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Objective:To study the impact of financial compensation on the competitive strategy selection of public hospitals.Methods:Based on the quality and cost strategy selection framework of public hospitals,the evolutionary game model of strategy selection of secondary and tertiary public hospitals was established,and the influence of different financial compensation methods on the competitive strategy selection of public hospitals was analyzed by matlab simulation.Results:The more public hospitals choose the optimal strategy,the faster they reach the evolutionary stable state of the optimal strategy.The financial compensation of the same unit can change the competitive strategy choice tendency of the secondary hospitals.Regardless of the tertiary or secondary public hospitals,the impact of the compensation quality strategy is greater than the compensation cost policy,but the over-compensation quality strategy will cause the secondary hospitals to deviate from the optimal strategy.The impact of hospital competition costs on secondary public hospitals is much greater than that of tertiary public hospitals.Conclusion:To clarify the positioning and strategy of secondary and tertiary hospitals from the policy;financially increase the investment in the quality construction of tertiary public hospitals and increase the investment in the management level of secondary hospitals;strengthen supervision and management,guide the hospital reasonable competition.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal areas severely affected the health of ecosystem and human beings. The HABs control by biological methods, especially for biofilms, has been research hotspots in freshwater ecosystem. However, the biofilm-relating control of HABs in marine environment was very limited. In the present study, we found the population growth of two harmful algal species, Prorocentrum obtusidens Schiller (formerly P. donghaiense Lu) and Heterosigma akashiwo, were inhibited by a diatom-bacteria biofilm. The highest inhibitory rate was 79.6 ± 2.1% for P. obtusidens when co-cultured with biofilm suspension, and was 88.6 ± 5.8% for H. akashiwo when co-cultured with the biofilm filtrate without nutrient replenishment. When nitrate and phosphate were added, the inhibition rate for P. obtusidens was 72.3 ± 2.0%, but the population inhibition was not found in H. akashiwo. It suggested that P. obtusidens was mainly inhibited via interference competition, while the inhibition of H. akashiwo was resulted from exploitation competition. We further investigated the role of fatty acids for the interference competition in P. obtusidens, and found that fatty acids at their environmental-relevance concentrations can inhibit the photosynthetic capacity of P. obtusidens, but cannot inhibit the population growth. The community of biofilm shifted, and was finally dominated by the photoheterotrophic bacterium Dinoroseobacter shibae, and the diatom Fistulifera sp. with relative abundance of higher than 90%. Our study indicated that the diatom-bacteria biofilm was likely the candidate for the HABs control in marine environment. D. shibae and Fistulifera sp. were probably the effective species in the biofilm.

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This study is intended to create an innovative contextual English learning environment making use of the widely used communication software, LINE ChatBot, based on the Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML), in order to improve speaking and listening ability among learners. A total of 73 students were invited to participate in learning activities involving a 4-week English conversation exercise including both speaking and listening. Additionally, in order to explore the influence of competition on language acquisition, we added competition characteristics to the learning activities in the experimental group to enhance learning motivation and learning outcomes. The results showed that with the help of the LINE ChatBot contextual learning environment, the performance of both groups of students was slightly enhanced, but no significant differences were found. Meanwhile, extrinsic motivation in both the experimental and control group was improved if they spoke anonymously. That is, the contextual learning environment based on the LINE ChatBot significantly improved the learners' English speaking and listening ability. In addition, the results showed that the addition of a competition element effectively enhanced the learners' intrinsic motivation to learn English on the LINE ChatBot.

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A government's choice of environmental strategy plays an important role in the coordinated governance of regional air pollution. Based on changes in China's environmental policies and on changes in environmental indicators over the years, this paper selects regional haze data from the years 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2017; uses social network analysis to describe the structural characteristics of a spatial correlation network in China; measures the level of coordination using a population gravity model; and further analyzes the influence of the overall structural characteristics of spatial networks on the level of coordination. The results show that the spatial association of regional haze presents a typical "central edge" network structure. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the Yangtze River Delta region are the largest emitters in China. The coordination level of haze control in China showed a fluctuating upward trend, but the overall level of coordination is relatively low, and there is still great room for improvement. Based on the above characteristics, using the provincial panel data from 2005-2017, a two-zone spatial Durbin model was built to empirically test the impact of changes to the environmental performance assessment system on local coordinated haze-control decisions and their stage characteristics. The overall sample results show that there was a "race to the bottom" among Chinese provinces during the study period. When the haze control intensity in neighboring areas was relaxed, the regional governments also tended to relax their own environmental regulation intensity. The time-based analysis results further show that with the improvement of the environmental performance assessment system, the strategy selection of coordinated governmental haze-management presents the possibility of a "race to the top".

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Umbrella branding is a marketing practice whereby multi-product firms leverage their reputation across different product categories. The paper investigates how advertising in the market for non-prescription drugs affects the decision to buy prescription drugs from the same firm. To estimate the effects of umbrella branding, I exploit the fact that consumer-directed advertising of prescription drugs is prohibited in Germany and identify advertising spillovers with an instrumental variable that builds on exogenous seasonality in the non-prescription drug industry. Umbrella branding results in market expansion, particularly for generic firms, and can have a positive effect on consumer welfare in under-treated therapeutic areas.

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In this study, heterologous competitive antigens (HCAs) suitable for improving the sensitivity of ELISA were successfully screened based on their cross-reactivities (CRs) with 19 quinolone analogues; each containing the norfloxacin amino derivative (NOR0) coupled with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a coating antigen. HCAs prepared with hapten analogues (CRs of 0.77%-49.92%) remarkably enhanced the sensitivity of the subsequent ELISA. ELISA sensitivity for NOR detection improved 26-fold when moxifloxacin-BSA was used as a heterologous coating antigen relative to when NOR0-BSA was used as a homologous coating antigen. This work, therefore, represents a detailed screening method to select suitable heterologous competitive antigens that improve ELISA sensitivity. Secondly, we present new theoretical tools to estimate hapten structures for use in the method, which may also be applied to improve the sensitivity of other immunoassays.

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Resumen Introducción: El sector carrocero ecuatoriano se encuentra inmerso en importantes cambios en los últimos años (elevada competencia, nuevos productos, menores costos) con la necesidad de generar satisfacción en los clientes más exigentes, que requieren de incremento de innovaciones tecnológicas. Objetivo: El objetivo de la investigación fue comprobar la relación entre el crecimiento empresarial y la innovación tecnológica de las empresas del sector carrocero de la provincia de Tungurahua - Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: La investigación se apoyó en un enfoque cuantitativo, partió desde el estudio de un conjunto de PYMES en la provincia de Tungurahua - Ecuador, con la ayuda de la teoría del Punto de Equilibrio, además de utilizar el estadígrafo de variación, Se hizo necesario plantear una metodología por medio de la cual fuera posible recolectar esta información por este motivo, la investigación es de Modalidad bibliográfica y de campo, puesto que esta no se encuentra disponible en las fuentes ya existentes. Resultados: Se comprueba la hipótesis: "La innovación tecnológica si tiene incidencia sobre el crecimiento empresarial del sector carrocero de la provincia de Tungurahua". La introducción de innovaciones tecnológicas en el sector redujo costos y provocaron ganancias que bien el sector carrocero puede capitalizar para planear su crecimiento en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. Conclusión: En relación a la cuantificación de beneficios económicos obtenidos, se logró determinar que las empresas durante casi dos años consignaron recursos para maquinaria con nuevas mejoras tecnológicas. Las estrategias que cada empresa implementó fueron diferentes, todas estas vinculadas a la visión que se encuentra encaminadas en la innovación y su mejora en el crecimiento empresarial.

Abstract Introduction: The Ecuadorian bodybuilding sector is immersed in important changes in recent years (high competition, new products, lower costs) with the need to generate satisfaction in the most demanding customers, which require an increase in technological innovations. Objective: The objective of the research was to verify the relationship between business growth and technological innovation of companies in the bodybuilding sector of the province of Tungurahua-Ecuador. Materials and methods: The research was based on a quantitative approach, starting from the study of a group of PYMES in the province of Tungurahua-Ecuador, with the help of the theory of the Point of Balance, in addition to using the variation statistic. It was necessary to raise a methodology by means of which it was possible to collect this information for this reason, the research is of bibliographic and field mode, since it is not available in the existing sources. Results: The hypothesis is verified: "Technological innovation has an impact on the business growth of the bodybuilding sector in the province of Tungurahua". The introduction of technological innovations in the sector reduced costs and generated gains that the bodybuilder sector can capitalize on to plan its growth in the short, medium and long term. Conclusion: In relation to the quantification of economic benefits obtained, it was possible to determine that companies for almost two years consigned resources for machinery with new technological improvements. The strategies that each company implemented were different, all linked to the vision that is aimed at innovation and its improvement in business growth.

Resumo Introdução: Equador Indústria carrocero está passando por grandes mudanças nos últimos anos (de alta competição, novos produtos, reduzir os custos) com a necessidade de gerar satisfação nos clientes mais exigentes que necessitam de aumento de inovações tecnológicas. Objetivo: O objetivo da pesquisa foi verificar a relação entre crescimento de negócios e inovação tecnológica de empresas do setor de musculação da província de Tungurahua-Equador. Materiais e métodos: A pesquisa foi baseada em uma abordagem quantitativa, iniciado a partir do estudo de um grupo de PME na província de Tungurahua-Ecuador, com a ajuda da teoria do ponto de equilíbrio, além de usar variação estatístico, tornou-se necessário criar uma Metodologia por meio da qual foi possível coletar essa informação por esse motivo, a pesquisa é de modo bibliográfico e de campo, uma vez que não está disponível nas fontes existentes. Resultados: A hipótese é verificada: "A inovação tecnológica tem impacto no crescimento dos negócios do setor de musculação na província de Tungurahua". A introdução de inovações tecnológicas no setor reduziu custos e gerou ganhos que o setor de fisiculturistas pode capitalizar para planejar seu crescimento no curto, médio e longo prazo. Conclusão: Em relação à quantificação dos benefícios econômicos obtidos, foi possível determinar que as empresas há quase dois anos consignaram recursos para máquinas com novas melhorias tecnológicas. As estratégias que cada empresa implementou eram diferentes, todas ligadas à visão que é voltada para a inovação e sua melhoria no crescimento dos negócios.

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A novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioassay protocol for diethylstilbestrol (DES) was systematically proposed. The Au/UiO-66(NH2) hybrid with countless active sites was fabricated using an in situ reduction strategy and was subsequently decorated with CdS nanoparticles (NPs) by a sequential chemical bath deposition process. The resulting Au/UiO-66(NH2)/CdS composites were exploited as a sensing matrix for the first time. The excellent photocurrent response of the as-prepared hybrid under visible light is attributed to its improved photo-electric conversion efficiency due to the local surface plasma resonance (LSPR) effect of Au and the matching energy-level structure between UiO-66(NH2) and CdS. In addition, the competitive strategy for the detection of DES was devised by employing the direct Z-scheme Melem/CdTe heterojunction covalently conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA)-DES as signal tags. As a consequence, a cascade-like band-edge level was obtained, which could effectively promote the transfer of photogenerated charges and markedly improve the photocurrent. On the basis of the above strategy, the concentrations of DES could be detected through the competitive binding of DES antibodies (Anti-DES) with either Melem/CdTe/BSA-DES or free DES. Under optimal conditions, the linear range for the detection of DES was 0.1 pg mL-1 to 20 ng mL-1. The detection limit was as low as 0.06 pg mL-1 (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the designed PEC DES-sensing approach has acceptable selectivity, reproducibility, and stability and offers great promise for the detection of small molecules in biomedical, food and environmental samples.

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High competitive ability has often been invoked as a key determinant of invasion success and ecological impacts of non-native plants. Yet our understanding of the strategies that non-natives use to gain competitive dominance remains limited. Particularly, it remains unknown whether the two non-mutually exclusive competitive strategies, neighbour suppression and neighbour tolerance, are equally important for the competitive advantage of non-native plants. Here, we analyse data from 192 peer-reviewed studies on pairwise plant competition within a Bayesian multilevel meta-analytic framework and show that non-native plants outperform their native counterparts due to high tolerance of competition, as opposed to strong suppressive ability. Competitive tolerance ability of non-native plants was driven by neighbour's origin and was expressed in response to a heterospecific native but not heterospecific non-native neighbour. In contrast to natives, non-native species were not more suppressed by hetero- vs. conspecific neighbours, which was partially due to higher intensity of intraspecific competition among non-natives. Heterogeneity in the data was primarily associated with methodological differences among studies and not with phylogenetic relatedness among species. Altogether, our synthesis demonstrates that non-native plants are competitively distinct from native plants and challenges the common notion that neighbour suppression is the primary strategy for plant invasion success.

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Este artigo analisa como a regulação do Serviço Móvel Pessoal (SMP), implementada pela Anatel em 2001, alterou a estrutura do mercado e as estratégias das operadoras do setor de telefonia móvel no Brasil, entre 2002 e 2007. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa e um estudo de caso múltiplo acerca das maiores operadoras do setor: Vivo, Tim, Claro e Oi. Diante da análise setorial e da influência de fatores externos sobre a estrutura do mercado, adotou-se o referencial teórico clássico de estratégia competitiva a fim de se entender as estratégias das operadoras. Adotou-se também um referencial mais específico do setor de telecomunicações, com destaque para trabalhos que discutem a convergência entre as telefonias fixa e móvel. Entre as conclusões do trabalho estão os efeitos de caráter deliberado das mudanças na regulação sobre as estratégias empresariais do setor, entre elas a adoção generalizada de estratégias de custo até o lançamento de serviços inovadores no mercado nacional, caracterizados pela integração entre as operadoras de telefonias fixa e móvel, promovendo estratégias de diferenciação, claramente representadas pela formação de dois grupos estratégicos: um com serviços convergentes do tipo bundle e relações de quase integração vertical entre operadoras fixas e móveis e outro com serviços convergentes entre operações de telefonia fixa e móvel verticalmente integradas.

This article analyzes how PMS (Personal Mobile Service) regulation made by Anatel in Brazil in 2001 changed the market structure and the operators' strategies for the telephony sector between 2002 and 2007. It was carried out a quantitative research and a multiple case study about the main operators in Brazil: Vivo, Tim, Claro and Oi. According to this sector analysis and the influence of external factor as regards the market structure, the classic theoretical reference of competitive strategy was used to better understand the operators' strategies. It was also used a more specific reference for the telecommunications sector featuring the works related to the convergence between the landline and mobile telephony. Within the conclusions of this paper, there are the effects related to cost strategy until the rollout of innovative service on a marketwide basis. They are deemed by the integration between the operators of landline and mobile telephony by promoting strategies of differentiation clearly presented by the formation of two strategic groups: the former related to convergent services bundle type and relations of quasi-vertical integration between the landline and mobile operators and the latter related to convergent services between vertically integration landline and mobile operators.

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With the development of the market economy and the reform of the medical industry deepening and hospitals gaining the status of autonomy in China, the issue of hospital development strategy has come up. It is imperative to possess strategic analysis methods when formulating hospital development strategy. The authors introduce the analysis methods in strategic management into the field of hospital development management, proposing 3 modes of hospital development strategy analysis, viz. medical resources guided strategic analysis, competitive strategy analysis and knowledge progress based strategic analysis. At the same time, they argue for strategic integration and discuss several strategic problems hospitals in China are generally confronted with at present.