RESUMEN
Objective: Although studies have shown an association between poor sleep and chronotype with psychiatric problems in young adults, few have focused on identifying multiple concomitant risk factors. Methods: We assessed depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]), circadian typology (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire [MEQ]), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale [PSS]), social rhythm (Social Rhythm Metrics [SRM]), and salivary cortisol (morning, evening and night, n=37) in 236 men (all 18 years old). Separate analyses were conducted to understand how each PSQI domain was associated with depressive symptoms. Results: Depressive symptoms were more prevalent in individuals with higher perceived stress (prevalence ratio [PR] = 6.429, p < 0.001), evening types (PR = 2.58, p < 0.001) and poor sleepers (PR = 1.808, p = 0.046). Multivariate modeling showed that these three variables were independently associated with depressive symptoms (all p < 0.05). The PSQI items subjective sleep quality and sleep disturbances were significantly more prevalent in individuals with depressive symptoms (PR = 2.210, p = 0.009 and PR = 2.198, p = 0.008). Lower levels of morning cortisol were significantly associated with higher depressive scores (r = -0.335; p = 0.043). Conclusion: It is important to evaluate multiple factors related to sleep and chronotype in youth depression studies, since this can provide important tools for comprehending and managing mental health problems.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/psicología , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Hidrocortisona/análisis , Trastornos Cronobiológicos/psicología , Depresión/etiología , Personal Militar/psicología , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Valores de Referencia , Saliva/metabolismo , Sueño/fisiología , Factores de Tiempo , Análisis Multivariante , Factores de Riesgo , Análisis de Varianza , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Depresión/metabolismo , AutoinformeRESUMEN
This study analyzed the fluctuation of the achromatic visual contrast sensitivity (CS) of adult males (M = 23.42 ± 2.6 years) during a daily period. Twenty-eight volunteers were divided into three groups according to circadian typology (CT): moderate morning (MM; n = 8); intermediate (I; n = 10) and moderate evening (ME; n = 10). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to evaluate sleep quality, and the Horne and Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire was used to measure CT. To measure CS, we used Metropsis software version 11.0 with vertical sinusoidal grids of 0.2, 0.6, 1, 3.1, 6.1, 8.8, 13.2 and 15.6 cycles per degree of visual angle (cpd). The stimuli were presented on a cathode ray tube (CRT) color video monitor with a 19-inch flat screen, a 1024 × 786 pixel resolution, a 100 Hz refresh rate and a photopic luminance of 39.6 cd/m2. It was inferred that there is a tendency for visual contrast to vary according to daily rhythmicity and CT, mainly for the median spatial frequencies (1.0 cpd, χ2 = 9.93, p < 0.05 and 3.1 cpd, χ2 = 10.33, p < 0.05) and high spatial frequencies (13.2 cpd, χ2 = 11.54, p < 0.05) of ME participants. ME participants had minimal visual contrast sensitivity during the morning shift and a progressive increase from afternoon to night.
Asunto(s)
Ritmo Circadiano/fisiología , Sueño/fisiología , Factores de Tiempo , Percepción Visual/fisiología , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Psicofísica/métodos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
There is consistent evidence suggesting a relationship between individuals' sleep-wake rhythms and well-being. The indiscriminate demands from daily working routines, which do not respect this individual physiological rhythm, might be mediating this phenomenon. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the characteristics of sleep routines during working days and psychological well-being. This was a cross-sectional study on 825 individuals from rural communities from southern Brazil. The study protocol included a questionnaire on demographic characteristics, working routines, health complaints, and habits; the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire for sleep-wake rhythm and; the WHO-Five well-being index. Since sex has been shown to affect sleep circadian rhythm and well-being, analysis was performed on men and women separately. In the proposed hierarchical regression models, different factors contributed to well-being according to sex. Among men, sleep-wake and work-related variables did not predict well-being scores. Among women, later midpoints of sleep on working days (B = -1.243, SE B = 0.315, ß = -0.220), working more days per week (B = -1.507, SE B = 0.494, ß = 0.150), having longer working journeys (B = -0.293, SE B = 0.105, ß = -0.166), earlier working journey midpoints (B = 0.465, SE B = 0.222, ß = 0.115), and being exposed to less sunlight (B = 0.140, SE B = 0.064, ß = 0.103) predicted worse well-being. For the subgroup of women with days free from work, we have found a correlation between later midpoints of sleep during the week with worse well-being (Pearson's r = -0.159, p = 0.045) while the same relationship was not significantly observed with the midpoint of sleep on non-working days (Pearson's r = -0.153, p = 0.054). Considering WHO-Five as categorical, based on proposed clinical cut-offs, among women working 7-d/week, those with worst well-being (WHO-Five < 13) had the latest midpoint of sleep (F = 4.514, p = 0.012). Thus, the midpoint of sleep on working days represents the interaction between individuals' sleep-wake behavior and working routines. It plays an important role as a stress factor and may be a useful alternative variable related to chronodisruption.