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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Longitudinal studies have revealed that substance use treatment use is often recurrent among patients; the longitudinal patterns and characteristics of those treatment trajectories have received less attention, particularly in the global south. This study aimed to disentangle heterogeneity in treatment use among adult patients in Chile by identifying distinct treatment trajectory groups and factors associated with them. DESIGN: National-level registry-based retrospective cohort. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Adults admitted to publicly funded substance use disorder treatment programs in Chile from November 2009 to November 2010 and followed for 9 years (n = 6266). MEASUREMENTS: Monthly treatment use; type of treatment; ownership of the treatment center; discharge status; primary substance used; sociodemographic. FINDINGS: A seven-class treatment trajectory solution was chosen using latent class growth analysis. We identified three trajectory groups that did not recur and had different treatment lengths: Early discontinuation (32%), Less than a year in treatment (19.7%) and Year-long episode, without recurrence (12.3%). We also identified a mixed trajectory group that had a long first treatment or two treatment episodes with a brief time between treatments: Long first treatment, or immediate recurrence (6.3%), and three recurrent treatment trajectory groups: Recurrent and decreasing (14.2%), Early discontinuation with recurrence (9.9%) and Recurrent after long between treatments period (5.7%). Inpatient or outpatient high intensity (vs. outpatient low intensity) at first entry increased the odds of being in the longer one-episode groups compared with the Early discontinuation group. Women had increased odds of belonging to all the recurrent groups. Using cocaine paste (vs. alcohol) as a primary substance decreased the odds of belonging to long one-episode groups. CONCLUSIONS: In Chile, people in publicly funded treatment for substance use disorder show seven distinct care trajectories: three groups with different treatment lengths and no recurring episodes, a mixed group with a long first treatment or two treatment episodes with a short between-treatment-episodes period and three recurrent treatment groups.

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Brazil would benefit from a long-term strategy for science and innovation that improves the standing of both science and scientists in the country.

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Resumo Este trabalho pretende analisar mudanças quantitativas no número de servidores de algumas carreiras de Estado do Poder Executivo federal entre 2012 e 2022. Para tal, dividiram-se quatro grupos de carreiras civis da administração direta que exercem atividades afins e costumam ser classificadas como típicas de Estado: segurança pública, jurídicas, fiscalização e gestão pública. A escolha por esses grupos se deveu ao fato de que tais carreiras estratégicas com frequência se articulam em conjunto na defesa de seus interesses. Baseando-se em levantamentos realizados pelo Painel Estatístico de Pessoal do Governo Federal, concluiu-se que, durante o período, as carreiras do grupo de segurança pública selecionadas cresceram fortemente (+24%) e ultrapassaram, em número de servidores, as carreiras de fiscalização selecionadas (-27%), que foram reduzidas em proporção semelhante. Individualmente, as carreiras que mais cresceram foram a de policial rodoviário federal (34%) e de analista de comércio exterior (78%). Já as carreiras de auditor-fiscal da Receita Federal e de auditor-fiscal do trabalho foram as que mais diminuíram, perdendo quase um terço de seus servidores ativos cada uma (33% e 33%).

Resumen Este trabajo pretende analizar los cambios cuantitativos en el número de servidores de algunas carreras del Estado del Ejecutivo federal entre 2012 y 2022. Para ello, las carreras civiles de la administración directa que desarrollan actividades similares y son comúnmente catalogadas como propias del Estado se dividieron en cuatro grupos: Seguridad Pública, Jurídica, Inspección y Gestión Pública. La elección de estos grupos de debió a que tales carreras estratégicas frecuentemente se articulan en la defensa de sus intereses. Con base en las encuestas realizadas por el Panel Estadístico del Personal del Gobierno Federal, se concluyó que, durante el período, las carreras del grupo de Seguridad Pública seleccionadas crecieron fuertemente (+24%) y superaron a las carreras de Inspección seleccionadas en número de empleados (-27%), que se redujeron en una proporción similar. De manera individual, las carreras que más crecieron fueron policía federal de caminos (34%) y analista de comercio exterior (78%). Las carreras de inspector fiscal del Ministerio de Hacienda e inspector fiscal del Ministerio de Trabajo fueron las que más declinaron, perdiendo casi un tercio de sus servidores activos cada una (33% y 33%).

Abstract This paper analyzes the quantitative changes in the number of servers of some State Careers of the federal executive branch between 2012 and 2022. Thus, they were divided into four groups of direct administration civil careers that carry out similar activities and are commonly classified as typical of the state: Public Security, Legal, Inspection, and Public Management. Based on surveys carried out by the Statistical Panel of Federal Government Personnel, it was concluded that, during the period, the careers of the selected Public Security group grew strongly (+24%) and surpassed the selected Inspection careers in number of employees (-27%), which were reduced in a similar proportion. Individually, the careers that grew the most were Federal Highway Police (34%) and Foreign Trade Analyst (78%). The careers of Tax Auditor of the Federal Revenue and Labour Tax Auditor were the ones that declined the most, losing almost a third of their active servants each (33% and 33%).

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Introducción: La evaluación de un examen de varias preguntas genera un número elevado de combinaciones que, al sumar el descuento de errores ortográficos, dificulta el otorgamiento de la calificación correcta y requiere de mucho tiempo. La automatización de este proceso fue realizada por Santander Montes y colaboradores con el paquete profesional estadístico PSPP de libre distribución. Objetivo: Construir un instrumento en Excel para calificaciones de exámenes parciales y finales, de tres, cinco y siete preguntas, con descuento de errores ortográficos según los requisitos de la educación médica cubana. Métodos: Se utilizaron las herramientas de tabulación de información y fórmulas que ofrece el programa Excel de Microsoft Office 2013. Resultados: Se diseñó una interfaz simple, fácil de ejecutar. Se creó una secuencia para determinar en el instrumento: validez, confiabilidad, representatividad y factibilidad. Con la revisión reiterada de cinco profesores de manera independiente (1 Pediatría, 1 Medicina Interna y 3 Salud Pública) y la prueba piloto (examen final de Salud Pública de la carrera de medicina en el primer semestre del curso 2021-2022 en la Facultad Julio Trigo López"), se logró un instrumento de muy fácil uso, válido, confiable y accesible. Conclusiones: El instrumento en Excel propuesto proporciona una opción para automatizar el proceso de evaluación, evitando los errores que se cometen en la evaluación manual(AU)

Introduction: The evaluation of an exam of several questions generates a high number of combinations that, when adding the discount of spelling errors, makes it difficult to give the correct grade and requires a lot of time. The automation of this process was carried out by Santander Montes and collaborators with the professional statistical package PSPP of free distribution. Objective: To build an instrument in Excel for qualifications of partial and final exams, of three, five and seven questions, with spelling errors discounted according to the requirements of Cuban medical education. Methods: The information and formula tabulation tools offered by the Microsoft Office 2013 Excel program were used. Results: A simple interface was designed, easy to execute. A sequence was created to determine in the instrument: validity, reliability, representativeness and feasibility. With the repeated review of five professors independently (1 Pediatrics, 1 Internal Medicine and 3 Public Health) and the pilot test (final exam of Public Health of the medical career in the first semester of the 2021-2022 academic year in the Faculty Julio Trigo López), a very easy-to-use, valid, reliable and accessible instrument was achieved. Conclusions: The proposed instrument in Excel speeds up the evaluation process and avoids the errors that are made in manual evaluation(AU)

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