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Capillarity-driven transport in nanoporous solids is widespread in nature and crucial for modern liquid-infused engineering materials. During imbibition, curved menisci driven by high negative Laplace pressures exert an enormous contractile load on the porous matrix. Due to the challenge of simultaneously monitoring imbibition and deformation with high spatial resolution, the resulting coupling of solid elasticity to liquid capillarity has remained largely unexplored. Here, we study water imbibition in mesoporous silica using optical imaging, gravimetry, and high-resolution dilatometry. In contrast to an expected Laplace pressure-induced contraction, we find a square-root-of-time expansion and an additional abrupt length increase when the menisci reach the top surface. The final expansion is absent when we stop the imbibition front inside the porous medium in a dynamic imbibition-evaporation equilibrium, as is typical for transpiration-driven hydraulic transport in plants, especially in trees. These peculiar deformation behaviors are validated by single-nanopore molecular dynamics simulations and described by a continuum model that highlights the importance of expansive surface stresses at the pore walls (Bangham effect) and the buildup or release of contractile Laplace pressures as menisci collectively advance, arrest, or disappear. Our model suggests that these observations apply to any imbibition process in nanopores, regardless of the liquid/solid combination, and that the Laplace contribution upon imbibition is precisely half that of vapor sorption, due to the linear pressure drop associated with viscous flow. Thus, simple deformation measurements can be used to quantify surface stresses and Laplace pressures or transport in a wide variety of natural and artificial porous media.

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The mechanics of capillary force in biological systems have critical roles in the formation of the intra- and inter-cellular structures, which may mediate the organization, morphogenesis, and homeostasis of biomolecular condensates. Current techniques may not allow direct and precise measurements of the capillary forces at the intra- and inter-cellular scales. By preserving liquid droplets at the liquid-liquid interface, we have discovered and studied ideal models, i.e., interfacial liquids and marbles, for understanding general capillary mechanics that existed in liquid-in-liquid systems, e.g., biomolecular condensates. The unexpectedly long coalescence time of the interfacial liquids revealed that the Stokes equation does not hold as the radius of the liquid bridge approaches zero, evidencing the existence of a third inertially limited viscous regime. Moreover, liquid transport from a liquid droplet to a liquid reservoir can be prohibited by coating the droplet surface with hydrophobic or amphiphilic particles, forming interfacial liquid marbles. Unique characteristics, including high stability, transparency, gas permeability, and self-assembly, are observed for the interfacial liquid marbles. Phase transition and separation induced by the formation of nanostructured materials can be directly observed within the interfacial liquid marbles without the need for surfactants and agitation, making them useful tools to research the interfacial mechanics.

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Colloidal particles adsorb and remain trapped at immiscible fluid interfaces due to strong interfacial adsorption energy with a contact angle defined by the chemistry of the particle and fluid phases. An undulated contact line may appear due to either particle surface roughness or shape anisotropy, which results in a quadrupolar interfacial deformation and strong long-range capillary interaction between neighboring particles. While each effect has been observed separately, here we report the paradoxical impact of surface roughness on spherical and anisotropic ellipsoidal polymer colloids. Using a seeded emulsion polymerization technique, we synthesize spherical and ellipsoidal particles with controlled roughness magnitudes and topography (convex/concave). Via in situ measurement of the interfacial deformation around colloids at an air-water interface, we find that while surface roughness strengthens the quadrupolar deformation in spheres as expected by theory, in stark contrast, it weakens the same in ellipsoids. As roughness increases, particles of both shapes become more hydrophilic, and their apparent contact angle decreases. Using numerical predictions, we show that this partially explains the decreased interfacial deformation and capillary interactions between the ellipsoids. Therefore, particle surface engineering has the potential to decrease the capillary deformation by asymmetric particles via changing their capillary pinning, as well as wetting behavior at fluid interfaces.

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Siphon is an effective method to transfer liquid from a higher to a lower level, which has many applications in hygienic design, clinical apparatus, and hydraulic engineering. Traditional operation requires energy to overcome gravity and establish flow in a closed system. Achieving sustainable high flux siphon drainage without energy input remains a challenge due to viscous dissipation. Here, an unexpected open siphon behavior on the South American pitcher plant Heliamphora minor consisting of trichomes covered pitcher and a wedge-shaped sheath is examined. Exploiting the concept of Digital Twin, a new biomimetic research method by transforming the biological sample to a virtual 3D model is proposed and unveiled that maintained connection of wicking on sub-millimeter long trichomes due to asymmetric pressure distribution and ascending in wedge sheath under unbalanced pressure forms continuous surface flow. Exploring this mechanism, a biomimetic siphon device achieving continuous high flux exposed to ambient air is constructed. Besides, particles floating on the meniscus in the outside wedge move under a curvature gradient as water ascends, which implies a biological nutrient capture method and new dust collection manner in the drainage system. Applying the underlying principle enhances the siphon efficiency of floor drains and has the potential for other liquid transfer device design improvements.

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Small-reactor-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has attracted considerable attention. A significant number of tiny reactors must be prepared in parallel to capture, amplify, and accurately quantify few target genes in clinically relevant large volume, which, however, requires sophisticated microfabrication and longer sample-to-answer time. Here, single plasmonic cavity membrane is reported that not only enriches and captures few nucleic acids by taking advantage of both capillarity and hydrodynamic trapping but also quickly amplifies them for sensitive plasmonic detection. The plasmonic cavity membrane with few nanoliters in a void volume is fabricated by self-assembling gold nanorods with SiO2 tips. Simulations reveal that hydrodynamic stagnation between the SiO2 tips is mainly responsible for the trapping of the nucleic acid in the membrane. Finally, it is shown that the plasmonic cavity membrane is capable of enriching severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genes up to 20 000-fold within 1 min, amplifying within 3 min, and detecting the trace genes as low as a single copy µL-1. It is anticipated that this work not only expands the utility of PCR but also provides an innovative way of the enrichment and detection of trace biomolecules in a variety of point-of-care testing applications.

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We derive the ab initio equilibrium statistical mechanics of the gas-liquid-solid contact angle on planar periodic, monodisperse, textured surfaces subject to electrowetting. To that end, we extend an earlier theory that predicts the advance or recession of the contact line amount to distinct first-order phase transitions of the filling state in the ensemble of nearby surface cavities. Upon calculating the individual capacitance of a cavity subject to the influence of its near neighbors, we show how hysteresis, which is manifested by different advancing and receding contact angles, is affected by electrowetting. The analysis reveals nine distinct regimes characterizing contact angle behavior, three of which arise only when a voltage is applied to the conductive liquid drop. As the square voltage is progressively increased, the theory elucidates how the drop occasionally undergoes regime transitions triggering jumps in the contact angle, possibly changing its hysteresis, or saturating it at a value weakly dependent on further voltage growth. To illustrate these phenomena and validate the theory, we confront its predictions with four data sets. A benefit of the theory is that it forsakes trial and error when designing textured surfaces with specific contact angle behavior.

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The development of composite photocatalysts with high charge transfer efficiency, great visible light absorption, and quick recovery has aroused the interest of many researchers. Herein, based on the hydrothermal assisted vacuum freeze drying method, CdS, Fe3O4, and N-TiO2 were, respectively, fixed in the inner, middle, and outer layers of nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel for preparation of the site-specific magnetic porous Z-scheme CdS/Fe3O4@N-doped graphene aerogel microtube/N-doped TiO2 (CdS/Fe3O4@NGAM/N-TiO2) photocatalyst. For the composite, Fe3O4@NGAM carrier with porous and tubular structure not only helps the recycle and reactants/productions mass transport in the photocatalytic process but also ensures the well-steered transfer of electrons and holes from CdS and N-TiO2 in the Z-type heterojunction system, greatly improving the separation of photogenerated carriers. Besides, Fe3O4 can also work as a Fenton catalyst to activate hydrogen peroxide which is generated in situ by CdS. Thus, the CdS/Fe3O4@NGAM/N-TiO2 composite presents excellent degradation efficiencies towards methyl orange ((MO) 98% removal rate within 50 min), bisphenol A ((BPA) 96% removal rate within 50 min), tetracycline hydrochloride ((TCH) 96% removal rate within 120 min) and strong stabilities after 6 cycles. The free radical removal experiments show that ·O2- and ·OH are the main active substances of catalysis, which further confirms the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and Fenton catalysis.

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Dielectrophoresis (DEP) particle separation has label-free, well-controllable, and low-damage merits. Sidewall microelectrodes made of liquid metal alloy (LMA) inherits the additional advantage of thick electrodes to generate impactful DEP force. However, existing LMA electrode-based devices lack the ability to integrate large-array electrodes in a compact footprint, severely limiting flow rate and thus throughput. Herein, a facile and versatile method is proposed to integrate high-density thick LMA electrodes in microfluidic devices, taking advantage of the passive control ability of capillary burst valves (CBVs). CBVs with carefully designed burst pressures are co-designed in microfluidic channels, allowing self-assembly of LMA electrode array through simple hand-push injection. The arrayed electrode configuration brings the accumulative DEP deflection effect. Specifically, The fabricated 5000 pairs of sidewall electrodes in a compact chip are demonstrted to achieve ten times higher throughput in DEP deflection. The 5000-electrode-pair device is applied to successfully separate four mixed samples, including human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and A549 cells with the flow rate of 70 µL min-1. It is envisioned that this work can greatly facilitate LMA electrode array fabrication and offer a robust and versatile platform for DEP separation applications.

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HYPOTHESIS: Oil-water interfaces that are created by confining a certain amount of oil in a square shaped pixel (∼200 x 200 µm2 with a height of ∼10 µm) topped by a layer of water, have a curvature that depends on the amount of oil that happens to be present in the confining area. Under the application of an electric field normal to the interface, the interface will deform due to inhomogeneities in the electric field. These inhomogeneities are expected to arise from the initial curvature of the meniscus, from fringe fields that emerge at the confining pixel walls and, if applicable, from interfacially adsorbed particles. MODELING AND EXPERIMENTS: We model the shape of the confined oil-water interface invoking capillarity and electrostatics. Furthermore, we measure the initial curvature by tracking the position of interfacially adsorbed particles depending on sample tilt. FINDINGS: We found that the pixels exhibited meniscus curvature radii ranging from 0.6-7 mm. The corresponding model based minimum oil film thicknesses range between 0.7 and 9 µm. Furthermore, the model shows that the initial meniscus curvature can increase up to 76 percent relative to the initial curvature by the electric field before the oil film becomes unstable. The pixel wall and particles are shown to have minimal impact on the interface deformation.

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INTRODUCTION: Microvascular perfusion is essential for post-exercise skeletal muscle recovery to ensure adequate delivery of nutrients and growth factors. This study assessed the relationship between various indices of muscle fiber capillarization and microvascular perfusion assessed by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) at rest and during recovery from a bout of resistance exercise in older adults. METHODS: Sixteen older adults (72 ± 6 y, 5/11 male/female) participated in an experimental test day during which a muscle biopsy was collected from the vastus lateralis and microvascular perfusion was determined by CEUS at rest and at 10 and 40 min following a bout of resistance exercise. Immunohistochemistry was performed on muscle tissue samples to determine various indices of both mixed and fiber-type-specific muscle fiber capillarization. RESULTS: Microvascular blood volume at t = 10 min was higher compared with rest and t = 40 min (27.2 ± 4.7 vs. 3.9 ± 4.0 and 7.0 ± 4.9 AU, respectively, both p < 0.001). Microvascular blood volume at t = 40 min was higher compared with rest (p < 0.001). No associations were observed between different indices of mixed muscle fiber capillarization and microvascular blood volume at rest and following exercise. A moderate (r = 0.59, p < 0.05) and strong (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) correlation was observed between type II muscle fiber capillary-to-fiber ratio and the microvascular blood volume increase from rest to t = 10 and t = 40 min, respectively. In addition, type II muscle fiber capillary contacts and capillary-to-fiber perimeter exchange index were strongly correlated with the microvascular blood volume increase from rest to t = 40 min (r = 0.66, p < 0.01 and r = 0.64, p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Resistance exercise strongly increases microvascular blood volume for at least 40 min after exercise cessation in older adults. This resistance exercise-induced increase in microvascular blood volume is strongly associated with type II muscle fiber capillarization in older adults.

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Recent years have shown the need for trustworthy, unclonable, and durable tokens as proof of authenticity for a large variety of products to combat the economic cost of counterfeits. An excellent solution is physical unclonable functions (PUFs), which are intrinsically random objects that cannot be recreated, even if illegitimate manufacturers have access to the same methods. We propose a robust and simple way to make pixelated PUFs through the deposition of a random mixture of fluorescent colloids in a predetermined lattice using capillarity-assisted particle assembly. As the encoding capacity scales exponentially with the number of deposited particles, we can easily achieve encoding capacities above 10700 for sub millimeter scale samples, where the pixelated nature of the PUFs allows for easy and trustworthy readout. Our method allows for the PUFs to be transferred to, and embedded in, a range of transparent materials to protect them from environmental challenges, leading to improved stability and robustness and allowing their implementation for a large number of different applications.

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The physics of fluid laminar flow through an idealised deutosternum assembly is used for the first time to review predatory feeding designs over 72 different-sized example species from 16 mesostigmatid families in order to inform the finding of new biological control agents. Gnathosomal data are digitised from published sources. Relevant gnathosomal macro- and micro-features are compared and contrasted in detail which may subtly impact the control of channel- or 'pipe'-based transport of prey liquids around various gnathosomal locations. Relative deutosternal groove width on the mesostigmatid subcapitulum is important but appears unrelated to the closing velocity ratio of the moveable digit. Big mites are adapted for handling large and watery prey. The repeated regular distance between deutosternal transverse ridges ('Querleisten') supports the idea of them enabling a regular fluctuating bulging or pulsing droplet-based fluid wave 'sticking' and 'slipping' along the groove. Phytoseiids are an outlier functional group with a low deutosternal pipe flow per body size designed for slot-like microchannel transport in low volume fluid threads arising from daintily nibbling nearby prey klinorhynchidly. Deutosternal groove denticles are orientated topographically in order to synergise flow and possible mixing of coxal gland-derived droplets and circumcapitular reservoir fluids across the venter of the gnathosomal base back via the hypostome to the prey being masticated by the chelicerae. As well as working with the tritosternum to mechanically clean the deutosternum, denticles may suppress fluid drag. Shallow grooves may support edge-crawling viscous flow. Lateral features may facilitate handling unusual amounts of fluid arising from opportunistic feeding on atypical prey. Various conjectures for confirmatory follow-up are highlighted. Suggestions as to how to triage non-uropodoid species as candidate plant pest control agents are included.

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A nanoelectrokinetic phenomenon called ion concentration polarization (ICP) has been recently applied to microfluidic paper-based devices for the high fold preconcentration of low-abundant analytes. The inherent microstructural characteristics of cellulose papers can sufficiently stabilize the chaotic electroconvection of ICP, which is a significant annoyance for typical engineered microfluidic channels. However, a high electrical voltage to induce ICP in a paper-fluidic channel can increase unavoidable electrophoretic forces over drag forces so that the preconcentrated plug is rapidly receded with severe dispersion. In order to enhance the hydraulic drag force that helps the preconcentration of analytes, here we introduce a multilayered paper structure into paper-fluidic channel. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that a hierarchical capillary structure in a multilayered paper-fluidic channel can effectively increase the hydraulic drag force. For the practical utility in the field of diagnostics, the mechanism is verified by a simple example of the immunoassay using biotin-streptavidin complexation.

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HYPOTHESIS: The dip coating of suspensions made of monodisperse non-Brownian spherical particles dispersed in a Newtonian fluid leads to different coating regimes depending on the ratio of the particle diameter to the thickness of the film entrained on the substrate. In particular, dilute particles dispersed in the liquid are entrained only above a threshold value of film thickness. In the case of anisotropic particles, in particular fibers, the smallest characteristic dimension will control the entrainment of the particle. Furthermore, it is possible to control the orientation of the anisotropic particles depending on the substrate geometry. In the thick film regime, the Landau-Levich-Derjaguin model remains valid if one account for the change in viscosity. EXPERIMENT: To test the hypotheses, we performed dip-coating experiments with dilute suspensions of non-Brownian fibers with different length-to-diameter aspect ratios. We characterize the number of fibers entrained on the surface of the substrate as a function of the withdrawal velocity, allowing us to estimate a threshold capillary number below which all the particles remain in the liquid bath. Besides, we measure the angular distribution of the entrained fibers for two different substrate geometries: flat plates and cylindrical rods. We then measure the film thickness for more concentrated fiber suspensions. FINDINGS: The entrainment of the fibers on a flat plate and a cylindrical rod is primarily controlled by the smaller characteristic length of the fibers: their diameter. At first order, the entrainment threshold scales similarly to that of spherical particles. The length of the fibers only appears to have a minor influence on the entrainment threshold. No preferential alignment is observed for non-Brownian fibers on a flat plate, except for very thin films, whereas the fibers tend to align themselves along the axis of a cylindrical rod for a large enough ratio of the fiber length to the radius of the cylindrical rod. The Landau-Levich-Derjaguin law is recovered for more concentrated suspension by introducing an effective capillary number accounting for the change in viscosity.

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Anisotropic particles pinned at fluid interfaces tend toward disordered multiparticle configurations due to large, orientationally dependent, capillary forces, which is a significant barrier to exploiting these particles to create functional self-assembled materials. Therefore, current interfacial assembly methods typically focus on isotropic spheres, which have minimal capillary attraction and no dependence on orientation in the plane of the interface. In order to create long-range ordered structures with complex configurations via interfacially trapped anisotropic particles, control over the interparticle interaction energy via external fields and/or particle engineering is necessary. Here, we synthesize colloidal ellipsoids with nanoscale porosity and show that their interparticle capillary attraction at a water-air interface is reduced by an order of magnitude compared to their smooth counterparts. This is accomplished by comparing the behavior of smooth, rough, and porous ellipsoids at a water-air interface. By monitoring the dynamics of two particles approaching one another, we show that the porous particles exhibit a much shorter-range capillary interaction potential, with scaling intriguingly different than theory describing the behavior of smooth ellipsoids. Further, interferometry measurements of the fluid deformation surrounding a single particle shows that the interface around porous ellipsoids does not possess the characteristic quadrupolar symmetry of smooth ellipsoids, and quantitatively confirms the decrease in capillary interaction energy. By engineering nanostructured surface features in this fashion, the interfacial capillary interactions between particles may be controlled, informing an approach for the self-assembly of complex two-dimensional microstructures composed of anisotropic particles.

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A cellulose-based matrix for monitoring milk freshness (MF) was produced from rice straw particles (RSPs) in a 0.125-0.150 mm that was bis-quaternized to attach bromocresol purple (BP) as a sensor. Under alkali conditions, the obstinate structure of the rice straw had opened, thereby improving the accessibility of the cellulose. Bis-quaternization created more adsorption sites for BP. The maximum adsorption capacity was 97.68 mg/g. The sensors were interwoven with cellulosic fibers to form the cellulose-based label with a relatively loose three-dimensional structure via hydrogen bonds. As the proportion of BP-BCRPs was increased from 10% to 40%, the air permeability of the label increased from 3.76 to 15.01 mm/s, which increased the response to the tested gases (10.12 s for 1 mL of acetic acid). The intelligent label exhibited excellent sensitivity at pH values of 3-9 with highly saturated color changes. During the storage period, the label color shifted from blue-purple to yellow as acidity was increased from 17.24 to 19.8 °T due to capillarity action, providing a timely warning to consumers. The prepared colorimetric porous intelligent cellulose-based label is suitable for monitoring of MF.

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HYPOTHESIS: Colloidal particles in nematic liquid crystals (LCs) are of high interest for self-assembly of soft matter systems. When two free particles approach within a uniaxially-oriented nematic LC, an elastic force is generated due to the distorted nematic director configuration around them, allowing particles to self-assemble by an attractive force. We hypothesize that if particles are immobilized, repulsive forces emerge instead, causing the deflection of the interacting defects to compensate for the energy increase. EXPERIMENTS: We fabricated tailored arrays of spherical silica microparticles via capillarity-assisted particle assembly (CAPA) to investigate the interactions of defects as a function of particle separation. By transferring the particle arrays from the CAPA templates to a glass substrate, we studied interacting boojum defect textures within thin LC films sandwiched between two substrates using polarized optical microscopy (POM). FINDINGS: We observed deflected boojum defects on arrays of fixed silica particles, confirming our hypothesis that the elastic repulsive force between the particles affects the defect orientation. The nematic director configuration is reconstructed by Landau-de Gennes q-tensor modeling, and simulated POM images are obtained by the Jones-Matrix method. Our results provide a new platform for controlling defect interactions and pave the way for future work to study topology and implement new defect based applications in LC films.

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HYPOTHESIS: Horseshoe vortices are known to emerge around large-scale obstacles, such as bridge pillars, due to an inertia-driven adverse pressure gradient forming on the upstream-side of the obstacle. We contend that a similar flow structure can arise in thin-film Stokes flow around micro-obstacles, such as used in textured surfaces to improve wettability. This could be exploited to enhance mixing in microfluidic devices, typically limited to creeping-flow regimes. EXPERIMENTS: Numerical simulations based on the Navier-Stokes equations are carried out to elucidate the flow structure associated with the wetting dynamics of a liquid film spreading around a 50 µm diameter micro-pillar. The employed multiphase solver, which is based on the volume of fluid method, accurately reproduces the wetting dynamics observed in current and previous (Mu et al., Langmuir, 2019) experiments. FINDINGS: The flow structure within the liquid meniscus forming at the foot of the micro-pillar evinces a horseshoe vortex wrapping around the obstacle, notwithstanding that the Reynolds number in our system is extremely low. Here, the adverse pressure gradient driving flow reversal near the bounding wall is caused by capillarity instead of inertia. The horseshoe vortex is entangled with other vortical structures, leading to an intricate flow system with high-potential mixing capabilities.

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In surgical dentistry, suture material is the only foreign body that remains in the tissues after surgery, and it can lead to several negative reactions, for example, infection of the wound. The purpose of this study was to compare the mechanical properties and microbiological resistance of mono- and polyfilament suture materials used in tooth extraction operations. The study of elongation and knot force was carried out on an Instron 5969 Dual Column Testing System device. The capillarity of the materials was studied on a setup assembled by the authors manually by immersing the ends of the filaments in a colored manganese solution. A microbiological study was carried out on the threads taken for the experiment immediately after wound suturing, and on day 7, at which time they were removed. The comparison was made according to Rothia mucilaginosa, Streptococcus sanguinis, Staphylococcus epidermidis. Results: monofilament suture materials (Prolene and Glycolon), after calculating the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney indices, showed better performance in all experiments compared to polyfilament sutures (Vicryl and PGA). In capillarity comparison, there was a significant difference between groups (p = 0.00018). According to the sum of the results of three microbiological studies on day 7, monofilament suture materials absorbed less of the studied bacteria on their surface compared to the polyfilament ones (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Of the studied suture materials, Prolene had the best microbiological resistance and good mechanical properties.

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Nanolimes have been commercially available for over a decade as a remineralization agent for natural stone to combat deterioration. While they have been applied successfully and studied extensively, their penetration abilities in different materials have not yet been readily quantifiable in situ and in real time. Using two transparent pore-imitating test systems (acrylic glass (PMMA) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)) and light microscopy, the penetration coefficients (PCs) of two nanolimes (CaLoSiL (CLS) and Nanorestore Plus (NRP)), as well as their solvents, were determined experimentally in square channels of about 100 µm diameter. Their PCs and those for a previously published glass-resin-based test system were also predicted based on measurable material parameters or literature values using the Lucas-Washburn equation. Additionally, a liquid mineral precursor (LMP) of calcium carbonate based on complex coacervation (CC) was investigated as an alternative to the solid particle dispersions of nanolime. In general, the dispersions behaved like their pure solvents. Overall, trends could be reasonably well predicted with both literature and experimentally determined properties using the Lucas-Washburn equation. In absolute terms, the prediction of observed infiltration behavior was satisfactory for alcohols and nanolimes but deviated substantially for water and the aqueous LMP. The commercially available PMMA chips and newly designed PDMS devices were mostly superior to the previously published glass-resin-based test system, except for the long-term monitoring of material deposition. Lastly, the transfer of results from these investigated systems to a different, nontransparent mineral, calcite, yielded similar PC values independently of the original data when used as the basis for the conversion (all PC types and all material/liquid combinations except aqueous solutions in PDMS devices). This knowledge can be used to improve the targeted design of tailor-made remineralization treatments for different application cases by guiding solvent choice, and to reduce destructive sampling by providing a micromodel for pretesting, if transferability to real stone samples proves demonstrable in the future.