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The "crowding" effect (CE), wherein verbal functions are preserved presumably at the expense of nonverbal functions, which diminish following inter-hemispheric transfer of language functions, is recognized as a specific aspect of functional reorganization, offering an insight about neural plasticity in children with neural insult to the dominant hemisphere. CE is hypothesized as a marker for language preservation or improvement after left-hemispheric injury, yet it remains challenging to fully discern it in preoperative evaluation. We present a novel DWI connectome (DWIC) approach to predict the presence of CE in 24 drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) patients with a left-hemispheric focus and 29 young healthy controls. Psychometry-driven DWIC analysis was applied to create verbal and non-verbal modular networks. Local efficiency (LE) was assessed at individual regions of the two networks and its Z-score was compared to predict the presence of CE. Compared with a traditional organization (TO) group, wherein verbal functions are adversely affected, while non-verbal functions are preserved, the CE group showed significantly higher Z-scores in verbal network and significantly lower Z-scores in non-verbal network, corresponding to network reorganization in CE. A larger number of antiseizure drugs was significantly associated with more decreased Z-score in the right non-verbal network of the CE group and left verbal network of the TO group. These findings hold great potential to identify DRE patients whose verbal/language skills may over time be preserved due to effective inter-hemispheric reorganization and identify those whose verbal/language impairments may persist due to lack of inter-hemispheric reorganization.

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Crowding, our inability to identify a feature or object - the target - due to its proximity to adjacent features or objects - flankers - exhibits a notable inner-outer asymmetry. This asymmetry is characterized by the outer flanker - more peripheral - creating stronger interference than the inner one - closer to the fovea. But crowding is not uniform across different feature dimensions. For example, in the case of orientation, this asymmetry reflects misreport errors: observers are more likely to misidentify the outer flanker as the target than the inner one. However, for spatial frequency (SF), observers tend to average the features of the target and flankers (Yashar et al., 2019). Here, we investigated whether and how the inner-outer asymmetry manifests across various feature dimensions: Gabor orientation and SF, as well as T-shape tilt and color. We reanalyzed continuous estimation reports data published by Yashar et al. (2019), focusing on a previously unanalyzed factor: the relative position of each flanker (inner vs. outer). We fit probabilistic models that assign variable weights to each flanker. Our analysis revealed that observers predominantly misreport the outer flanker as the target with Gabor orientation and T-shape tilt stimuli, and slightly so with color stimuli, whereas with Gabor SF, observers perform a weighted average of all features but also with a bias towards the outer flanker over the inner one. These findings suggest that an increased weighting on the more peripheral items is a general characteristic of crowding in peripheral vision.

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The growing financial burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) hinders the attainment of the sustainable development goals. However, there has been no updated synthesis of evidence in this regard. Therefore, our study summarizes the current evidence in the literature and identifies the gaps. We systematically search relevant databases (PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest) between 2015 and 2023, focusing on empirical studies on NCDs and their financial burden indicators, namely, catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), impoverishment, coping strategies, crowding-out effects and unmet needs for financial reasons (UNFRs) in SSA. We examined the distribution of the indicators, their magnitudes, methodological approaches and the depth of analysis. The 71 included studies mostly came from single-country (n = 64), facility-based (n = 52) research in low-income (n = 22), lower-middle-income (n = 47) and upper-middle-income (n = 10) countries in SSA. Approximately 50% of the countries lacked studies (n = 25), with 46% coming from West Africa. Cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes were the most commonly studied NCDs, with cancer and CVD causing the most financial burden. The review revealed methodological deficiencies related to lack of depth, equity analysis and robustness. CHE was high (up to 95.2%) in lower-middle-income countries but low in low-income and upper-middle-income countries. UNFR was almost 100% in both low-income and lower-middle-income countries. The use of extreme coping strategies was most common in low-income countries. There are no studies on crowding-out effect and pandemic-related UNFR. This study underscores the importance of expanded research that refines the methodological estimation of the financial burden of NCDs in SSA for equity implications and policy recommendations.

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Background: With emergency department (ED) crowding and high workloads burdening healthcare, efficient patient flow management becomes increasingly crucial. A significant portion of this crowding is attributed to patients with minor traumatic injuries. The objective of this study is to investigate to what extent a separate patient flow for patients with small traumatic injuries influences consult times and patient satisfaction. Methods: During COVID-19, patients with small traumatic injuries in the ED were redirected to an outpatient clinic (the Fracture Clinic). The Fracture Clinic was maintained for seven weeks during which the consult time and patient satisfaction were recorded for every individual. Retrospectively, the same procedure was followed for the seven weeks prior to the outbreak of COVID, with the regular procedure in place. Results: In total, 922 patients were included in the research: 415 patients in the intervention group (Fracture Clinic) and 507 patients in the control group (ED group). The consult time in the Fracture Clinic (median = 30 min) is significantly lower compared to the ED group (median = 86 min) (U = 25,147.500, z = 19.9, p < 0.001). The overall consult in terms of patient satisfaction scored higher for the Fracture Clinic Group than the ED group (T[df] = -4.449 [479], p < 0.001). Conclusions: The Fracture Clinic resulted in shorter consult times and an increased patient satisfaction compared to the usual patient flow for patients with small traumatic injuries in the ED. These patients could be redirected to an outpatient clinical setting to improve efficiency in patient flow, while avoiding a negative impact from the triage system in which they usually are the lowest priority.

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The multifaceted crises that Lebanon is facing have led to a shortage of medications in the country's community pharmacies. This shortage has triggered a cascade of adverse effects, rippling throughout the nation's healthcare system. In this report, we examine the causes, which range from economic turmoil to inadequate resource distribution, along with the profound impacts on public health, such as increased length of hospital stays and compromised patient care. The paper also proposes a suite of solutions aimed at mitigating the immediate challenges and paving the way for a more resilient healthcare framework.

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Aqueous sodium-ion batteries (ASIBs) are promising for large-scale electrical energy storage (LSEES) applications due to their cost and safety advantages. However, the low voltage stabilization window of water (∼1.23 V) and the lack of cathode with high specific capacity and long cycle life have limited their development. Cobalt-based Prussian blue analogues (NaCoPBAs) have the advantage of high theoretical specific capacity but short cycle life. Recently, the molecular crowding electrolyte (MCE) strategy has been proposed to improve the electrolyte voltage stability window (ESW) of electrolytes, in this work, we report an improved xMC (x: ratio, MC: molecular crowding agent) electrolyte that uses N-N dimethylacetamide (DMAC) as the molecular crowding agent and NaOTf as the advanced salt with an ESW of 2.65 V and excellent nonflammability. The side reactions of the NaCoPBA//Hard Carbon (HC) full-cell active material are improved with the aid of the electrolyte. Capacity retention of 75 % after 600 cycles with excellent cycling stability. These results demonstrate that this advanced MCE strategy can be utilized for practical applications designed for safety, high specific capacity and long cycle (ASIB).

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The class of intrinsically disordered proteins lacks stable three-dimensional structures. Their flexibility allows them to engage in a wide variety of interactions with other biomolecules thus making them biologically relevant and efficient. The intrinsic disorders of these proteins, which undergo binding-induced folding, allow alterations in their topologies while conserving their binding sites. Due to the lack of well-defined three-dimensional structures in the absence of their physiological partners, the folding and the conformational dynamics of these proteins remained poorly understood. Particularly, it is unclear how these proteins exist in the crowded intracellular milieu. In the present study, molecular dynamic simulations of two intrinsically unstructured proteins and two controls (folded proteins) were conducted in the presence and absence of molecular crowders to obtain an in-depth insight into their conformational flexibility. The present study revealed that polymer crowders stabilize the disordered proteins through enthalpic as well as entropic effects that are significantly more than their monomeric counterpart. Taken together, the study delves deep into crowding effects on intrinsically disordered proteins and provides insights into how molecular crowders induce a significantly diverse ensemble of dynamic scaffolds needed to carry out diverse functions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the trueness of dental arches digitised by two intraoral scanning (IOS) technologies from patients presenting crowding, diastema, and bilateral posterior edentulous space with tilted molar. METHODS: Conventional impressions and dental stone models were generated from three patients presenting the aforementioned dental arch conditions. These models were digitised on a desktop scanner, and the resulting mesh was used as reference. Subsequently, the patients were scanned using confocal based (CF; iTero Element 2) and blue laser-multiscan (BLM; Virtuo Vivo) imaging IOS technology, totalling thirty scans. The meshes from the scans were exported in Standard Tessellation Language format and analysed using Geomagic Control X software. Root mean square (RMS) indicated deviation magnitude. Differences in IOS technologies were evaluated with paired t-tests, and dental arch conditions compared using ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests (α=0.05). RESULTS: Digital dental arch from blue laser-multiscan technology showed lower trueness compared to confocal based technology for crowding (p = 0.0084) and edentulous spaces (p = 0.0025) conditions. When the types of oral condition were compared, discrepancies were significantly different for both IOS technologies, featuring the arch with diastema showing the lowest trueness, followed by edentulous spaces and crowding. CONCLUSION: Dental arches presenting crowding and edentulous spaces digitised by blue laser-multiscan technology exhibited greater discrepancies compared to confocal based imaging technology. Furthermore, trueness varied among the dental arch conditions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The IOS technology and patient's dental arch condition can influence the trueness of dental arch digitisation. Being aware of these effects allows clinicians to take them into account during scanning procedures, digital planning and manufacturing.

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Oral habits in children are of prime concern to a pediatric dentist as the child is in an active growth phase, and it may alter the development of the orofacial area. One of the major etiological factors in the development of malocclusion and other adverse effects on orofacial structures is oral habits during and after preschool age. The habit of sucking one's lower lip is rarely examined; it appears that practitioners tend to associate it with less adverse clinical consequences. It is important to identify harmful oral habits and eliminate them as early as possible. This case report focuses on the diagnosis of the lip-sucking habit, understanding its etiology, and creating a treatment plan that will prevent unfavorable consequences. A lip bumper is an easy-to-fabricate, easy-to-place, and easily tolerated intra-oral appliance. The successful use of lip bumper in this case adds to the evidence that when used as an early intervention the habit can be intercepted appropriately.

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BACKGROUND: Emergency department (ED) crowding is a widespread issue with adverse effects on patient care and outcomes. LOCAL PROBLEM: ED crowding exacerbates wait times and compromises patient care, prompting opportunities for internal process improvement. METHOD: Over one week, the ED flow project team implemented four interventions, including an additional triage station, to optimize patient flow. We compared triage times, length of stay, crowding levels, and patient experiences with two control periods. RESULTS: During peak hours, waiting times to triage decreased significantly with a median of 20 min (IQR 15-30) in the project week and 26 min (IQR 18-37) in the control weeks. Self-referrals decreased, while general practitioner referrals remained unchanged. Individual patient length of stay was unaffected, but crowding reduced notably during the project week. We found no difference in patient experiences between the periods. CONCLUSION: The interventions contributed to reduced crowding and improved patient flow. The dedication of the ED flow project team and the ED nurses was crucial to these outcomes. An additional triage station during peak hours in the ED was established as a structural change.

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A borderline case presents with mild skeletal disharmony or orthodontic problems due to arch length discrepancy and migration of teeth or a combination of these but is masked by a balanced soft tissue relationship. This case report describes one such borderline case of a 13-year-old girl who complained of irregularly placed upper and lower front teeth. Extraoral examination revealed balanced soft tissue with a mild convex profile, competent lips, and an average nasolabial angle. Intraorally, she had mixed dentition with flush terminal in primary molars and a class I relation in the permanent molars, severe crowding in the lower anterior, and congenitally missing permanent right laterals. A nonextraction protocol was followed, harnessing the pubertal growth spurt to alleviate the crowding and thereby preserving the soft tissue harmony. How to cite this article: Rajan AS, Parameswaran R, Rajkumar B, et al. Nonextraction Management of Severe Crowding in a Growing Patient with Borderline Malocclusion: Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(4):472-478.

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Our ability to identify an object is often impaired by the presence of preceding and/or succeeding task-irrelevant items. Understanding this temporal interference is critical for any theoretical account of interference across time and for minimizing its detrimental effects. Therefore, we used the same sequences of 3 orientation items, orientation estimation task, and computational models, to examine temporal interference over both short (<150 ms; visual masking) and long (175-475 ms; temporal crowding) intervals. We further examined how inter-item similarity modifies these different instances of temporal interference. Qualitatively different results emerged for interference of different scales. Interference over long intervals mainly degraded the precision of the target encoding while interference over short intervals mainly affected the signal-to-noise ratio. Although both interference instances modulated substitution errors (reporting a wrong item) and were alleviated with dissimilar items, their characteristics were markedly disparate. These findings suggest that different mechanisms mediate temporal interference of different scales.

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Objectives: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic surge, alternate care sites (ACS) such as the waiting room or hospital lobby were created amongst hospitals nationwide to help alleviate emergency department (ED) overflow. Despite the end of the pandemic surge, many of these ACS remain functional given the burden of prolonged ED wait times, with providers now utilizing the waiting room or ACS to initiate care. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate if initiating patient care in ACS helps to decrease time to disposition. Methods: Retrospective data were collected on 61,869 patient encounters presenting to an academic medical center ED. Patients with an emergency severity index (ESI) of 1 were excluded. The "pre-ACS" or control data consisted of 38,625 patient encounters from September 30, 2018 to October 1, 2019, prior to the development of ACS, in which the patient was seen by a physician after they were brought to an assigned ED room. The "post-ACS" study cohort consisted of 23,244 patient encounters from September 30, 2022 to October 1, 2023, after the initiation of ACS, during which patients were initially seen by a provider in an ACS. ACS at this institution included the three following areas: waiting room, ambulance waiting area, and a newly constructed ACS that was built next to the ED entrance on the first floor of the hospital. The newly constructed ACS consisted of 16 care spaces each containing an upright exam chair with dividers between each care space. Door-to-disposition time (DTD) was calculated by identifying the time when the patient entered the ED and the time when disposition was decided (admission requested or patient discharged). Using regression analysis, we compared the two data sets to determine significant differences among DTD time. Results: The largest proportion of encounters were among ESI 3 patients, that is, 56.1%. There was a significant increase in median DTD for ESI 2 and 3 patients who were seen initially in an ACS compared to those who were not seen until they were in an assigned ER room. Specifically, there was a median increase of 40.9 min for ESI 2 patients and 18.8 min for ESI 3 patients who were seen initially in an ACS (p < 0.001). There was a 29-min decrease in median DTD for ESI 5 patients who were seen in ACS (p = 0.09). Conclusions: Initiating patient care earlier in ACS did not appear to decrease DTD time for patients in the ED. Overall, the benefits of early initiation of care likely lie elsewhere within patient care and the ED throughput process.

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BACKGROUND: Emergency department (ED) crowding is a major patient safety concern and has a negative impact on healthcare systems and healthcare providers. We hypothesized that it would be feasible to control crowding by employing a multifaceted approach consisting of systematically fast-tracking patients who are mostly not in need of a hospital stay as assessed by an initial nurse and treated by decision competent physicians. METHODS: Data from 120,901 patients registered in a secondary care ED from the 4tth quarter of 2021 to the 1st quarter of 2024 was drawn from the electronic health record's data warehouse using the SAP Web Intelligence tool and processed in the Python programming language. Crowding was compared before and after ED transformation from a uniform department into a high flow (α) and a low flow (ß) section with patient placement in gurneys/chairs or beds, respectively. Patients putatively not in need of hospitalization were identified by nurse, placed in in the α setting and assessed and treated by decision competent physicians. Incidence of crowding, number of patients admitted per day and readmittances within 72 h following ED admission before and after changes were determined. Values are number of patients, mean ± SEM and mean differences with 95% CIs. Statistical significance was ascertained using Student's two tailed t-test for unpaired values. RESULTS: Before and after ED changes crowding of 130% amounted to 123.8 h and 19.3 h in the latter. This is a difference of -104.6 ± 23.9 h with a 95% CI of -159.9 to -49.3, Δ% -84 (p = 0.002). There was the same amount of patients / day amounting to 135.8 and 133.5 patients / day Δ% = -1.7 patients 95% CI -6.3 to 1.6 (p = 0.21). There was no change in readmittances within 72 h before and after changes amounting to 9.0% versus 9.5%, Δ% = 0.5, 95%, CI -0.007 to 1.0 (p > 0.052). CONCLUSION: It appears feasible to abate crowding with unchanged patient admission and without an increase in readmittances by fast-track assessment and treatment of patients who are not in need of hospitalization.

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Intrinsically disordered protein α-synuclein (αS) is implicated in Parkinson's disease due to its aberrant aggregation propensity. In a bid to identify the traits of its aggregation, here we computationally simulate the multi-chain association process of αS in aqueous as well as under diverse environmental perturbations. In particular, the aggregation of αS in aqueous and varied environmental condition led to marked concentration differences within protein aggregates, resembling liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Both saline and crowded settings enhanced the LLPS propensity. However, the surface tension of αS droplet responds differently to crowders (entropy-driven) and salt (enthalpy-driven). Conformational analysis reveals that the IDP chains would adopt extended conformations within aggregates and would maintain mutually perpendicular orientations to minimize inter-chain electrostatic repulsions. The droplet stability is found to stem from a diminished intra-chain interactions in the C-terminal regions of αS, fostering inter-chain residue-residue interactions. Intriguingly, a graph theory analysis identifies small-world-like networks within droplets across environmental conditions, suggesting the prevalence of a consensus interaction patterns among the chains. Together these findings suggest a delicate balance between molecular grammar and environment-dependent nuanced aggregation behavior of αS.

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Clear aligner therapy has significantly improved orthodontic treatment by offering patients a more aesthetically pleasing option compared to traditional braces. This literature review and case report specifically focus on the effectiveness of directly printed clear aligners in treating Class II malocclusions and crowding. Class II malocclusions are characterized by excessive overjet, which often results from skeletal or dental discrepancies between the upper and lower jaws. Crowding refers to the lack of space for teeth within the dental arch, leading to misalignment and potential functional issues. The review and case report highlight the increasing importance of directly printed clear aligners in modern orthodontics and provide clinicians with a valuable tool to effectively address complex malocclusions and crowding while also meeting patient needs for discretion and comfort. Further research is necessary to validate the long-term stability and outcomes of directly printed clear aligner therapy in various orthodontic cases. A detailed case report demonstrates the successful treatment of a patient with Class II malocclusion and mild crowding using directly printed clear aligners. Treatment outcomes include improvements in dental alignment, occlusion, and facial aesthetics, showcasing the effectiveness of this innovative approach.

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PURPOSE: To examine if an ED interprofessional team ("ED1Team") could safely decrease hospital admissions among older persons. METHODS: This single-center, retrospective, propensity score matched study was performed at a single ED during a control (December 2/2018-March 31/2019) and intervention (December 2/2019-March 31/2020) period. The intervention was assessed by the ED1Team, which could include an occupational therapist, physiotherapist, and social worker. We compared admission rates between period in persons age ≥ 70 years. Next, we compared visits attended by the ED1Team to (a) control period visits, and (b) intervention period visits without ED1Team attendance. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: ED length-of-stay, 7-day subsequent hospital admission and mortality in discharged patients. RESULTS: There were 5496 and 4876 eligible ED visits during the control and intervention periods, respectively. In the latter group, 556 (11.4%) received ED1Team assessment. After matching, there was an absolute 2.3% (p = 0.07) reduction in the admission rate between control and intervention periods. After matching the 556 ED1Team attended visits to control period visits, and to intervention period visits without the intervention, admission rates decreased by 10.0% (p = 0.006) and 13.5% (p < 0.001), respectively. For discharged patients, median ED length-of-stay decreased by 1.0 h (p < 0.001) between control and intervention periods and increased by 2.3 h (p < 0.001) compared to intervention period without the intervention. For patients discharged by the ED1Team, subsequent readmissions after 7 days were slightly higher, but mortality was not significantly different. CONCLUSION: ED1Team consultation was associated with a decreased hospital admission rate in older ED patients. It was associated with a slightly longer ED length-of-stay and subsequent early hospitalizations. Given that even a small increase in freed hospital beds would release some of the pressure on an overextended healthcare system, these results suggest that upscaling of the intervention might procure systems-wide benefits.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Examiner si une équipe interprofessionnelle de DE (« ED1Team ¼) pourrait réduire en toute sécurité les admissions à l'hôpital chez les personnes âgées. MéTHODES: Cette étude rétrospective, à un seul centre et correspondant au score de propension a été réalisée à un seul DE pendant une période de contrôle (2/2018-31 mars/2019) et d'intervention (2/2019-31 mars/2020). L'intervention était une évaluation par l'équipe de l'ED1, qui pouvait comprendre un ergothérapeute, un physiothérapeute et un travailleur social. Nous avons comparé les taux d'admission entre périodes chez des personnes âgées de 70 ans. Ensuite, nous avons comparé les visites auxquelles a assisté l'équipe de DE1 à des visites pendant la période de contrôle et b) des visites pendant la période d'intervention sans présence de l'équipe. Résultats secondaires Durée du séjour en salle d'opération, hospitalisation subséquente de 7 jours et mortalité chez les patients libérés. RéSULTATS: Il y a eu 5496 et 4876 visites admissibles à la DE pendant les périodes de contrôle et d'intervention, respectivement. Dans ce dernier groupe, 556 (11,4 %) ont reçu une évaluation de l'équipe ED1. Après appariement, il y a eu une réduction absolue de 2,3 % (p=0,07) du taux d'admission entre les périodes de contrôle et d'intervention. Après avoir comparé les 556 visites de l'équipe ED1P aux visites des périodes de contrôle et aux visites des périodes d'intervention sans intervention, les taux d'admission ont diminué de 10,0 % (p=0,006) et 13,5 % (p<0,001), respectivement. Chez les patients ayant reçu leur congé, la durée médiane de séjour en DE a diminué de 1,0 heure (p<0,001) entre les périodes de contrôle et d'intervention et a augmenté de 2,3 heures (p<0,001) par rapport à la période d'intervention sans l'intervention. Pour les patients libérés par l'équipe ED1, les réadmissions subséquentes après 7 jours étaient légèrement plus élevées, mais la mortalité n'était pas significativement différente. CONCLUSION: La consultation d'Ed1Team a été associée à une diminution du taux d'admission hospitalière chez les patients âgés atteints de DE. Elle était associée à une durée de séjour légèrement plus longue en salle d'opération et à des hospitalisations précoces subséquentes. Étant donné que même une petite augmentation du nombre de lits d'hôpitaux libérés allégerait en partie la pression exercée sur un système de soins de santé surdimensionné, ces résultats suggèrent qu'une mise à l'échelle de l'intervention pourrait procurer des avantages à l'échelle du système.

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Managing safety and supply-chain risks associated with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is an urgent task for sustainable development. Aqueous proton batteries are attractive alternatives to LIBs because using water and protons addresses these two risks. However, most host materials undergo large volume changes upon H+ intercalation, which induces intraparticle cracking to accelerates parasitic reactions. Herein, we report that Mo3Nb2O14 bronze exhibits reversible H+ intercalation (200 mAh g-1) with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% owing to near-zero volume change and solid-solution-type phase transition. Combination of experimental and theoretical analyses clarifies that rotation and shrinkage of open tunnels, which consist of flexible corner-sharing Mo/NbOn polyhedra, relieve local structural distortions upon H+ intercalation to suppress intraparticle cracking. The prototype full cell of an aqueous proton battery with a Mo3Nb2O14 anode operates stably over 1000 charge/discharge cycles. This study reveals the importance of implementing distortion-relieving voids in host materials to reduce volume change upon charge/discharge.

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The physical microenvironment, including substrate rigidity and topology, impacts myoblast differentiation and myotube maturation. However, the interplay effect and physical mechanism of mechanical stimuli on myotube formation is poorly understood. In this study, we utilized elastic substrates, microcontact patterning technique, and particle image velocimetry to investigate the effect of substrate rigidity and topological constraints on myoblast behaviors. Our findings suggested the interplay of substrate stiffness and cellular confinement improved the myotube formation by inducing centripetal cellular motility. These results shed light on the impact of the topological substrate on myoblast differentiation and emphasize the critical role of asymmetrical cell motility during this process, which is highly correlated with cell movement and crowding. Our research provides insights into the intricate interplay between substrate properties, cell motility, and myotube formation during myogenesis. Understanding these mechanisms could trigger tissue engineering strategies and therapies to enhance muscle regeneration and function.