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Pectoralis major muscle sarcomas are extremely rare and can mimic breast lesion clinically. We report a case of poorly differentiated sarcoma of the pectoralis major muscle in a 63-year-old woman of south east Asian ethnicity presenting with a progressively increasing right breast lump. Mammography, ultrasonography (US), contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and biopsy were done to make the final diagnosis. Complete surgical excision was planned but deferred due to pulmonary metastasis, and the patient was treated with palliative chemotherapy. Clinical examination may be confusing but radiological and pathological investigations provide detailed information about the location and the extent of the disease and a definitive tissue diagnosis can only be made on histopathology which will be helpful in preoperative planning and further treatment of the patient.

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Liver tumours are uncommon in the paediatric population, constituting 1-2 % of all paediatric tumours and 4% of all paediatric liver tumours. Hepatoblastoma followed by hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common tumours in this age group. Simultaneous development of two discrete liver tumours of distinct histologies (collision tumour) has been occasionally reported in adults but never in children. We hereby present the first reported case of hepatic collision tumours (hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma) in the explant liver of a child who underwent living donor liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease and severe hepatopulmonary syndrome. The manuscript describes the clinical, radiological and histopathological findings of this case and also highlights the dilemma associated with management of this case had the diagnosis been made in the preoperative setting and also about the proposed management plan for this case in the postoperative period.

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Although stomal and parastomal varices are uncommon causes of variceal bleeding, the mortality rate might be as high as 40%. Timely intervention is essential for the management of these ectopic bleeding varices. Due to the rarity of such varices, no standard treatment guideline is available. We present three cases of bleeding stomal varices managed with an endovascular approach, one through percutaneous transhepatic and the other two through transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt approach.

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Suppurative pylephlebitis, that is, infected thrombosis of the portal vein and its branches is a rare condition with a high incidence of mortality and is often difficult to diagnose. We report two cases of suppurative pylephlebitis secondary to acute pancreatitis wherein the whole of the portal vein and its branches were transformed into an abscess cavity. The diagnosis was made after pus was seen coming out while the patient was taken up for portal vein thrombolysis. The pus was drained and the cavity was completely evacuated leading to recovery from this infection. These two cases highlight the fact that suppurative pylephlebitis is rare and extremely difficult to diagnose as it mimics portal vein thrombosis, but a high degree of suspicion in critically ill patients with thrombus-like appearance in portal vein having a uniform and homogeneous portal venous content on magnetic resonance imaging not responding to antibiotic therapy may be considered for aspiration for differentiating from thrombus and management.

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We describe the case of a 32-year-old man who developed a liver neoplasm due to previous Fontan surgery (FS) for a single ventricle anomaly and situs viscerum inversus. He was admitted to our hospital for suspected hepatocellular carcinoma during an Ultrasound (US) follow up. Computed tomography (CT) showed features of chronic liver disease and 7 cm hepatic nodule with arterial enhancement. Laboratory analyses documented preserved liver function and increased levels of alpha-fetoprotein. Trans-arterial-chemoembolization (TACE) was performed obtaining complete necrosis at 4 weeks of follow up and significant reduction of alpha-fetoprotein. The patient is currently in follow-up, being evaluated for further treatments and/or combined liver-heart transplantation. TACE is a therapeutic option for the treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and with severe heart disease, like those submitted to FS and with also other vascular abnormalities like those correlated to situs viscerum inversus.

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Penetrating cardiac injuries carry a grave prognosis. We present a rare case of thoracic gunshot injury where the bullet ricocheted and lodged in the pericardium without causing damage to the adjacent cardiac structures. Multimodality imaging helped in localizing the bullet, assessing damage, and planning safe surgical removal without cardiopulmonary bypass. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).

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Portal vein gas is a rare imaging finding and a concomitant sign of abdominal disease. Here, we report a 64-year-old man with an emphasis on contrast-enhanced ultrasound for describing the findings for portal vein gas and evaluating liver blood perfusion. Ultrasonography is a favorable imaging modality for the rapid bedside evaluation and monitoring of portal vein gas in the emergency room.

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Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) is increasingly being used as a standard diagnostic test for dogs with suspected abdominal pathology. The iodinated contrast dose is commonly calculated based on linear increases in total body weight. However, body fat is not metabolically active and contributes little to dispersing or diluting the contrast medium in the blood. The aim of this retrospective single-center analytic study was to investigate the possible correlation between abdominal organ and vessel enhancement, and abdominal fat percentage in dogs. We hypothesized that, when dosing intravenous iodinated contrast according to total body weight, there would be a positive association between the degree of contrast enhancement of selected organs and vessels with increasing abdominal fat percentage. Vascular and parenchymal attenuation data were collected from 62 multiphasic abdominal CECT scans performed on dogs over a 5-year period at U-Vet Werribee Animal Hospital between February 2014 and February 2019. Findings based on a linear regression model showed a positive association of aorta (P = .005), liver (P = .045), and portal vein (P = .001) enhancement to abdominal fat percentage during the portal venous phase. Authors recommend that other body size parameters, such as lean body weight, should be considered when calculating iodine dose for abdominal contrast-enhanced CT in dogs.

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Acute distress immediately following an 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) scan is an exceedingly rare event. We report a case whose condition was suddenly deteriorated in the nuclear medicine laboratory, and whose diagnosis was confirmed by FDG-PET/CT. A 67-year-old woman with left renal cell carcinoma (RCC) suddenly complained of dyspnea and tachycardia just after undergoing FDG-PET/CT. PET/CT images showed increased FDG uptakes in the left renal vein, inferior vena cava, right atrium, and bilateral hila. She was diagnosed with a massive tumor embolism from the inferior vena cava to both pulmonary arteries, and urgently underwent tumor embolectomy. FDG-PET/CT was helpful for diagnosing the tumor embolism and differentiating it from bland thromboembolism in this patient with RCC.

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We report a case of a patient diagnosed with pulmonary endometriosis and successfully treated with a GnRH agonist. This 34-year-old mother presented cyclic hemoptysis since 4-month. A non-enhanced computed tomography made at the end of the luteal phase revealed a solitary lung nodule with no other abnormalities. A contrast enhanced computed tomography conducted during menses revealed a ground glass opacity extending from the nodule towards hilum. The diagnosis of pulmonary endometriosis was established taking into account the clinical presentation and the imaging findings. Medical treatment by Triptorelin pamoate (Decapeptyl LP® 3 mg Ipsen Pharma, France), a GnRH agonist, was proposed for a period of 6 months. A CT scan performed 3 months after the end of the treatment shows a complete disappearance of the endometriosis nodular lesion.

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Prostate cancer is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and the second most common in men. It usually metastasizes to bony skeleton, followed by lung, liver, pleura and adrenals. We report a 71 year old male patient who initially presented only with retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy and constitutional symptoms, misleading the diagnosis of retroperitoneal lymphoma. Who later on was discovered to have carcinoma prostate.

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We describe the case of a 41-year-old woman who developed a liver neoplasm due to previous Fontan surgery for a single ventricle anomaly and pacemaker implantation. She was admitted to our hospital for moderate ascites and she was affected by hepatocellular carcinoma treated by trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Computed tomography showed features of chronic liver disease and 4 cm hepatic nodules with arterial enhancement. Laboratory analyses documented preserved liver function and increased levels of alpha-fetoprotein. TACE was performed obtaining complete necrosis at 4 weeks of follow up and significant reduction of alpha-fetoprotein after 2 months. The patient is currently in follow-up, being evaluated for further treatments and/or combined liver/heart transplantation. TACE is a therapeutic option for the treatment of patients with unresectable HCC and with severe heart disease, like those submitted to FS.

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Covid-19 is a viral disease that has spread throughout the world causing unprecedented impact on millions of people. It's a pandemic disease called officially by the World Health Organization in March 11, 2020. The disease mainly involves the upper respiratory tract system. Extrapulmonary manifestations are still not well understood. In this report, we describe a case of acute pancreatitis in a patient with Covid-19 infection who presented to our hospital.

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AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic adequacy of computed tomography (CT)-ultrasound (US) fusion image-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) and US-guided FNA in patients with suspected hepatic metastases. METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients of either sex with known or unknown primary malignancy suspected of having liver metastases on both US and CT, whose multiphasic contrast-enhanced computed tomography was performed using a 64-slice or a higher slice CT scanner, and who were referred for percutaneous FNA were included in this prospective study approved by the institutional review board of the study institute. CT-ultrasound fusion image-guided FNA of the largest lesion using electromagnetic tracking and with freehand ultrasound-guided FNA were performed in the same sitting. Value of fitness, which is a rough estimate of how well the fusion has been achieved, was recorded. Diagnostic adequacy of smears was assessed by a scoring system based on cellular material, background blood/clot, degree of cellular degeneration or trauma, and retention of architecture. RESULTS: The size of the lesions ranged from 1 to 10 cm, and the depth of location of the lesions ranged from 1.4 to 9.3 cm. The fusion fitness values ranged from 1.2 to 10 mm. The scores of the smears did not correlate with lesion size, depth of location, and fusion fitness value. Diagnostic adequacy was seen in 90% and 93.3% of lesions sampled by fusion image guidance and ultrasound guidance, respectively (p = 0.655). All the lesions that yielded inadequate smears by fusion guidance were deep-seated lesions (>5 cm). All the lesions that yielded inadequate smears by ultrasound guidance were small lesions (<3 cm). No complications were encountered in any of the patients. CONCLUSION: Fusion image-guided FNA is a safe procedure with a high diagnostic adequacy rate. Fusion image-guided FNA is not better than US-guided FNA for conspicuous hepatic lesions; however, it may be useful in inconspicuous lesions.

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OBJECTIVES: Isolated superior mesenteric arterial dissection (ISMAD) is an uncommon type of arterial dissection and treated with surgery, stenting, or conservative management. This study aimed to evaluate the criteria for conservative therapy for ISMAD patients based on imaging findings. METHODS: Eighteen consecutive ISMAD patients without peritoneal irritation at onset were retrospectively studied. The decision to perform stenting was based on the emergence of peritoneal irritation, aneurysm, or mesenteric ischemia. Clinical manifestations, follow-up contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) findings, and patient outcome were evaluated. RESULTS: Most patients (16, 89%) were successfully treated conservatively; two patients (11%) required endovascular stenting because of an aneurysm or ulcer-like projection (ULP) sign. The median duration of fasting and hospital stays was 3 (range, 1-8) and 9 (range, 4-34) days, respectively. On CECT, the median distance from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) origin to the entry site was 12 mm (range, 5-35 mm), and the median length of dissection was 87.5 mm (range, 20-150 mm). Among 16 patients treated conservatively, serial imaging was obtained in 11 patients (69%), and disappearance of the dissection within 4 months occurred in five patients. Two patients treated with endovascular stent underwent follow-up CECT 1 year after onset, and there were no complications. CONCLUSIONS: ISMAD patients without peritoneal irritation can be treated conservatively if there are no signs of an aneurysm, ULP, or mesenteric ischemia. When an aneurysm or ULP sign exists, endovascular stenting was able to preserve SMA blood flow with the improvement of the dissection.

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This report presents a new hybrid lead extraction technique combined with transatrial laser lead extraction and surgical removal of calcified lesions in a 50-year-old man with superior vena cava syndrome and bilateral subclavian vein occlusion caused by an abandoned lead, which had been infected for 11 years. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: The most common primary malignant tumor of liver is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The highest risk of developing HCC is seen in patients of cirrhosis. Ultrasound is used for surveillance in these patients. This study evaluates the role of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnosis of HCC and compares CEUS to contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 22 patients with cirrhosis and suspected to have HCC on the basis of gray scale ultrasound or elevated Alpha-fetoprotein. Multiphasic CECT and CEUS were done. On both CECT and CEUS, arterial phase enhancement patterns of the lesions were classified as heterogeneously hyperenhancing, homogeneously hyperenhancing, isoenhancing or nonenhancing. The enhancement patterns of the lesions in portal venous phase were classified as hyperenhancing, isoenhancing, washout or nonenhancing. Presence or absence of neovascularity and peripheral capsule were also noted. The diagnosis of HCC was made as per American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) guidelines. RESULTS: There was moderate degree of agreement between the two modalities in characterizing the enhancement pattern in arterial phase, as calculated by using kappa test (k = 0.59, P < 0.05). Substantial agreement between them, for demonstrating the neovascularity, was also seen (k = 0.772, P < 0.05). CEUS was found to be superior to CECT in demonstrating portal venous phase wash out and peripheral capsule. Only fair agreement was seen between them, with kappa value for portal venous washout being k = 0.38 (P < 0.05) and for peripheral capsule being k = 0.328 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CEUS is comparable to CECT in demonstrating the arterial phase enhancement pattern of HCC and the neovascularity. CEUS was found to be better than CECT in demonstrating the portal venous phase washout and peripheral capsule.

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OBJECTIVE: To examine the safety and efficacy of contrast injection through a central venous catheter (CVC) for contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT). METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed. Studies were deemed eligible if they reported on the use of CVCs for contrast administration. Selected articles were assessed for their relevance and risk of bias. Articles with low relevance and high risk of bias or both were excluded. Data from included articles was extracted. RESULTS: Seven studies reported on the use of CVCs for contrast administration. Catheter rupture did not occur in any study. The incidence of dislocation ranged from 2.2-15.4%. Quality of scans was described in three studies, with less contrast enhancement of pulmonary arteries and the thoracic aorta in two studies, and average or above average quality in one study. Four other studies used higher flowrates, but did not report quality of scans. CONCLUSION: Contrast injection via CVCs can be performed safely for CECT when using a strict protocol. Quality of scans depended on multiple factors like flow rate, indication of the scan, and cardiac output of the patient. In each patient, an individual evaluation whether to use the CVC as access for contrast media should be made, while bolus tracking may be mandatory in most cases.

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Extensive portomesenteric thrombosis presents a technical challenge in liver transplantation. Establishing portal inflow in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is indispensable to ensure regeneration of the graft. The use of a pericholedochal varix for inflow has been described only in a few case reports. Described herein is one such instance in the setting of LDLT, highlighting the nuances of this procedure in the light of available literature.