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Papyrus has been used for millennia to record information, for sophisticated works of art as well as mundane notes. The collection, identification, and translation of papyrus fragments therefore opens a gateway into the past. To aid the efforts to access the history recorded in papyri, we investigated the suitability of NIR spectroscopy to perform two tasks: One is to support the authentication of ancient papyri, by differentiation of papyri that were manufactured more recently and subjected to accelerated ageing to resemble the originals. The other is the extensive task to piece together papyrus fragments into readable texts again. In museums around the world, more than 100,000 ancient papyrus fragments still wait for their proper assembly, deciphering and publication. The papyrus writing-ground was analysed by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and the spectra were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and self-organizing maps (SOM). Cluster analysis and PLS-DA proved to be useful tools for distinguishing modern papyri from ancient papyri which were provided by collections in Vienna and Leipzig. Neither natural nor accelerated ageing affected the classification. A PLS-DA classification model, constructed from NIR spectra of 89 model scores, detected recent Papyri samples with 100 % sensitivity and specificity, even after accelerated ageing. The identification of groups of fragments of ancient papyri based on NIR spectra and chemometry is not straightforward. HCA, which focuses on the differences between samples, only grouped the fragments of 4 out of 20 papyri correctly. SOM, which rather focuses on the similarities, grouped 6 sets of fragments correctly. An automated grouping of fragments remains difficult, since the fragments themselves are heterogeneous while similarities between unrelated ancient papyri can be large.

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Guaifenesin (GUA) is determined in dosage forms and plasma using two methods. The spectrofluorimetric technique relies on the measurement of native fluorescence intensity at 302 nm upon excitation wavelength "223 nm". The method was validated according to ICH and FDA guidelines. A concentration range of 0.1-1.1 µg/mL was used, with limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values 0.03 and 0.08 µg/mL, respectively. This method was used to measure GUA in tablets and plasma, with %recovery of 100.44% ± 0.037 and 101.03% ± 0.751. Furthermore, multivariate chemometric-assisted spectrophotometric methods are used for the determination of GUA, paracetamol (PARA), oxomemazine (OXO), and sodium benzoate (SB) in their lab mixtures. The concentration ranges of 2.0-10.0, 4.0-16.0, 2.0-10.0, and 3.0-10.0 µg/mL for OXO, GUA, PARA, and SB; respectively, were used. LOD and LOQ were 0.33, 0.68, 0.28, and 0.29 µg/mL, and 1.00, 2.06, 0.84, and 0.87 µg/mL for PARA, GUA, OXO, and SB. For the suppository application, the partial least square (PLS) model was used with %recovery 98.49% ± 0.5, 98.51% ± 0.64, 100.21% ± 0.36 & 98.13% ± 0.51, although the multivariate curve resolution alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) model was used with %recovery 101.39 ± 0.45, 99.19 ± 0.2, 100.24 ± 0.12, and 98.61 ± 0.32 for OXO, GUA, PARA, and SB. Analytical Eco-scale and Analytical Greenness Assessment were used to assess the greenness level of our techniques.

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Herein, chemometric-assisted synthesis of electrochemical sensors based on electropolymerised ion-imprinted polymeric (e-IIP) films was explored. Co(II)-IIPs sensors were prepared by performing electropolymerisation procedures of polymerisation mixtures comprising varying concentrations of an electroactive o-aminophenol (o-AP) monomer and Co(II) ions, respectively, according to the Taguchi L9 experimental design, exploiting the simultaneous evaluation of other controlled parameters during electrosynthesis. Each e-IIP developed from Taguchi runs was compared with the respective non-imprinted polymer (NIP) films and fitted according to Langmuir-Freudlich isotherms. Distinctive patterns of low and high-affinity films were screened based on the qualities and properties of the developed IIPs in terms of binding kinetics (KD), imprinting factor, and the heterogeneity index of produced cavities. These results can provide a generic protocol for chemometric-assisted synthesis of e-IIPs based on poly-o-AP, providing highly stable, reproducible, and high-affinity imprinted polymeric films for monitoring purposes.

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Determining the influence of environmental factors on the stability of drugs is very helpful when choosing excipients, storage conditions or packaging materials. In addition, information about possible toxic degradation products enables detecting and avoiding the harmful side effects of the drug. We used the thin-layer chromatographic-densitometric procedure for the assay of five coxibs, conducted degradation studies in various environments and at different temperatures along with the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters. The results were subjected to chemometric analysis, to investigate and visualize the similarities and differences of the studied coxibs. Samples of the tested drug were also analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS in order to identify degradation products, and determine possible drug degradation pathways. Using the human liver cancer HepG2 cell line, the hepatotoxic effect of the degradation products was also determined. It was observed that all substances were relatively stable under the analyzed conditions and degraded more in acidic than alkaline environments. Robenacoxib is the drug that decomposes the fastest, and cimicoxib turned out to be the most stable. Robenacoxib also showed significant hepatotoxicity at the highest tested concentration, which correlates with the high degree of its degradation, and the probable formation of a more hepatoxic product. The obtained mass spectra of compounds formed as a result of hydrolysis of the protonated drug leading to the formation of several product ions, which enabled us to propose probable degradation pathways.

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One of the endangered plant species in Saint Catherine protectorate is Hypericum sinaicum Boiss which is endemic to Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The fungus-host relationship can assist in the investigation of bioactive compounds produced by H. sinaicum paving the way for economic and medicinal implications. Therefore, a comprehensive metabolic approach via MS and chemical analysis was used to track and compare metabolites from H. sinaicum and Aspergillus foetidus var. pallidus, the endophytic fungus, with Hypericum perforatum. Metabolomics analysis revealed the presence of 25 metabolites distributed among samples and the discovery of new chemotaxonomic compounds, i. e., phloroglucinols and xanthones, allowing the discrimination between species. A. foetidus extract is considered a reliable source of furohyperforin and naphthodianthrone derivatives. In conclusion, using A. foetidus as an in vitro technique for producing potential phytoconstituents was cost effective, having easier optimization conditions and faster growth with fewer contamination rates than other in vitro methods.

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There are many different planting methods for crops, however it is very important to improve the distribution ratio of elements in different organs of crops. Therefore, to understand the effect of different planting patterns on crop element balance, we selected Cyperus esculentus continuous cropping (CC) and C. esculentus - wheat rotation cropping (RC). The leaves, tubers, roots, and soil samples were taken at the mowing time (August 1st, on the 81st day after seed sowing; August 24th, on the 105th day after seed sowing; September 16th, on the 128th day after seed sowing). Results showed that CC and RC had significant effects on soil SO42- and Cl-. With the mowing time, the relative abundance of TN (total nitrogen) in tubers showed an increasing trend, the relative richness of TN in roots decreased, and the relative content of TN in leaves showed no change in the trend under the two planting modes. CC significantly increased the TN/TP (total phosphorus) of leaves, roots, and tubers. However, RC significantly increased the AN (available nitrogen)/AP (available phosphorus) of soil. The random forest analysis (RF) showed that abiotic factors contributed the most to TN/TK (total potassium) of roots, followed by TN/TK of tubers and TP/TK of roots. We found that abiotic factors had no significant impact on TP/TK of leaves and TN/TP of tubers. As expected, different planting patterns alter the plant's N (nitrogen)/P (phosphorus)/K (potassium), which in turn may modify N and P conservation strategies.

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The seasonal variations in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) at the organ level of Pinus yunnanenis during different season are poorly understood. In this study, the C, N, P, and their stoichiometric ratios in various organs of P. yunnanensis during the four seasons are discussed. The middle and young aged P. yunnanensis forests in central Yunnan province, China were chosen, and the contents of C, N, and P in fine roots (<2 mm), stems, needles, and branches were analyzed. The results showed that the C, N, P contents and their ratios in P. yunnanensis were significantly influenced by season and organ, less affected by age. The C content of the middle-aged and young forests decreased continuously from spring to winter, whereas N and P first decreased and then increased. No significant allometric growth relationships were observed between P-C of the branches or stems in the young and middle-aged forests, whereas a significant allometric growth relationship existed for N-P of needles in the young stands, indicating that the P-C and N-P nutrient distribution patterns shows different trends in the organ level in different age stands. The pattern of P allocation between organs shows differences in stand age, with more allocation to needles in middle-aged stands and more allocation to fine roots in young stands. The N:P ratio in needles was less than 14, indicating that P. yunnanensis was mainly limited by N and increasing the application of N fertilizer would be beneficial for the productivity of this stand. The results will be helpful to nutrient management in P. yunnanensis plantation.

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PURPOSE: Sweat analysis can yield valuable information in forensic investigations, diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this study was to develop a validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method for the detection of illegal substances in sweat after optimizing the method by chemometric approach. This study also investigated the effectiveness of alternative sweat-collecting materials. METHODS: Plackett-Burman screening design was employed to determine the effect of seven process factors on this new method. Then, central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the method. The method was validated according to the international guidelines. The effectiveness of alternative sweat-collecting materials (cosmetic pads and swabs) was compared with a commercially available collecting device (DrugWipe5A). RESULTS: Sample pH, ultrasonic bath time, and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) shaking time were determined as the most significantly effective three parameters with the Plackett- Burman screening design. The validation procedure was successfully performed after optimizing this method. The comparison study demonstrated that cosmetic pads, swabs, and DrugWipe5A can be used interchangeably. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that the statistical optimum strategy was an effective tool for the optimization of process parameters. Combined with the sensitivity and selectivity of our method, the analysis of sweat collection materials proved to be a useful tool for physicians and health care professionals.

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A comprehensive study of leaves, flowers, fruits, bark, and seeds' extracts of Gmelina arborea Roxb was performed for first time to investigate their anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer, and antidiabetic activities. A thorough comparative phytochemical investigation of the five organs was performed using Tandem ESI-LC-MS. The biological investigation, further aided by multivariate data analysis and molecular docking proved the highly significant potential of using G.arborea organs' extracts as medicinal agents. Chemometric analysis of the obtained data revealed 4 distinct clusters among different samples of the 5 G.arborea (GA)organs and also confirmed that each organ was chemically distinct from the others, except for fruits and seeds which were closely correlated. Compounds anticipated to be responsible for activity were identified by LC-MS/MS. To clarify the differential chemical biomarkers of G. arborea organs, an orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was constructed. Bark exhibited it's in vitro anti-inflammatory activity through down regulation of COX-1 pro-inflammatory markers while fruits and leaves affected mainly DPP4 the marker for diabetes, and flowers were the most potent against Alzheimer maker acetylcholine (ACE) esterase. The metabolomic profiling of the 5 extracts lead to the identification of 27 compounds in negative ion mode and the differences in chemical composition were correlated to difference in activity. Iridoid glycosides were the major class of identified compounds. Molecular docking proved the different affinities of our metabolite towards different targets. Gmelina arborea Roxb. is a very important plant both economically and medicinally.

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Four eco-friendly, cost-effective, and fast stability-indicating UV-VIS spectrophotometric methods were validated for cefotaxime sodium (CFX) determination either in the presence of its acidic or alkaline degradation products. The applied methods used multivariate chemometry, namely, classical least square (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), partial least square (PLS), and genetic algorithm-partial least square (GA-PLS), to resolve the analytes' spectral overlap. The spectral zone for the studied mixtures was within the range from 220 to 320 nm at a 1 nm interval. The selected region showed severe overlap in the UV spectra of cefotaxime sodium and its acidic or alkaline degradation products. Seventeen mixtures were used for the models' construction, and eight were used as an external validation set. For the PLS and GA-PLS models, a number of latent factors were determined as a pre-step before the models' construction and found to be three for the (CFX/acidic degradants) mixture and two for the (CFX/alkaline degradants) mixture. For GA-PLS, spectral points were minimized to around 45% of the PLS models. The root mean square errors of prediction were found to be (0.19, 0.29, 0.47, and 0.20) for the (CFX/acidic degradants) mixture and (0.21, 0.21, 0.21, and 0.22) for the (CFX/alkaline degradants) mixture for CLS, PCR, PLS, and GA-PLS, respectively, indicating the excellent accuracy and precision of the developed models. The linear concentration range was studied within 12-20 µg mL-1 for CFX in both mixtures. The validity of the developed models was also judged using other different calculated tools such as root mean square error of cross validation, percentage recoveries, standard deviations, and correlation coefficients, which indicated excellent results. The developed methods were also applied to the determination of cefotaxime sodium in marketed vials, with satisfactory results. The results were statistically compared to the reported method, revealing no significant differences. Furthermore, the greenness profiles of the proposed methods were assessed using the GAPI and AGREE metrics.

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In the processing field, there is a saying that "seed drugs be stir-fried". Bitter almond (BA) is a kind of seed Chinese medicine. BA need be used after being fried. To distinguish raw bitter almonds (RBA) from processed products and prove the rationality of "seed drugs be stir-fried", we analyzed the RBA and five processed products (scalded bitter almonds, fried bitter almonds, honey fried bitter almonds, bran fried bitter almonds, bitter almonds cream) using RP-HPLC fingerprints and chemometric methods. The similarity between RBA and processed products was 0.733∼0.995. Hierarchically clustered heatmap was used to evaluate the changes in components. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for classification, and all samples are distinguished according to RBA and five processing methods. Six chemical markers were obtained by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The content and degradation rate of amygdalin and ß-glucosidase activity were determined. Compared with RBA, the content and degradation rate of amygdalin, and ß-glucosidase activity were increased in bitter almonds cream. The content and degradation rate were decreased, and ß-glucosidase was inactivated in other processed products. The above results showed that stir-frying had the best effect. The results showed that processing can ensure the stability of RBA quality, and the saying "seed drugs be stir-fried" is reasonable.

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The production of biscuit and biscuit-like products has faced many challenges due to changes in consumer behavior and eating habits. Today's consumer is looking for safe products not only with fresh-like and pleasant taste, but also with long shelf life and health benefits. Therefore, the potentiality of the use of healthier fat and the incorporation of natural antioxidant in the formulation of biscuit has interested, recently, the attention of researchers. The determination of the biscuit quality could be performed by several techniques (e.g., physical, chemical, sensory, calorimetry and chromatography). These classical analyses are unfortunately destructive, expensive, polluting and above all very heavy, to implement when many samples must be prepared to be analyzed. Therefore, there is a need to find fast analytical techniques for the determination of the quality of cereal products like biscuits. Emerging techniques such as near infrared (NIR), mid infrared (MIR) and front face fluorescence spectroscopy (FFFS), coupled with chemometric tools have many potential advantages and are introduced, recently, as promising techniques for the assessment of the biscuit quality.

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Sausages are among the most vulnerable and perishable products, although those products are an important source of essential nutrients for human organisms. The evaluation of the quality of sausages becomes more and more required by consumers, producers, and authorities to thwarter falsification. Numerous analytical techniques including chemical, sensory, chromatography, and so on, are employed for the determination of the quality and authenticity of sausages. These methods are expensive and time consuming, and are often sensitive to significant sources of variation. Therefore, rapid analytical techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, near infrared (NIR), mid infrared (MIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), among others were considered helpful tools in this domain. This review will identify current gaps related to different analytical techniques in assessing and monitoring the quality of sausages and discuss the drawbacks of existing analytical methods regarding the quality and authenticity of sausages from 2015 up to now.

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In this study, the potentiality of front face fluorescence spectroscopy (FFFS) for the evaluation of the quality of biscuits manufactured with butylated hydroxytoluene and pomegranate peel extract during aging was investigated. By using the principal component analysis, vitamin A and tryptophan spectra allowed a clear discrimination between biscuit samples according to the nature of antioxidants, while fluorescent Maillard reaction products spectra showed clear differentiation between samples according to the storage time. Clear differentiation between biscuits according to the used antioxidants and storage time was achieved by using common components and specific weights analysis. Using partial least-squares regression, excellent prediction of water activity (R 2 = 0.95), and L* values (R 2 = 0.92), and approximate prediction of hardness (R 2 = 0.78), b* values (R 2 = 0.74), and moisture content (R 2 = 0.74) were shown. However, the FFFS failed to predict a* values, primary and secondary oxidation products (R 2 < 0.6).

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Chronic urticaria (CU) is a common disease characterized by the development of recurrent itchy blisters and/or angioedema lasting longer than 6 weeks. The evidence-based diagnosis of CU is described in the most recent urticaria guideline. Metabolomics has the potential to offer diagnostic biomarkers for the detection and prognosis of diseases and predict the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical interventions. Determining the variation in metabolites found in the plasma of CU patients (n = 20) and 20 controls has therefore been the goal of this investigation. Samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry after applying acetonitrile precipitation. For the purpose of identifying and characterizing metabolites, the METLIN database was utilized. According to results, 21 metabolites were found to be significantly (VIP score > 0.7, p < .05 and fold analysis >1.5) altered. Differentiations between each group were successful via both OPLS-DA and ROC analysis. While plasma allantoate, homogentisate, indole acetate, proline, phenylalanine levels decreased in CU patients compared to healthy subjects, tryptophan, spermidine, phenyl pyruvate, oleic acid, lysine, valine, ornithine, histidine, glutamate, leucine, kynurenine, hypoxanthine, tyrosine, glucose, creatine and cortisol levels were significantly increased. Diagnosis of CU could be achieved by evaluating the metabolic profile of patients.

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Fluphenazine HCl (FLU) is an anxiolytic, while Nortriptyline HCl (NOR) is an anti-depressant. They are co-formulated together to treat depression and schizophrenia. Perphenazine (PER) and dibenzosuberone (DBZ) are the pharmacopeial impurities of FLU and NOR, respectively. Four spectrophotometric and multivariate chemometric methods were developed to determine the two drugs together or in presence of their two impurities in their bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. Method (A) is the triple divisor-ratio derivative (TDR) method, where the zero order spectrum of each component was divided by a mixture of the other 3 components, then the peak amplitudes of the first derivative spectra of FLU, NOR and DBZ were measured at 265, 245.4 and 283.2 nm, respectively. Method (B) is the double divisor-ratio difference-dual wavelength (DD-RD-DW) method, in which each component spectrum mixture was divided by a binary mixture of 2 of the interfering components. In the resulting ratio spectra, the amplitude difference is calculated between 2 wavelengths at which the third interfering component has zero difference. Methods (C and D) are the principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) models. Methods (A and B) failed to quantify PER (FLU impurity), while (C and D) succeeded to quantify all components. The four methods have been applied for the prediction of the FLU and NOR in their pharmaceutical formulation with good accuracy and precision. The proposed methods have been validated according to the ICH guidelines and the results were within the acceptable limits.

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The viscoelastic and the structure properties of three brands of dry sausages (Auvergne, Beef-poultry, and Galbanetto) were studied using dynamic rheology and fluorescence spectroscopy. The storage and the loss modulus of sausage samples showed a viscoelastic character. The principal component analysis carried out on the normalized rheological and physico-chemical parameters allowed to differentiate the sausage samples into three groups according to their brands. This trend was confirmed by the factorial discriminant analysis where 74.44% of correct classification was obtained. The emission spectra acquired after excitation set at 290, 340, and 360 nm and excitation spectra scanned after emission set at 410 nm allowed clear differentiation between the three brand samples. The obtained results were confirmed following the application of partial least squares regression to the fluorescence and physico-chemical parameters since an excellent prediction of moisture content was obtained from the excitation spectra set at 340 nm (R2  = 0.99) and 360 nm (R2  = 0.99). The protein content of dry sausages was well predicted after excitation set at 290 and 340 nm with R2 of 0.96 and 0.97, respectively, while the fat level was well estimated after excitation set at 340 and 360 nm and emission set at 410 nm (R2  = 0.96, 0.96 and 0.94, respectively). The obtained results showed the potential use of fluorescence spectroscopy as a rapid technique for evaluating the quality of dry sausages.

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INTRODUCTION: The genus Stachys L., belonging to the family Lamiaceae, is one of the largest genera with remarkable medicinal properties. Plants of this genus produce a broad range of secondary metabolites. OBJECTIVES: Due to the incomplete comprehensive assessment of chemical profiles in Stachys species, we conducted an untargeted metabolomics study and identified potential biomarkers in the six sections of Stachys with chemotaxonomic importance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Dried leaves of 17 taxa were utilized for analysis of all the constituents using HPLC-MQ-API-MS. The obtained data were processed and analyzed using multivariate statistical methods, including heatmaps, PLS-DA score plots, functional analysis of metabolic pathways, metabolite set enrichment analysis, and biomarker and network analysis. RESULTS: Among the 129 metabolites, 111 flavonoids and 18 non-flavonoids were recognized. The most represented flavonoids, including 41 flavones and 20 flavonols, displayed remarkable abundance. In non-flavonoid compounds, a total of six coumarins and six phenolic acids were present at high levels. In terms of approved markers in six sections, 76 chemical compounds, mainly flavonoids, coumarins, quinic acids, and cinnamic acids, were identified as potential biomarkers or chemotaxonomic indicators. Accordingly, the taxonomic complexities of some Stachys species in sections Fragilicaulis, Aucheriana, and Setifolia were properly resolved. CONCLUSION: An HPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach integrated with multivariate statistical methods was employed to identify (1) valuable markers and analyze metabolic diversity and (2) predict the pharmaceutical properties of Stachys species. The obtained chemical profiles provide a new perspective for investigation of the Stachys genus.

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In this study, raw fruits of important olive cultivars mostly used in the Turkish table (and oil) olive sector, Ayvalik, Gemlik, Domat, Memecik and Uslu, were investigated based on their biophenolic profiles by a HPLC-DAD method. Biophenolic compounds have great importance in olive processing (table and oil) technology and human nutrition physiology and are commonly found in natural products obtained from fruits and vegetables, including table olives and olive oil. Raw olive fruits samples, grown in Bornova and Kemapasa which are the experimantal areas of Olive Research Institute (Izmir-Turkey), were harvested in different maturity stages during two corp years (2007-2008). The total phenolic content (TPC) and the simple biophenolic profile analysis of raw olive samples were carried out using UV/VIS spectroscopic and HPLC-DAD methods, respectively. It was showed that domestic olive cultivars, mostly used in table and oil technologies, exposed great differences in biophenolic profiles due to the cultivar and harvest time according to the results of this study. TPC data for all raw samples varied from1 89.8 mg GAE /100 g (Domat) to 421 mg GAE /100 g (Uslu). Hydroxytyrosol (HT) was the major phenolic compound for all raw olive samples and it varied from 58.70 mg/100 g (Uslu) to 27.53 mg/100 g (Memecik). The highest amount of tyrosol (TY) compound was found Uslu (21.23 mg/100 g) while Ayvalik had the lowest amount of this compound (6.13 mg/100 g). In this study, the raw fruits of the domestic five table cultivars were characterized and classified chemometric methods (Principal Component Analysis, PCA and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, HCA) based on their simple phenolic compounds. Luteloin (LT) was effective on the characterization of Uslu cultivar while Gemlik was classified with the apigenin (APG). The Hydroxytyrosol (HT) was discriminative in classification of Memecik cultivar whereas the tyrosol (TY) played role in characterization of Ayvalik cultivar.

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It is well-known that mushrooms of the genus Lactarius constitute a natural food resource providing health benefits as a nutritient. This genus contains 4 mushrooms identified as L. deliciosus, L. volemus, L. sanguifluus, L. semisanguifluus and L. piperatus which were collected in Serbia. The aim of this study aimed was to identify and characterize the content of phenolic compounds and examine the antioxidant potential of 5 wild edible mushrooms. L. sanguifluus contained the highest content of total phenol compounds (75.25 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g dry extract weight (GAE/g DE) and exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity through the ability to remove radicals as evidenced by ABTS assay (8.99 mg of trolox equivalents (TE) per g dry extract weight (mg TE/g DE); total reducing power (TRP) assay mg ascorbic acid equivalents per mg of dry extract weight (0.42 mg AAE/g DE) and CUPRAC (14.23 mg TE /g DE). L. deliciosus methanolic extract produced greatest scavenging of the DPPH radical (46%). The methanol mushroom extracts were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogenic bacterial strains using the microdilution method. Of all the extracts tested, L. sanguifluus extract showed the best antibacterial properties. The cytokinesis block micronucleus assay results for the examined mushrooms demonstrated that extracts at a concentration of 3 µg/ml decreased the number of micronuclei (MN) in the range of 19-49% which is significant bearing in mind that radioprotectant amifostine reduced the frequency of MN by only 16.3%. Data thus demonstrate that the 5 wild edible mushrooms of genus Lactarius contain constituents that are beneficial not only as nutrients but also have the potential as antioxidants, antibacterial and antigenotoxic properties.

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