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In Chile, honey is produced from several native species with interesting biological properties. Accordingly, those attributes are present in Chilean honeys owing to the presence of phenolic compounds inherited from specific floral sources. In recent years, the exported volume of Chilean honeys has been increased, reaching new markets with demanding regulations directed toward the fulfilment of consumers' expectations. Accordingly, there are countries with special requirements referring to Paenibacillus larvae spore-free honeys. This microorganism is the pathogen responsible for American foulbrood disease in beehives; however, antibiotics are not allowed when an apiary tests positive for P. larvae. On the other hand, it is mandatory to have an accurate method to remove the potential presence of spores in bee products intended for export. Exposure to ionizing radiation can be an efficient way to achieve this goal. In this work, 54 honey samples harvested from northern, central and southern Chile were analyzed for physicochemical patterns, total phenols, antioxidant activity and antiradical activity. Honeys with and without spores were exposed to ionizing radiation at three levels of intensity. Afterwards, the presence of spores and the effect on phenol bioavailability, antiradical activity and antioxidant activity were measured again. This research presents results showing a positive correlation between the percentage of prevalence of native endemic species in the set of honeys analyzed and the capacity to resist this process, without altering their natural attributes determined before irradiation treatments.

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Abstract The antioxidant activity of Tetragonisca angustula honey (TAH) and its ethanolic extract (TAEE) were investigated. The total levels of phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) were also evaluated. The results for TPC were 19.91 ± 0.38 and 29.37 ± 1.82 mg GAE g-1 and for TFC 0.20 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg QE g-1 of TAH and TAEE, respectively. Antioxidant activities were 73.29 ± 0.49% and 93.36 ± 0.27% in the DPPH assay and 71.73 ± 4.07% and 97.86 ± 0.35% in ABTS+ for TAH and TAEE, respectively. The total reducing activity was determined by the method of reducing power (PR) and iron ion (Fe III) and the results varied in PR from 151.7 ± 25.7 and 230.7 ± 25.2 mg GAE L-1, for TAH and TAEE respectively and for (Fe III) in EC50 0.284 in TAEE and 0.687 in TAH. Chemical analysis by HPLC-DAD of the ethanolic extract (TAEE) revealed the presence of ferulic acid as majority phenolic component in the extract. The 1H NMR analysis confirmed this structure and showed the also presence of glucose, citric acid, succinic acid, proline and hydrocarbon derivatives. In addition, the botanical origin was also investigated and showed a multifloral characteristic, having found 19 pollen types with a botanical predominance of the Anacardiaceae family, with Tapirira pollen occurring as predominant (42.6%) and Schinus as secondary (25.7%). The results showed that T. angustula honey is an interesting source of antioxidant phenolic compounds due to its floral origin and can act as a protector of human health when consumed.

Resumo A atividade antioxidante do mel de Tetragonisca angustula (TAH) e seu extrato etanólico (TAEE) foram investigados. Os níveis totais de fenólicos (TPC) e flavonóides (TFC) também foram avaliados. Os resultados para TPC foram 19,91 ± 0,38 e 29,37 ± 1,82 mg GAE g-1 e para TFC 0,20 ± 0,02 e 0,14 ± 0,01 mg QE g-1 de TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. As atividades antioxidantes foram 73,29 ± 0,49% e 93,36 ± 0,27% no ensaio DPPH e 71,73 ± 4,07% e 97,86 ± 0,35% no ABTS+ para TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. A atividade redutora total foi determinada pelo método de poder redutor (PR) e íon ferrico (Fe III) e os resultados variaram em PR de 151,7 ± 25,7 e 230,7 ± 25,2 mg GAE L-1, para TAH e TAEE respectivamente e para (Fe III) em EC50 0,284 em TAEE e 0,687 em TAH. A análise química por HPLC-DAD do extrato etanólico (TAEE) revelou a presença de ácido ferúlico como componente majoritário no extrato. A análise de RMN 1H confirmou esta estrutura e mostrou a presença de glicose, ácido cítrico, ácido succínico, prolina e derivados de hidrocarbonetos no TAEE. Além disso, a origem botânica também foi investigada e apresentou característica multifloral, tendo encontrado 19 tipos polínicos com predomínio botânico da família Anacardiaceae, sendo o pólen Tapirira predominante (42,6%) e o Schinus secundário (25,7%). Os resultados mostraram que o mel de T. angustula é uma interessante fonte de compostos fenólicos antioxidantes devido à sua origem floral e pode atuar como protetor da saúde humana quando consumido.

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Abstract The antioxidant activity of Tetragonisca angustula honey (TAH) and its ethanolic extract (TAEE) were investigated. The total levels of phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) were also evaluated. The results for TPC were 19.91 ± 0.38 and 29.37 ± 1.82 mg GAE g-1 and for TFC 0.20 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg QE g-1 of TAH and TAEE, respectively. Antioxidant activities were 73.29 ± 0.49% and 93.36 ± 0.27% in the DPPH● assay and 71.73 ± 4.07% and 97.86 ± 0.35% in ABTS●+ for TAH and TAEE, respectively. The total reducing activity was determined by the method of reducing power (PR) and iron ion (Fe III) and the results varied in PR from 151.7 ± 25.7 and 230.7 ± 25.2 mg GAE L-1, for TAH and TAEE respectively and for (Fe III) in EC50 0.284 in TAEE and 0.687 in TAH. Chemical analysis by HPLC-DAD of the ethanolic extract (TAEE) revealed the presence of ferulic acid as majority phenolic component in the extract. The 1H NMR analysis confirmed this structure and showed the also presence of glucose, citric acid, succinic acid, proline and hydrocarbon derivatives. In addition, the botanical origin was also investigated and showed a multifloral characteristic, having found 19 pollen types with a botanical predominance of the Anacardiaceae family, with Tapirira pollen occurring as predominant (42.6%) and Schinus as secondary (25.7%). The results showed that T. angustula honey is an interesting source of antioxidant phenolic compounds due to its floral origin and can act as a protector of human health when consumed.

Resumo A atividade antioxidante do mel de Tetragonisca angustula (TAH) e seu extrato etanólico (TAEE) foram investigados. Os níveis totais de fenólicos (TPC) e flavonóides (TFC) também foram avaliados. Os resultados para TPC foram 19,91 ± 0,38 e 29,37 ± 1,82 mg GAE g-1 e para TFC 0,20 ± 0,02 e 0,14 ± 0,01 mg QE g-1 de TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. As atividades antioxidantes foram 73,29 ± 0,49% e 93,36 ± 0,27% no ensaio DPPH● e 71,73 ± 4,07% e 97,86 ± 0,35% no ABTS●+ para TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. A atividade redutora total foi determinada pelo método de poder redutor (PR) e íon ferrico (Fe III) e os resultados variaram em PR de 151,7 ± 25,7 e 230,7 ± 25,2 mg GAE L-1, para TAH e TAEE respectivamente e para (Fe III) em EC50 0,284 em TAEE e 0,687 em TAH. A análise química por HPLC-DAD do extrato etanólico (TAEE) revelou a presença de ácido ferúlico como componente majoritário no extrato. A análise de RMN 1H confirmou esta estrutura e mostrou a presença de glicose, ácido cítrico, ácido succínico, prolina e derivados de hidrocarbonetos no TAEE. Além disso, a origem botânica também foi investigada e apresentou característica multifloral, tendo encontrado 19 tipos polínicos com predomínio botânico da família Anacardiaceae, sendo o pólen Tapirira predominante (42,6%) e o Schinus secundário (25,7%). Os resultados mostraram que o mel de T. angustula é uma interessante fonte de compostos fenólicos antioxidantes devido à sua origem floral e pode atuar como protetor da saúde humana quando consumido.

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In the present study, the effects of ultrasound (10, 20, and 30 min) on the bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, enzymatic inhibition, and in vitro digestion of six honey extracts from the Oaxaca state, Mexico, were analyzed. Significant differences were found in each honey extract with respect to the ultrasonic treatment applied (p < 0.05). In the honey extract P-A1 treated with 20 min of ultrasound, the phenols reached a maximum concentration of 29.91 ± 1.56 mg EQ/100 g, and the flavonoids of 1.92 ± 0.01 mg EQ/100 g; in addition, an inhibition of α-amylase of 37.14 ± 0.09% was noted. There were also differences in the phases of intestinal and gastric digestion, presenting a decrease in phenols (3.92 ± 0.042 mg EQ/100 g), flavonoids (0.61 ± 0.17 mg EAG/100 mg), antioxidant capacity (8.89 ± 0.56 mg EAG/100 mg), and amylase inhibition (9.59 ± 1.38%). The results obtained from this study indicate that, in some honeys, the processing method could increase the concentration of bioactive compounds, the antioxidant capacity, and the enzymatic inhibition; however, when subjected to in vitro digestion, the properties of honey are modified. The results obtained could aid in the development of these compounds for use in traditional medicine as a natural source of bioactive compounds.

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The biological properties of chilean propolis have been described and include antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activities. Propolis has a strong antimicrobial potential. Clinical experiences with synthetic antibiotics indicated the need to discover new sources of bioactive compounds associated with ethnopharmacological knowledge or natural sources such as propolis. The microscopic analysis of pollen grains from plants allows us to determine the botanical origin of the propolis samples. In Angol, sample pollen grains were obtained from fodder plants (Sorghum bicolor; Lotus sp.) and trees, such as Acacia sp., Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus sp. and Salix babylonica. Propolis from the Maule region contains pollen grains from endemic plants such as Quillaja saponaria. Finally, the sample obtained from Melipilla presented a wider variety of pollen extracted from vegetable species.Colorimetric assays performed to quantify the total polyphenols present in Chilean propolis samples established that PCP2 (Angol sample) showed high amounts of phenolics compounds, with significant statistical differences in comparison with the other samples. The main compounds identified were pinocembrin, quercetin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). The Angol sample showed a high content of polyphenols.Studies that determine the influence of geographical and floral variables on the chemical composition of propolis are a valuable source of information for the study of its biological properties.

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Honey is a natural product with a sweet flavor. Honey is made by the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) from the nectar of flowers or other plant secretions that are collected near the hive. These products are mixed with bee saliva and stored. Several studies have demonstrated that honey exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial, nematicidal, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. These properties are influenced by the plants from which the secretions are harvested, from the naturally occurring compounds present in the nectar. Studies of the properties and applications of honey have distinguished honey from other natural products due to the presence of certain compounds and due its bioactive properties. The focus of this review is to discuss the identified and isolated compounds from monofloral honey produced by A. mellifera, with specific emphasis on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of honey and its therapeutic health benefits.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the presence of B-complex vitamins and some physicochemical parameters in bee pollen samples from the southern Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and, then, to identify their correlations with the geographical and botanical origin of the samples using multivariate statistical techniques. B-complex vitamins were determined by HPLC and mean contents were 0.79 mg/100 g (vitamin B1), 0.88 mg/100 g (vitamin B2), 5.31 mg/100 g (sum of vitamin B3 vitamers) and 4.42 mg/100 g (sum of B6 vitamers). The physicochemical parameters of the samples were consistent with those reported in the literature. The results showed that bee pollen is an important source of B-complex vitamins and multivariate statistical exploratory techniques suggested its nutritional content should be evaluated locally.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de vitaminas del complejo B y algunos parámetros físico-químicos en muestras de polen apícola oriundas de los Estados del Sur de Brasil (Paraná, Santa Catarina y Rio Grande do Sul); y correlacionar estos resultados con el origen botánico y geográfico, usando un análisis estadístico multivariado. Las vitaminas del complejo B fueron determinadas por HPLC y su contenido fue de 0,79 mg/100 g (vitamina B1); 0,88 mg/100 g (vitamina B2); 5,31 mg/100 g (suma de los compuestos de vitamina B3); y 4,42 mg/100 g (suma de los compuestos de vitamina B6). Los parámetros físico-químicos de las muestras fueron consistentes con los reportados en la literatura. Los resultados mostraron que el polen apícola fue una fuente importante de vitaminas del complejo B, y las técnicas multivariadas sugirieron que su contenido nutricional debe ser evaluado localmente.

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A LC-MS/MS method for synephrine as a biomarker for orange honey authenticity was developed and validated. The sample was extracted with 5% TCA and cleaned up with Florisil providing 83.7% recoveries. Ions transitions for quantification and identification were 168→135.0 and 168→107.0, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.66 and 1.0ng/g, respectively. Synephrine was detected in orange honey at levels from 79.2 to 432.2ng/g, but not in other monofloral honeys. It was also present in some wildflower honeys (9.4-236.5ng/g), showing contribution of citrus to this polyfloral honey. Results were confirmed by qualitative pollen analysis. No citrus pollen was detected in honey containing synephrine levels ≤43.8ng/g, suggesting that synephrine in honey is more sensitive compared to pollen analysis. Synephrine was found in citrus but not in other apiculture flowers. Therefore, synephrine is a botanical marker to differentiate and attest authenticity of orange honey.

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Existe un interés creciente en prevenir la enfermedad y mejorar la salud, por lo que se han desarrolladosuplementos nutricionales percibidos por la población como inofensivos, sin embargo, las plantas son productorasde sustancias químicas que pueden inducir a daño hepático. Los suplementos usados para fisicoculturismo yreducción de peso son los productos naturales que más han reportado hepatotoxicidad en los últimos tiempos.El diagnóstico de la lesión hepática asociado a productos naturales debe hacerse de forma sistematizada ydebe incluir información sobre el inicio del consumo del producto natural, el periodo de tratamiento y el periodode latencia. Comúnmente, el cuadro clínico es agudo y los síntomas en su mayoría son inespecíficos. Se handefinido criterios de hepatotoxicidad a través de la medición de los niveles de la alanina aminotransferasa (ALT)y la fosfatasa alcalina (FA) y la relación entre estas dos variables. Con la cesación del agente implicado, lossignos clínicos generalmente ceden y se da una marcada disminución de los niveles de las enzimas hepáticas. Lapositividad de la reexposición no intencionada del producto es el gold standard para confirmar la hepatotoxicidadpor sustancias naturales. No existen hallazgos histológicos específicos de lesión hepática, por lo que la biopsiano forma parte de los algoritmos para diagnósitico. Con el fin de objetivizar la valoración de efectos adversos seutiliza la escala de CIOMS/RUCAM (Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences/Roussel UclafCausality Assesment Method) que permite determinar la probabilidad de lesión hepática secundaria al producto.Además de la hepatotoxicidad directa producida por sustancias de origen botánico, se han descrito interaccionesentre medicamentos convencionales y los productos herbales, por lo que el médico tratante debe indagar sobreel uso de estos productos...

here is a growing interest in prevention of diseases and improvement of health. That is why nutritional supplementshave been developed and perceived by people as harmless, but plants produce chemical substances that can leadto liver damage. The supplements used for bodybuilding and weight reduction constituted the most common naturalproducts accounting for hepatotoxicity in last times. The diagnosis of liver injury associated to natural productsshould be done in a systematic way and should include information about the first use of the substance, the treatmentperiod and latency. Commonly, the clinic is an acute condition with nonspecific symptoms. The measurement oflevels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (PA) and relationship between these variables serveas criteria of liver injury. With cessation of the agent involved, clinical signs usually yield and there is a markeddecrease in the liver biomarkers levels. Positive results for no intentional reexposure is the gold standard to confirmhepatotoxicity to natural substances. There are no specific histologic findings for liver damage, so biopsy cannotbe used for diagnosis. In order to objectify the adverse effects we use the CIOMS/RUCAM Scale (Council forInternational Organizations of Medical Sciences/ Roussel Uclaf Causality Assesment Method). In addition to thepotential for direct hepatotoxicity, some of the herbs may have interactions with certain prescription medications, sophysicians should ask for using natural products and prevention of concomitant use...

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High quality of bee pollen for commercial purpose is required. In order to attend the consumer with the best identification of the botanical and floral origin of the product, 25 bee pollen batches were investigated using two techniques of pollen grain preparation. The first started to identify pollen loads of different colors in two grams of each well mixed batch, and the second to identify pollen grains in a pool made of all the pollen loads comprised in two grams. The best result was obtained by this last technique, when a pollen grain suspension was dropped on a microscope slide and circa 500 pollen grains were counted per sample. This analysis resulted in the recognition of monofloral and bifloral pollen batches, while the use of the first technique resulted in all samples receiving a heterofloral diagnosis.

É exigida alta qualidade para a comercialização de pólen apícola. A fim de atender o consumidor com a melhor identificação da origem botânica e floral do produto, 25 partidas de pólen apícola feram investigadas usande duas diferentes técnicas na preparação dos grãos de pólen. A primeira partiu da identificação das cargas polínicas contidas em dois gramas de cada partida bem misturada segundo suas cores. A segunda visava identificar os grãos de pólen de um agrupamento ("pool") de todas as cargas polínicas contidas em dois gramas de cada amostra. O melhor resultado foi obtido pela última técnica, quando uma suspensão de grãos de pólen era gotejada sobre uma lâmina de microscopia e cerca de 500 grãos de pólen eram centades por amostra. Esta análise resultou no reconhecimento de partidas monoflorais e biflorais de pólen apícola, enquanto que usando a primeira técnica, todas as amostras receberam a diagnose heterefloral.

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La bioactividad de la miel de abejas ha sido aplicada en apiterapia tradicional y moderna. El origen botánico ocasiona variaciones en los principios activos y en el color de este producto, desde incoloro y blanquecino hasta marrón oscuro en la escala ámbar. Se evaluó la actividad antioxidante total (AAT) de 50 mieles enviadas al servicio de Análisis Químico del Instituto de Investigaciones Apícolas en Dol, República Checa, con el método del catión radical ABTS·+. Se encontraron las siguientes variaciones de AAT (µmoles equivalentes Trolox) para 22 mieles florales (60,12-287,55), 15 mieles de mielada (53,71-280,04) y 13 mieles mixtas (43,55-290,35). La AAT no varió significativamente según el origen botánico de las mieles, pero fue directamente proporcional al color y al contenido de flavonoides y de polifenoles. Se sugiere una clasificación de mieles según su contenido bajo, medio o alto de AAT.

The bioactivity of honey has been used in traditional and modern apitherapy. The botanical origin of honey causes variations in this product's active principles and color, from almost colorless whitish to dark brown in the amber scale. The total antioxidant activity (TAA) of 50 honeys sent to the service of Chemical Analysis of the Institute of Apicultural Investigations in Dol, Czech Republic, was evaluated by the method of the radical cation ABTS·+. The following variations of AAT (µmols Trolox equivalent) were found for 22 floral honeys (60.12-287.55), 15 honeydew honeys (53.71-280.04) and 13 mixed honeys (43.55-290.35). The TAA did not vary significantly according to the botanical origin but was directly proportional to color and content of flavonoids and polyphenols. A classification of honey according to its low, medium and high TAA is suggested.

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The honey color is a determinant factor to its acceptance in world market, and the brightest ones are preferred by consumers. The color of this product is related to botanical origin, processing, storage, climatic factors during the nectar flux and the temperature inside the hive. The color of samples of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) honey was determined with the objective of contributing to Brazilian honey characterization. The samples were collected directly from apiculturists of six Brazilian States: 173 from Bahia State, 21 from Tocantins State, 38 from Ceará State, 52 from Piauí State, 42 from Minas Gerais State and 20 from Santa Catarina State. The analysis were realized in the “Laboratório de Apicultura” of the “Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola” of ESALQ, USP, at Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The analysis were performed in spectrophotometer with 560nm in 1 cm cell, using glycerin as blank control. Three replications of each sample were done. The average value was converted in color by Pfund scale (VIDAL e FREGOSI, 1984). The total of 346 honey samples from six Brazilian States, 44.52 % was bright amber and 17.05 % extra bright amber, totalizing 61.57 % of the samples. The Brazilian honeys in this majority are bright honey.

A cor é um fator determinante para a aceitação do mel no mercado mundial, sendo os méis mais claros os preferidos pelos consumidores. A cor deste produto tem relação com a origem botânica, o processamento, o armazenamento, os fatores climáticos durante o fluxo nectarífero e com a temperatura na qual o mel permanece no interior da colméia. Com o objetivo de contribuir com a caracterização de méis brasileiros foi determinada a cor de amostras de méis de Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) coletadas diretamente dos apicultores de seis estados brasileiros. As análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Apicultura do Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola da ESALQ, USP, em Piracicaba, sendo 173 amostras do Estado da Bahia, 21 do Tocantins, 38 do Ceará, 52 do Piauí, 42 de Minas Gerais e 20 de Santa Catarina. As análises foram feitas em espectofotômetro a 560nm em célula de 1 cm, e usando-se como branco a glicerina pura, sendo realizadas três repetições por amostra e obtida a média. Posteriormente, o valor encontrado foi transformado em cor pela escala de Pfund (VIDAL e FREGOSI, 1984). Do total de 346 amostras de méis de seis estados brasileiros, 44,52 % foi classificado na cor âmbar-claro e 17,05 %, na âmbar-extra-claro, totalizando 61,57 % das amostras. Os méis brasileiros em sua maioria são méis claros.

RESUMEN

The honey color is a determinant factor to its acceptance in world market, and the brightest ones are preferred by consumers. The color of this product is related to botanical origin, processing, storage, climatic factors during the nectar flux and the temperature inside the hive. The color of samples of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) honey was determined with the objective of contributing to Brazilian honey characterization. The samples were collected directly from apiculturists of six Brazilian States: 173 from Bahia State, 21 from Tocantins State, 38 from Ceará State, 52 from Piauí State, 42 from Minas Gerais State and 20 from Santa Catarina State. The analysis were realized in the “Laboratório de Apicultura” of the “Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola” of ESALQ, USP, at Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The analysis were performed in spectrophotometer with 560nm in 1 cm cell, using glycerin as blank control. Three replications of each sample were done. The average value was converted in color by Pfund scale (VIDAL e FREGOSI, 1984). The total of 346 honey samples from six Brazilian States, 44.52 % was bright amber and 17.05 % extra bright amber, totalizing 61.57 % of the samples. The Brazilian honeys in this majority are bright honey.

A cor é um fator determinante para a aceitação do mel no mercado mundial, sendo os méis mais claros os preferidos pelos consumidores. A cor deste produto tem relação com a origem botânica, o processamento, o armazenamento, os fatores climáticos durante o fluxo nectarífero e com a temperatura na qual o mel permanece no interior da colméia. Com o objetivo de contribuir com a caracterização de méis brasileiros foi determinada a cor de amostras de méis de Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) coletadas diretamente dos apicultores de seis estados brasileiros. As análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Apicultura do Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola da ESALQ, USP, em Piracicaba, sendo 173 amostras do Estado da Bahia, 21 do Tocantins, 38 do Ceará, 52 do Piauí, 42 de Minas Gerais e 20 de Santa Catarina. As análises foram feitas em espectofotômetro a 560nm em célula de 1 cm, e usando-se como branco a glicerina pura, sendo realizadas três repetições por amostra e obtida a média. Posteriormente, o valor encontrado foi transformado em cor pela escala de Pfund (VIDAL e FREGOSI, 1984). Do total de 346 amostras de méis de seis estados brasileiros, 44,52 % foi classificado na cor âmbar-claro e 17,05 %, na âmbar-extra-claro, totalizando 61,57 % das amostras. Os méis brasileiros em sua maioria são méis claros.

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Propolis is a resinous hive product COLLected by honeybees from plant sources. The composition of the propolis depends upon the season, vegetation, and the area of COLLection. Phytochemical analyses of propolis produced from Baccharis dracunculifolia (alecrim-do-campo) in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais by africanized - were done by RP-HPTLC, RP-HPLC and GC-MS, and the absorption spectra was measured by UV-visible spectrophotometry. A distinctive characteristic of propolis and B. dracunculifolia was that both had a high proportion of the phenolic compounds artepillin C and others dihydrocinnamic acid derivatives. Based on phytochemical evidence, B. dracunculifolia was found to be the main source of propolis produced in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais.

A própolis é uma substância resinosa coletada pelas abelhas de diversas partes das plantas. Sua composição depende da época, vegetação e local de coleta. Análises fitoquímicas de própolis produzidas de Baccharis dracunculioflia (alecrim-do-campo) por abelhas Apis mellifera africanizada nos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais foram feitas por espectrofotometria na região U.V.-Visível, CCDAE-FR, CLAE-FR e CG-EM. Uma característica dos compostos fenólicos das própolis analisadas e da espécie vegetal de B. dracunculiofolia foi a alta proporção de artepilin C e outros derivados do ácido cinâmico. Com base nas evidências fitoquímicas, B. dracunculifolia foi identificada como a principal fonte vegetal das própolis produzidas nos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais.

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Propolis is a resinous hive product COLLected by honeybees from plant sources. The composition of the propolis depends upon the season, vegetation, and the area of COLLection. Phytochemical analyses of propolis produced from Baccharis dracunculifolia (alecrim-do-campo) in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais by africanized - were done by RP-HPTLC, RP-HPLC and GC-MS, and the absorption spectra was measured by UV-visible spectrophotometry. A distinctive characteristic of propolis and B. dracunculifolia was that both had a high proportion of the phenolic compounds artepillin C and others dihydrocinnamic acid derivatives. Based on phytochemical evidence, B. dracunculifolia was found to be the main source of propolis produced in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais.

A própolis é uma substância resinosa coletada pelas abelhas de diversas partes das plantas. Sua composição depende da época, vegetação e local de coleta. Análises fitoquímicas de própolis produzidas de Baccharis dracunculioflia (alecrim-do-campo) por abelhas Apis mellifera africanizada nos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais foram feitas por espectrofotometria na região U.V.-Visível, CCDAE-FR, CLAE-FR e CG-EM. Uma característica dos compostos fenólicos das própolis analisadas e da espécie vegetal de B. dracunculiofolia foi a alta proporção de artepilin C e outros derivados do ácido cinâmico. Com base nas evidências fitoquímicas, B. dracunculifolia foi identificada como a principal fonte vegetal das própolis produzidas nos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais.

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to certify and register the botanical origin of honey and corbicular pollen from beehives located at the community of Litueche. For this purpose, a survey of vegetation was conducted within a radio of 2 km from the beehives. The results show that from a total of 120 species found, 59 were native, and the most representative families are Asteraceae, Rosaceae and Papilionaceae. Most of the species present some medicinal uses, and are actually used or have a potential use. In general, they do not present conservation problems. In order to analyze the honey samples, the quantification of pollen grains and the Analysis of Proportions allowed us to determine their frequency and their relative importance. All the study samples presented less than 50% of pollen grains of single species, so they were classified as multifloral honeys. Species that appeared with significant importance are Retanilla trinervis, Lotus uliginosus, Rubus ulmifolius and Quillaja saponaria. The corbicular pollen samples were different in the different beehives analyzed. The results show that not all the species flowering at the same time in the area, were selected by the honeybees as nectar and pollen sources.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The present work gathers information regarding the plant origin of propolis produced in countries from temperate and tropical zones of the world. It is the purpose of the paper to demonstrate the utility of such information for the rational use of propolis. The following topics are dealt with in the paper: a) resin secretion by floral structures; b) potentialities and shortcomings of analysis of metabolites and secretory structures in studies about plant origin of propolis; c) synthesis and allocation of secondary metabolites in plants; d) the relevance of the relationships Apis mellifera x Baccharis spp. (Asteraceae) for propolis production in Brazil.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi reunir informações a respeito da origem botânica da própolis originária de países de clima temperado e de clima tropical, demonstrando de que formas esses conhecimentos podem contribuir para o uso racional do produto. Foram enfocados aspectos relacionados às secreções de resinas em estruturas florais, possibilidades e limitações do uso de metabólitos e de estruturas secretoras na identificação da origem botânica da própolis, síntese e alocação de compostos secundários nos vegetais, além da relevância das relações Apis mellifera x Baccharis spp. (Asteraceae).

RESUMEN

The present work gathers information regarding the plant origin of propolis produced in countries from temperate and tropical zones of the world. It is the purpose of the paper to demonstrate the utility of such information for the rational use of propolis. The following topics are dealt with in the paper: a) resin secretion by floral structures; b) potentialities and shortcomings of analysis of metabolites and secretory structures in studies about plant origin of propolis; c) synthesis and allocation of secondary metabolites in plants; d) the relevance of the relationships Apis mellifera x Baccharis spp. (Asteraceae) for propolis production in Brazil.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi reunir informações a respeito da origem botânica da própolis originária de países de clima temperado e de clima tropical, demonstrando de que formas esses conhecimentos podem contribuir para o uso racional do produto. Foram enfocados aspectos relacionados às secreções de resinas em estruturas florais, possibilidades e limitações do uso de metabólitos e de estruturas secretoras na identificação da origem botânica da própolis, síntese e alocação de compostos secundários nos vegetais, além da relevância das relações Apis mellifera x Baccharis spp. (Asteraceae).

RESUMEN

Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from plant source. The composition of the propolis depends upon the time, vegetation and the area of collection. Propolis produced by africanized Apis mellifera from south Brazil, Argentine and Uruguay have been investigated using chromatographic techniques. In accordance with results RP-HPTLC, RP-HPLC, and GC-MS, propolis from south Brazil were classified IN 5 groups. Based on chemical evidence Populus alba was shown to be the main propolis source of group 3 from south Brazil, Argentine and Uruguay.

A própolis é uma substância resinosa coletada pelas abelhas de diversas partes da planta. Sua composição depende da época, vegetação e área de coleta. Própolis produzida por abelhas Apis mellifera africanizada do sul do Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai foram investigadas por meio de técnicas cromatográficas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos por CCDAE-FR, CLAE-FR e CG-EM, as própolis do sul do Brasil foram classificadas em 5 grupos distintos. Com base nas evidências fitoquímicas, Populus alba foi identificada como a principal fonte da própolis do grupo 3 do sul do Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai.

RESUMEN

Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from plant source. The composition of the propolis depends upon the time, vegetation and the area of collection. Propolis produced by africanized Apis mellifera from south Brazil, Argentine and Uruguay have been investigated using chromatographic techniques. In accordance with results RP-HPTLC, RP-HPLC, and GC-MS, propolis from south Brazil were classified IN 5 groups. Based on chemical evidence Populus alba was shown to be the main propolis source of group 3 from south Brazil, Argentine and Uruguay.

A própolis é uma substância resinosa coletada pelas abelhas de diversas partes da planta. Sua composição depende da época, vegetação e área de coleta. Própolis produzida por abelhas Apis mellifera africanizada do sul do Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai foram investigadas por meio de técnicas cromatográficas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos por CCDAE-FR, CLAE-FR e CG-EM, as própolis do sul do Brasil foram classificadas em 5 grupos distintos. Com base nas evidências fitoquímicas, Populus alba foi identificada como a principal fonte da própolis do grupo 3 do sul do Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai.