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INTRODUCTION: Early mobilization is key in neurologically impaired persons, limiting complications and improving long-term recovery. Self-balanced exoskeletons are used in rehabilitation departments to help patients stand and walk. We report the first case series of exoskeleton use in acute neurosurgery and intensive care patients, evaluating safety, clinical feasibility and patients' satisfaction. METHODS: We report a retrospective observational study including individuals hospitalized in the neurosurgical intensive care and neurosurgery departments. We included patients with a medical prescription for an exoskeleton session, and who met no contraindication. Patients benefited from standing sessions using a self-balanced exoskeleton (Atalante, Wandercraft, France). Patients and sessions data were collected. Safety, feasibility and adherence were evaluated. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were scheduled for 70 standing sessions, of which 27 (39%) were completed. They were typically hospitalized for intracranial hemorrhage (74%) and presented with unilateral motor impairments, able to stand but with very insufficient weight shifting to the hemiplegic limb, requiring support (MRC 36.2 ± 3.70, SPB 2.0 ± 1.3, SPD 0.7 ± 0.5). The average duration of standing sessions was 16 ± 9 min. The only side effect was orthostatic hypotension (18.5%), which resolved with returning to seating position. The most frequent reason for not completing a session was understaffing (75%). All patients were satisfied and expressed a desire to repeat it. CONCLUSIONS: Physiotherapy using the exoskeleton is safe and feasible in the acute neurosurgery setting, although it requires adaptation from the staff to organize the sessions. An efficacy study is ongoing to evaluate the benefits for the patients.

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Isolated cortical vein thrombosis (ICVT) is a rarer subtype of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) that involves only the cortical veins without any thrombosis in the major cerebral veins or sinuses. Among the known causes of CVST are factors, such as being a young female or the use of hormonal preparations. This study presents a case of a 35-year-old female who underwent endometrial polyp removal 5 days before symptom onset and started using a transdermal estradiol patch. After 4 days of using the transdermal estradiol patch, the patient developed recurrent seizures and sustained sensory aphasia. The head computed tomography revealed hemorrhagic infarction. Given her young age and the use of hormonal therapy, CVST was suspected. However, the initial diagnosis with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was inconclusive, and no venous sinus thrombosis could be identified on additional cerebral angiography. Instead, stasis of venous flow in the temporal vein was noted. It was difficult to determine whether these findings were due to hemorrhage or ICVT. Upon re-evaluation with MRI, signal changes suggestive of thrombosis in a cortical vein in the parietal region, which is different from the stasis observed in cerebral angiography, led to the diagnosis of ICVT. This is the first study to link the use of transdermal estradiol patches to ICVT. In cases where ICVT leads to cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral angiography may not be useful. Instead, a comprehensive diagnosis should be made based on imaging findings from various MRI sequences and the patient's medical history.

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Stem cells, renowned for their unique regenerative capabilities, present significant hope in treating stroke, a major cause of disability globally. This review offers a detailed analysis of stem cell applications in stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic) recovery. It examines therapies based on autologous (patient-derived), allogeneic (donor-derived), and Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) based stem cells, focusing on cell types such as Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs), Bone Marrow Mononuclear Stem Cells (BMMSCs), and Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells (NSCs). The paper compiles clinical trial data to evaluate their effectiveness and safety and addresses the ethical concerns of these innovative treatments. By explaining the mechanisms of stem cell-induced neurological repair, this review underscores stem cells' potential in revolutionizing stroke rehabilitation and suggests avenues for future research.

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Introduction: Traumataic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant global health burden. This systematic review delves into the comparison of S100B and Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) regarding their diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in TBI within the adult population. Methods: Conducted on October 21, 2023, the search identified 24 studies encompassing 6454 adult patients. QUADAS-2 and QUAPAS tools were employed to assess the risk of bias. The analyses aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic performance of S100B and NSE based on sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC). The outcomes were detecting intracranial injury, mortality, and unfavorable outcome. Results: Pooled data analysis tended towards favoring S100B for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. S100B exhibited a diagnostic AUC of 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.70-0.78), sensitivity of 80% (95% CI: 63%-90%), and specificity of 59% (95% CI: 45%-72%), outperforming NSE with an AUC of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.61-0.70), sensitivity of 74% (95% CI: 53%-88%), and specificity of 46% (95% CI: 24%-69%). Notably, both biomarkers demonstrated enhanced diagnostic value when blood samples were collected within 12 hours post-injury. The analyses also revealed the excellent diagnostic ability of S100B with a sensitivity of 99% (95% CI: 4%-100%) and a specificity of 76% (95% CI: 51%-91%) in mild TBI patients (AUC = 0.89 [0.86-0.91]). In predicting mortality, S100B showed a sensitivity of 90% (95% CI: 65%-98%) and specificity of 61% (95% CI: 39%-79%), slightly surpassing NSE's performance with a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI: 76%-95%) and specificity of 56% (95% CI: 47%-65%). For predicting unfavorable outcomes, S100B exhibited a sensitivity of 83% (95% CI: 74%-90%) and specificity of 51% (95% CI: 30%-72%), while NSE had a sensitivity of 80% (95% CI: 64%-90%) and specificity of 59% (95% CI: 46%-71%). Conclusion: Although neither biomarker has shown promising diagnostic performance in detecting abnormal computed tomography (CT) findings, they have displayed acceptable outcome prediction capabilities, particularly with regard to mortality.

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INTRODUCTION: The impact of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) on cognition and the determinants of cognitive recovery early after ICH remain elusive. In this post hoc analysis of the intracerebral hemorrhage deferoxamine (iDEF) trial, we examined the trajectories of cognitive impairment and the determinants of early cognitive recovery after ICH. METHODS: We examined baseline factors associated with a 90-day cognitive outcome and constructed generalized linear mixed models to examine the trajectory of cognitive function over time among iDEF participants. Cognition was measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores on days 7, 30, and 90. RESULTS: 291 were available for analysis under the trial's modified intention-to-treat definition (38% female, mean age 60.3 ± 12.0 years, median NIHSS 13, IQR 8-18). The median baseline ICH volume was 12.9 IQR (6.4-26.0) mL; 59 (20%) of the ICH cases were lobar, 120 (41%) had intraventricular extension. There was an overall significant increase in total MOCA score with time (p < 0.0001). Total MOCA score increased by an estimated 3.9 points (95% CI: 3.1, 4.7) between the day 7 and day 30 assessments and by an additional 2.9 points (95% CI: 2.2, 3.6) between the day 30 and day 90 assessments. Despite the overall improvement, 134 of 205 (65%) patients with an available 90-day MoCA score remained cognitively impaired with a score <26 on day 90. Older age, higher NIHSS score, baseline ICH volume, intraventricular hemorrhage, and perihematoma edema had an adjusted negative impact on cognitive recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Although ICH survivors exhibit significant improvement of cognitive status over the first 3 months, cognitive performance remains impaired in the majority of patients. Among factors independently associated with worse cognitive recovery, higher baseline ICH, intraventricular blood and perihematomal edema volumes, are potential therapeutic targets that merit further exploration.

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The molecular basis for circadian dependency in stroke due to subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke (SAH) remains unclear. We reasoned that microglial erythrophagocytosis, crucial for SAH response, follows a circadian pattern involving carbon monoxide (CO) and CD36 surface expression. The microglial BV-2 cell line and primary microglia (PMG) under a clocked medium change were exposed to blood ± CO (250 ppm, 1 h) in vitro. Circadian dependency and the involvement of CD36 were analyzed in PMG isolated from control mice and CD36-/- mice and by RNA interference targeting Per-2. In vivo investigations, including phagocytosis, vasospasm, microglia activation and spatial memory, were conducted in an SAH model using control and CD36-/- mice at different zeitgeber times (ZT). In vitro, the surface expression of CD36 and its dependency on CO and phagocytosis occurred with changed circadian gene expression. CD36-/- PMG exhibited altered circadian gene expression, phagocytosis and impaired responsiveness to CO. In vivo, control mice with SAH demonstrated circadian dependency in microglia activation, erythrophagocytosis and CO-mediated protection at ZT2, in contrast to CD36-/- mice. Our study indicates that circadian rhythmicity modulates microglial activation and subsequent CD36-dependent phagocytosis. CO altered circadian-dependent neuroprotection and CD36 induction, determining the functional outcome in a hemorrhagic stroke model. This study emphasizes how circadian rhythmicity influences neuronal damage after neurovascular events.

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The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) established a class-based National Coverage Determination (NCD) for monoclonal antibodies directed against amyloid for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with patient access through Coverage with Evidence Development (CED) based on three questions. This review, focused on donanemab, answers each of these CED questions with quality evidence. TRAILBLAZER-ALZ registration trials are presented with supporting literature and real-world data to answer CED questions for donanemab. TRAILBLAZER-ALZ registration trials demonstrated that donanemab significantly slowed cognitive and functional decline in amyloid-positive early symptomatic AD participants, and lowered their risk of disease progression while key safety risks occurred primarily within the first 6 months and then declined. Donanemab meaningfully improved health outcomes with a manageable safety profile in an early symptomatic AD population, representative of Medicare populations across diverse practice settings. The donanemab data provide the necessary level of evidence for CMS to open a reconsideration of their NCD. HIGHLIGHTS: Donanemab meaningfully improved outcomes in trial participants with early symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. Comorbidities in trial participants were consistent with the Medicare population. Co-medications in trial participants were consistent with the Medicare population. Risks associated with treatment tended to occur in the first 6 months. Risks of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities were managed with careful observation and magnetic resonance imaging monitoring.

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BACKGROUND: The 30-day hospital re-admission rate is a quality measure of hospital care to monitor the efficiency of the healthcare system. The hospital re-admission of acute stroke (AS) patients is often associated with higher mortality rates, greater levels of disability and increased healthcare costs. The aim of our study was to identify predictors of unplanned 30-day hospital re-admissions after discharge of AS patients and define an early re-admission risk score (RRS). METHODS: This observational, retrospective study was performed on AS patients who were discharged between 2014 and 2019. Early re-admission predictors were identified by machine learning models. The performances of these models were assessed by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: Of 7599 patients with AS, 3699 patients met the inclusion criteria, and 304 patients (8.22%) were re-admitted within 30 days from discharge. After identifying the predictors of early re-admission by logistic regression analysis, RRS was obtained and consisted of seven variables: hemoglobin level, atrial fibrillation, brain hemorrhage, discharge home, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, one and more than one hospitalization in the previous year. The cohort of patients was then stratified into three risk categories: low (RRS = 0-1), medium (RRS = 2-3) and high (RRS >3) with re-admission rates of 5%, 8% and 14%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of risk factors for early re-admission after AS and the elaboration of a score to stratify at discharge time the risk of re-admission can provide a tool for clinicians to plan a personalized follow-up and contain healthcare costs.

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BACKGROUND: The heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzyme pathway is of crucial importance in the removal of toxic blood components and regulation of neuroinflammation following hemorrhagic stroke. Although a circadian pattern dependency in the incidence and severity of hemorrhagic stroke exists, it is unknown whether the activity of the HO-1 system in the context of hemorrhagic injury also exhibits circadian dependency. We hypothesized that the circadian regulation of microglial HO-1 would determine the extent of neuroinflammation and neuronal injury in a murine model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS: In vitro expression patterns of HO-1 and circadian rhythm genes were analyzed in the microglial BV-2 cell line and primary microglia (PMG) using Western blot and qPCR. PMG isolated from Hmox1fl/fl and LyzM-Cre-Hmox1fl/fl mice were used to evaluate the role of microglial HO-1. We further investigated the in vivo relevance in a murine subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model using Hmox1fl/fl and LyzM-Cre-Hmox1fl/fl mice with myeloid cell HO-1 deficiency, inducing SAH at different zeitgeber (ZT) times and analyzing the expression of HO-1 and the circadian control gene Period-2 (Per-2), respectively. Furthermore, we measured the inflammatory cytokine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) in the cerebrospinal fluid of SAH patients in correlation with clinical outcome. RESULTS: HO-1 baseline expression and response to CO with blood exposure depended on ZT. In vitro expression of circadian control genes was de-synchronized in LyzM-Cre-Hmox1fl/fl PMG and did not respond to exogenous CO exposure. We found that circadian rhythm plays a crucial role in brain damage after SAH. At ZT2, we observed less phagocytic function, more vasospasm and increased microglial activation. CO reduced mortality at ZT12 in HO-1 deficient mice and reduced the difference between ZT2 and ZT12 in the inflammatory response. Induction of MCP-1 in the CSF from SAH patients was time-dependent and correlated with the expression of circadian control genes, SAH severity, functional impairment and delirium. CONCLUSIONS: Our data point towards a crucial role for the HO-1 enzyme system and circadian control in neuronal injury after a hemorrhagic stroke.

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Intracranial hemorrhages require an immediate diagnosis to optimize patient management and outcomes, and CT is the modality of choice in the emergency setting. We aimed to evaluate the performance of the first scanner-integrated artificial intelligence algorithm to detect brain hemorrhages in a routine clinical setting. This retrospective study includes 435 consecutive non-contrast head CT scans. Automatic brain hemorrhage detection was calculated as a separate reconstruction job in all cases. The radiological report (RR) was always conducted by a radiology resident and finalized by a senior radiologist. Additionally, a team of two radiologists reviewed the datasets retrospectively, taking additional information like the clinical record, course, and final diagnosis into account. This consensus reading served as a reference. Statistics were carried out for diagnostic accuracy. Brain hemorrhage detection was executed successfully in 432/435 (99%) of patient cases. The AI algorithm and reference standard were consistent in 392 (90.7%) cases. One false-negative case was identified within the 52 positive cases. However, 39 positive detections turned out to be false positives. The diagnostic performance was calculated as a sensitivity of 98.1%, specificity of 89.7%, positive predictive value of 56.7%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.7%. The execution of scanner-integrated AI detection of brain hemorrhages is feasible and robust. The diagnostic accuracy has a high specificity and a very high negative predictive value and sensitivity. However, many false-positive findings resulted in a relatively moderate positive predictive value.

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Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal subtype of stroke and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in the clinical treatment of ICH, limited progress has been made regarding endogenous brain regeneration after ICH. Failure of brain regeneration is mainly attributed to the inhibitive regenerative microenvironment caused by secondary injury after ICH. In this study, we investigated a three-dimensional biodegradable waterborne polyurethane (BWPU) scaffold as a tool to promote brain regeneration after ICH. After implantation into the cavity following hematoma evacuation, these implanted scaffolds could act as a reservoir; store a series of necrotic debris, cytokines, and chemokines; and attract microglia/macrophages to their pores. Subsequently, these microglia/macrophages were polarized into the M1-like subtype to eliminate these substances. This process disperses M1-like immune cells and prevents the formation of dense glial scar-free structures after ICH. Inflammatory cells in scaffolds include scar-free secreted growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and further induce a M2-like immune cells enriched regeneration-predominant microenvironment to promote endogenous brain regeneration with functional recovery. In summary, in this work, we have revealed the potential and mechanism of the BWPU scaffold as a tool to promote endogenous brain tissue regeneration after ICH.

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Brain hemorrhage is one of the leading causes of death due to the sudden rupture of a blood vessel in the brain, resulting in bleeding in the brain parenchyma. The early detection and segmentation of brain damage are extremely important for prompt treatment. Some previous studies focused on localizing cerebral hemorrhage based on bounding boxes without specifying specific damage regions. However, in practice, doctors need to detect and segment the hemorrhage area more accurately. In this paper, we propose a method for automatic brain hemorrhage detection and segmentation using the proposed network models, which are improved from the U-Net by changing its backbone with typical feature extraction networks, i.e., DenseNet-121, ResNet-50, and MobileNet-V2. The U-Net architecture has many outstanding advantages. It does not need to do too many preprocessing techniques on the original images and it can be trained with a small dataset providing low error segmentation in medical images. We use the transfer learning approach with the head CT dataset gathered on Kaggle including two classes, bleeding and non-bleeding. Besides, we give some comparison results between the proposed models and the previous works to provide an overview of the suitable model for cerebral CT images. On the head CT dataset, our proposed models achieve a segmentation accuracy of up to 99%.

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Hemorrhagic complications arising from ventricular drainage procedures are typically asymptomatic and of low volume. A particular subset of these complications, known as delayed intracranial hemorrhage (DICH), is however recognized for its particularly poor prognosis. We primarily aimed to identify epidemiological characteristics associated with DICH, to shed light on its occurrence and potential risk factors. To do so, we performed a retrospective analysis of a series of ten patients who presented with DICH in the context of a ruptured brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) and a systematic literature review of all DICH cases reported in the literature. Our ten patients showed delayed neurological deterioration after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) procedure, with a computed tomography (CT) scan revealing a DICH surrounding the ventricular catheter, distinct and away from the nidus of their previously ruptured bAVM. Four patients (40%) rapidly declined and passed away, three (30%) required surgical management and the remaining three (30%) demonstrated gradual clinical improvement with conservative management. In the literature, most patients presenting with DICH had hydrocephalus associated with neurovascular disorders (47% of cases), such as bAVM rupture in our present series. These constatations point out the significance of the underlying pathologies potentially being predisposed to these unusual complications.

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Thanks to a more widespread knowledge of the disease, and improved diagnostic techniques, the clinical spectrum of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is now broad. Sporadic CAA, hereditary CAA, CAA-related inflammation (CAA-ri) and iatrogenic CAA (iCAA) create a clinical and radiological continuum which is intriguing and only partially discovered. Despite being relatively rare, CAA-ri, an aggressive subtype of CAA with vascular inflammation, has gained growing attention also because of the therapeutic efficacy of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating drugs. More recently, diagnostic criteria have been proposed for an unusual variant of CAA, probably related to an iatrogenic origin (iCAA), toward which there is mounting scientific interest. These atypical forms of CAA are still poorly known, and their recognition can be challenging and deserve to be pursued in specialized referral centres. The aim of this brief review is to focus current developments in the field of rare forms of CAA, its pathogenesis as well as clinical and biological features in order to increase awareness of these rare forms.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of maternal diabetes mellitus (DM) with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and other intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) in newborns. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed the National Inpatient Sample dataset and compared prevalence of IVH and other subtypes of ICH in infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) vs. those born to mothers without DM. Regression models were used to control for demographic and clinical confounding variables. RESULT: A total of 11,318,691 infants were included. Compared to controls, IDMs had increased prevalence of IVH (aOR = 1.18, CI: 1.12-1.23, p < 0.001) and other ICH (aOR = 1.18, CI: 1.07-1.31, p = 0.001). Severe IVH (grades 3 & 4) was encountered less frequently in IDMs (aOR = 0.75, CI: 0.66-0.85, p < 0.001) than controls. Gestational DM was not associated with increased IVH after controlling for the demographic, clinical and perinatal confounders in the logistic regression model (aOR = 1.04, CI: 0.98-1.11, p = 0.22). CONCLUSION: Chronic maternal DM is associated with increased neonatal IVH and other ICH but not severe IVH. This association needs to be confirmed in further studies.

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Intraparenchymal brain hemorrhage is not uncommon and results from a wide variety of causes ranging from trauma to tumor. Many a time, it is not possible to determine the exact cause of non-traumatic hemorrhage on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is a high-resolution (3D) gradient-echo sequence. It is extremely sensitive to the inhomogeneity of the local magnetic field and highly useful in identifying the small amount of hemorrhage, which may be inapparent on other MR pulse sequences. In this review, we present different pattern of an intra-parenchymal brain hemorrhage on SWI with emphasis on differential diagnosis.

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Objective To compare the principles and performance of three Hough transform algorithms(standard Hough transform,gradient based Hough transform,and random Hough transform)in order to establish a suitable control basis for precise and rapid recognition of targets and acquisition of target center coordinates for craniocerebral puncture robots.Methods A simulation environment in MATLAB software was built to study and analyze image feature recognition,filtering,edge detection,cumulative voting and other processing engineering.Contour recognition and fitting of target circles were achieved in multiple scenarios before their center coordinates were obtained.The recognition and fitting performance of these algorithms was quantitatively compared.Finally,a better detection algorithm based on the actual environment of the craniocerebral puncture robot was determined.Results The standard Hough transform algorithm had the largest error between the mark circle and the target circle,and the running time of this algorithm was the longest due to large computation.The detection speed of the random Hough transform algorithm was lower than that of the gradient-based Hough transform algorithm,but the fitting accuracy was slightly better than that of the standard Hough transform algorithm.The speed and accuracy of circle fitting based on the gradient Hough transform algorithm had significant advantages over the other two.Conclusion The gradient based Hough transform algorithm is more suitable for obtaining the target center coordinates of the craniocerebral puncture robot system.

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PURPOSE: Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) has been shown to be able to differentiate between intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and extravasation of iodinated contrast media (contrast staining [CS]). TwinSpiral DECT is a recently introduced technique, which allows image acquisition at two different energy levels in two consecutive spiral scans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of TwinSpiral DECT to distinguish between ICH and CS after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: This retrospective single-center study conducted between November 2019 and July 2020 included non-contrast TwinSpiral DECT scans (tube voltages 80 and 150Sn kVp) of 39 ischemic stroke patients (18 females, 21 males, mean age 69 ± 11 years) within 48-72 h after endovascular thrombectomy. Parenchymal hyperdensity was assessed for the presence of ICH or/and CS by two board certified and fellowship-trained, blinded and independent neuroradiologists using standard mixed images and virtual non-contrast (VNC) images with corresponding iodine maps from TwinSpiral DECT. Follow-up examinations (FU; CT or MRI) were used as a standard of reference. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the detection of ICH as well as the inter-reader agreement were calculated. RESULTS: Parenchymal hyperdensities were detected in 17/39 (44%) patients. Using DECT, they were classified by both readers as ICH in 9 (53%), CS in 8 (47%), and mixture of both in 6 (35%) cases with excellent agreement (κ = 0.81, P < 0.0001). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the detection of ICH in DECT was 90% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 84-96%), 100% (95% CI 94-100%) and 95% (95% CI 89-100%), and in mixed images 90% (95% CI 84-96%), 86% (95% CI 80-92%) and 88% (95% CI 82-94%), respectively. Inter-reader agreement for detecting ICH on DECT compared to the mixed images was κ = 1.00 (P < 0.0001) vs. κ = 0.51 (P = 0.034). CONCLUSION: TwinSpiral DECT demonstrates high accuracy and excellent specificity for differentiating ICH from CS in patients after mechanical thrombectomy due to acute ischemic stroke, and improves inter-reader agreement for detecting ICH compared to the standard mixed images.

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La tercera causa de morbi-mortalidad en muchos países, es el accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), la incidencia es mayor en los pacientes con hemodiálisis. La presencia del ACV hemorrágico se vincula con peores resultados; el diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces son primordiales por la rápida expansión de la misma, que provoca un detrimento neurológico, hasta un desenlace fatal. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 52 años, ingresa por servicio de emergencia en fecha 23/05/23 con antecedente de terapia de reemplazo renal tri-semanal, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus; cuadro clínico con cefalea súbita, de moderada intensidad, acompañado de somnolencia, entumecimiento a nivel de columna cervicodorsal, paraparesia en extremidades inferiores e hipertensión; tomografía de cráneo con ACV hemorrágico pre tallo cerebral; ingresa a la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) para monitorización y manejo, sin embargo a pesar del tratamiento evoluciono de manera tórpida y fallece en fecha 11/06/2023.

The third cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries is cerebrovascular accident (CVA), the incidence is higher in hemodialysis patients. The presence of hemorrhagic stroke is associated with worse results; early diagnosis and treatment are essential due to its rapid expansion, which causes neurological detriment, up to a fatal outcome. The case of a 52-year-old woman is presented, admitted for emergency service on 05/23/23 with a history of three-weekly renal replacement therapy, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus; clinical picture with sudden headache of moderate intensity, accompanied by drowsiness, numbness at the level of the cervicodorsal spine, paraparesis in the lower extremities and hypertension; skull tomography with pre-brain stem hemorrhagic stroke; he was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for monitoring and management, however despite the treatment he evolved torpidly and died on 06/11/2023.