the samples. SEM micrograph of all the samples revealed that the grain sizes decrease gradually with the increase of the amount of MEA. UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy results provide evidence that the ZnO NPs possess broader absorption bands, together with high band gap energy. The ZnO NPs synthesized with IPA solvent have the highest transmittance and band gap energy of 3.3eV. According to DLS data, various content of MEA stabilizer in solvent affects the hydrodynamic size of ZnO NPs.

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Crystalline solid dispersions (CSDs) represent a thermodynamically stable system capable of effectively reducing the crystallite size of drugs, thereby enhancing their solubility and bioavailability. This study uses flavonoid drugs with the same core structures but varying numbers of hydroxyl groups as model drugs and poloxamer 188 as a carrier to explore the intrinsic relationships between drug-polymer interactions, crystallite size, and in vitro dissolution behavior in CSDs. Initially, we investigate the interactions between flavonoid drugs and P188 by calculating Hansen solubility parameters, determination of Flory-Huggins interaction parameters, and other methods. Subsequently, we explore the crystallization kinetics of flavonoid drugs and P188 in CSD systems using polarized optical microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. We monitor the domain size and crystallite size of flavonoids in CSDs through powder X-ray diffraction and a laser-particle-size analyzer. Finally, we validate the relationship between crystallite size and in vitro dissolution behavior through powder dissolution. The results demonstrate that, as the number of hydroxyl groups increases, the interactions between drugs and polymers become stronger, making drug crystallization in the CSD system less likely. Consequently, reductions in crystalline domain size and crystallite size become more pronounced, leading to a more significant enhancement in drug dissolution.

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The paper studies the changes in physicochemical properties of three types of hydroxyapatite (HAp): HAp-HB (from bovine sources), HAp-SC (chemically synthesized), and bioinspired HAp-SE (synthesized using eggshells) calcined under identical thermally controlled conditions from room temperature to 400, 500, 600, 650, 680, 700, 720, 750, 800, and 900 °C in furnace air. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated distinct thermal transitions and coalescence phenomena at different temperatures for these samples due to their sources and mineral composition differences. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) showed that HAp-H (human), HAp-HB (bovine), and HAp-SE (bioinspired) have similar Ca, P, and Mg contents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the coalescence phenomena increased in the crystallite size as the temperature increased. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed partial phase changes in the bioinspired sample (HAp-SE) and crystallite growth in all samples, resulting in full width at the half maximum (FWHM) and peak position alterations. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that HAp-SE exhibited a partial phase change due to dehydroxylation and the presence of functional groups (PO43-, OH, and CO32-) with varying vibrational modes influenced by the obtained method and calcination temperature. Raman spectra of the HAp-SE samples exhibited fluorescence at 400 °C and revealed vibrational modes of surface P-O. It observed the bands of the internal phosphates of the crystal lattice and shifts in the band positions at higher temperatures indicated phosphorus interacting with carbon and oxygen, triggering dehydroxylation.