RESUMEN

ABSTRACT Background: Bone marrow evaluation (BME) is crucial for establishing an accurate staging and prognosis in lymphoma patients. Objective: The objective of the study was to study the diagnostic performance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET-CT) against bone marrow biopsy (BMB) for BME. Methods: Five hundred patient files of newly diagnosed lymphoma patients treated at an academic medical center were reviewed for BME at diagnosis by BMB and FDG PET-CT. Diagnostic performance of FDG PET-CT for detecting bone marrow infiltration (BMI) was assessed, as well as clinical predictors for positive BMB and positive FDG PET-CT. Results: BMB was positive in 16.3% of all patients, and 28.7% had a positive FDG PET-CT for BMI. Overall, the sensitivity of FDG PET-CT was 74.1% and specificity 80.1%. As for predictors for BMB and FDG PET-CT positivity, B symptoms and thrombocytopenia were independent factors for BMI. Seventy-four patients had discordant results between BMB and FDG PET-CT, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) having the most significant discordance. This discrepancy did not affect treatment. Conclusions: FDG PET-CT shows excellent performance for the detection of BMI in Hodgkin lymphoma. For diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, we recommend performing BMB and FDG PET-CT as complementary tests. In all other NHL, a unilateral BMB is mandatory at diagnosis.

RESUMEN

La biopsia de médula ósea (BMO) es un procedimiento invasivo que ha ganado campo en la práctica médica ya que se realiza para el diagnóstico, estadificación y seguimiento de enfermedades hematológicas y no hematológicas, benignas o neoplásicas, entre otros. El objetivo fue establecer el rol de la BMO en las hemopatías en Pediatría en el ION SOLCA Guayaquil- Ecuador. Se utilizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo donde se incluyeron a todos los pacientes pediátricos menores de 18 años de edad que se sometieron a BMO, desde Julio de 2014 a Julio de 2017 en el hospital. De las 1511 BMO realizadas en el periodo de estudio, 869 correspondieron a biopsias pediátricas, de las cuales el 57,08% fueron varones. La edad mediana fue 5 (RIC: 3-10) años. El tamaño promedio de la BMO fue de 0,74 (0,1-2,5) cm, con una celularidad media de 20% (4-100%). El motivo de consulta más frecuente fue la fiebre (22,67%). En el hemograma se detectó más frecuentemente bicitopenia (44,65%) y pancitopenia (24,63%). La Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda (LLA) fue la enfermedad hematológica maligna más comúnmente encontrada (19,59%). Solo un 0,12% correspondió al grupo de Síndromes Mielodisplásicos (SMD), mientras que un 0,23% fueron Neoplasias Mieloproliferativas (NMP). El 26,93% de las biopsias no fueron aptas para el diagnóstico, el 48,45% se encontraron libres de enfermedad de base. La enfermedad oncohematológica pediátrica más frecuente es la LLA, mientras que los SMD y las NMP son infrecuentes. El rol del patólogo y de la BMO es fundamental en el diagnóstico de las enfermedades hematológicas, siempre en integración con la clínica y los exámenes complementarios.

Bone marrow biopsy (BMB) is an invasive procedure that has gained ground in medical practice since it is performed for the diagnosis, staging and monitoring of hematological and non-hematological, benign or neoplastic diseases, among others. This work aims to establish the role of the BMB in hematological diseases in Pediatrics in the ION SOLCA Guayaquil ­ Ecuador. A non-experimental design study, descriptive type was used, that included all pediatric patients under 18 years of age who submitted a BMB, from July 2014 to July 2017 in the hospital. Of the 1511 BMB performed in the study period, 869 corresponded to pediatric biopsies, of which 57.08% belong to male patients. The median age was 5 (interquartile range: 3 - 10) years. The average size of the BMB was 0.74 (0.1 - 2.5) cm, with an average cellularity of 20% (4 - 100%). The most frequent reason for consultation was fever (22.67%). In the complete blood count, bicytopenia (44.65%) and pancytopenia (24.63%) were detected most commonly. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) was the most frequent malignant hematologic disease (19.59%). Only 0.12% corresponded to the group of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS), while 0.23% were Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN). 26.93% of the biopsies were not apt for diagnosis, 48.45% were free of base disease. The most cfrequent pediatric onco-hematologic disease is ALL, while MDS and MPN are infrequent. The role of the pathologist and the BMP is fundamental in the diagnosis of hematological diseases, always in integration with the clinic and complementary examinations.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate, in a large prospective multicenter study, whether 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography is sufficiently accurate to identify clinically important bone marrow involvement by Hodgkin's lymphoma to replace routine bone marrow biopsy in a developing tropical country. Methods: Patients newly diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma were recruited from six cancer centers in Brazil. All were staged by the results of positron emission tomography/computed tomography that were centrally reviewed and by iliac crest bone marrow biopsy. Patients were classified as having marrow disease if they had lymphoma identified by marrow biopsy histology or had focal 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose marrow uptake that resolved following chemotherapy. Results: A total of 246 participants were recruited from six different centers and 62 (25.2%) were judged to have Hodgkin's lymphoma in the bone marrow. Positron emission tomography and biopsies were concordant in 206 patients (83%). Positron emission tomography correctly identified marrow disease in 59/62 patients (95.1%) and marrow biopsy in 25/62 patients (40.3%). In 22/62 (35.4%) patients, the two techniques were concordant in the diagnosis of marrow involvement. Of the forty discordant results, positron emission tomography found bone marrow involvement in 37 patients, upstaging 22 to stage IV and having an impact on therapeutic decision in nine cases given their reallocation from early to advanced stage. Three false negative positron emission tomography results were obtained with bone marrow biopsy giving positive findings. All three cases were classified as stage IV regardless of bone marrow findings implying no modification in the clinical management. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of positron emission tomography for detecting bone marrow disease were 95%, 100% and 98% and for bone marrow biopsy they were 40%, 100% and 84%, respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that positron emission tomography can replace marrow biopsy in Brazilian patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma without compromising clinical management.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To investigate, in a large prospective multicenter study, whether 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose-positron emission tomography is sufficiently accurate to identify clinically important bone marrow involvement by Hodgkin's lymphoma to replace routine bone marrow biopsy in a developing tropical country. METHODS: Patients newly diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma were recruited from six cancer centers in Brazil. All were staged by the results of positron emission tomography/computed tomography that were centrally reviewed and by iliac crest bone marrow biopsy. Patients were classified as having marrow disease if they had lymphoma identified by marrow biopsy histology or had focal 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose marrow uptake that resolved following chemotherapy. RESULTS: A total of 246 participants were recruited from six different centers and 62 (25.2%) were judged to have Hodgkin's lymphoma in the bone marrow. Positron emission tomography and biopsies were concordant in 206 patients (83%). Positron emission tomography correctly identified marrow disease in 59/62 patients (95.1%) and marrow biopsy in 25/62 patients (40.3%). In 22/62 (35.4%) patients, the two techniques were concordant in the diagnosis of marrow involvement. Of the forty discordant results, positron emission tomography found bone marrow involvement in 37 patients, upstaging 22 to stage IV and having an impact on therapeutic decision in nine cases given their reallocation from early to advanced stage. Three false negative positron emission tomography results were obtained with bone marrow biopsy giving positive findings. All three cases were classified as stage IV regardless of bone marrow findings implying no modification in the clinical management. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of positron emission tomography for detecting bone marrow disease were 95%, 100% and 98% and for bone marrow biopsy they were 40%, 100% and 84%, respectively. CONCLUSION: We conclude that positron emission tomography can replace marrow biopsy in Brazilian patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma without compromising clinical management.

RESUMEN

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bone marrow necrosis (BMN) is a rare pathologic entity that is commonly undiagnosed, and often associated with hematologic diseases. Methodology: We conducted a literature review at PubMed using "bone marrow necrosis" as key words. Our search retrieved 25 articles written in English, and a further 65 case reports. Results and discussion: BMN pathophysiology is not well understood, but appears to be associated with vascular injuries that lead to oxygen and nutrient deprivation. Destructive tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) activity is also likely involved in the development of endothelial and bone marrow sinusoidal lesions. Diagnoses of BMN are commonly indicated by anemia, thrombocytopenia, high levels of lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase, and the identification of leukoerythroblastic reactions. Bone marrow (BM) aspirate and biopsy, and magnetic nuclear resonance imaging are the main diagnostic options. The only available treatments are those directed against the primary cause, with associated supportive care for what is ordinarily a rapidly lethal state. Conclusion: The search for an underlying associated malignancy is important for the management of BMN.

RESUMO Introdução: Necrose de medula óssea (NMO) é uma entidade rara, frequentemente não diagnosticada e mais comumente associada a doenças hematológicas. Metodologia: Realizou-se revisão da literatura na base de dados do PubMed, utilizando o termo "necrose de medula óssea". Foram encontrados 25 artigos em inglês e 65 relatos de caso. Resultados e discussão: A fisiopatologia da NMO não é bem elucidada e parece estar associada a lesão vascular com consequente hipóxia celular por desbalanço na oferta de oxigênio e nutrientes. O fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) provavelmente também está implicado na lesão endotelial e nos sinusoides da medula óssea. Sugere-se o diagnóstico pela presença de anemia, trombocitopenia, reação leucoeritroblástica, níveis elevados de desidrogenase lática e fosfatase alcalina. Aspirado e biópsia de medula óssea e ressonância nuclear magnética são os principais exames diagnósticos. As únicas possibilidades terapêuticas são tratamento da causa de base e medidas suportivas. Conclusão: O ponto mais importante no manejo da NMO é a busca por condições neoplásicas associadas.

RESUMEN

Objetivo: el estudio de la biopsia de la médula ósea tiene como objetivo el diagnosticar los problemas que existen con los diversos tipos de células sanguíneas, con el fin de realizar un tratamiento y obtener un pronóstico adecuados; en el tiempo este exámen ha ido ampliándose y junto con el aspirado ayudan a la evaluación de patologías como anemia, trombocitopenia, linfomas, leucemias, tumores metastáticos, síndromes mieloproliferativos entre otros. Materiales y métodos: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y con diseño transversal. Se analizaron 450 muestras obtenidas desde enero a diciembre del 2013 para evaluar las distintas patologías que se presentan frecuentemente en nuestro hospital, de acuerdo a edad y sexo. Resultados: de los 450 casos receptados, analizados y reportados en el 2013; 236 muestras fueron negativas; 27 fueron muestras insuficientes e inadecuadas y 187 fueron positivas para lesiones benignas, borderline y malignas. La mayor parte de lesiones fueron más en hombres y en edades comprendidas entre 40 y 69 años. Las lesiones benignas más frecuentes fue la Hipoplasia y dentro de las lesiones malignas la infiltración linfocitica de inmunofenotipo B, la misma que se corroboró con estudio de Inmunohistoquimica. Conclusión: se determina que de los estudios realizados, la patología que con mayor frecuencia afecta a los pacientes del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín, sometidos a biopsia de médula ósea en el año 2013 es la Infiltración de estirpe linfoide con biopsy has become important for the treatment and prognosis of diseases. Inmunofenotipo B. De ahí que el estudio de biopsia de médula ósea se ha tornado importante para el tratamiento y pronóstico de las diferentes patologías hematológicas y metastásicas.

Objective: the study of bone marrow biopsy aims to diagnose the problems that exist with the different types of blood cells, with the aim of treatment and obtain an acertive prognosis, with time this test has become popular and together with the aspirate helps with the evaluation of diseases such as anemia, trombocitopenia, leucemias, lymphomas among others, myeloproliferative syndromes, and metastatic tumors. Materials and methods: a retrospective descriptive study with cross-sectional design was used to analyze 450 samples obtained from january to december of 2013 in order to evaluate the different pathologies that arise frequently in our hospital, profiled by age and sex. Results: of the 450 analyzed cases and reported in the 2013; 236 samples were negative; 27 were insufficient and inadequate samples, 187 were positive for benign lesions, borderline or malignant. Most of the lesions were in men aged between 40 and 69 years; Hypoplasia was amongst the most benign lesions and among the malignant lesions was the Immune B Lymphocytic Infiltration, which was corroborated with inmunohistochemical staining. Conclusion: this study determines that the disease which most often affects patients of the Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín undergoing bone marrow biopsy in the year 2013 was lineage with Immune B lymphoid infiltration. Hence the study of bone marrow biopsy has become important for the treatment and prognosis of diseases.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Por razões técnicas e históricas, a utilização da imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) em biópsias de medula óssea (BMO) levou algum tempo a ocupar espaço na avaliação diagnóstica desse tipo de material. Entretanto, esse cenário vem se modificando graças ao crescimento exponencial do número de anticorpos disponíveis para a utilização em material incluído em parafina, além do aperfeiçoamento das técnicas de recuperação antigênica e descalcificação do material. Este texto tem a finalidade de auxiliar o patologista na seleção/ interpretação de painéis de anticorpos utilizados nos laboratórios de rotina, de acordo com a experiência do autor, assim como de enumerar referências da literatura de grande utilidade para a prática diagnóstica.

Due to historical and technical reasons, the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in bone marrow biopsies (BMB) has not till recently been introduced in diagnostic evaluation. However, this scenario has changed owing to the exponential growth in the number of antibodies available for paraffin-embedded material and the development of techniques for antigen retrieval and material decalcification. Not only does this text aim to assist pathologists in the selection/interpretation of antibody panels used in routine laboratories, but it also lists literature references highly useful for diagnostic practice in accordance with the author's experience.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

After the advent of HAART, the clinical course of HIV infection has dramatically improved. Therefore, it seems appropriate to reevaluate the performance of bone marrow biopsy (BMB) as a diagnostic tool. The aim of the present study was to compare the reasons for performing a BMB and its diagnostic yield in HIV-patients before and after HAART. A total of 165 BMB specimens obtained from HIV-infected patients receiving care at the Hospital of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro in two different periods (1986-1994 and 1999-2004) were analysed. The main reason for BMB examination in the first period was fever (88 percent), which decreased in the second period (57 percent, p < 0.0001), when cytopenia (51 percent) was the leading reason for BMB, whereas in the first period it accounted for only 30 percent (p = 0.008). A definitive diagnosis (infection, granulomas or lymphomas) was obtained in 28 percent of patients in the first period and in 19 percent during the second period (p = 0.20). The diagnosis turned out as infections decreased from 16 percent in period 1 to 2 percent in period 2 (p = 0.003). Despite the the limitations in the evaluation of fever, the use of BMB must be considered on an individual basis, whenever less invasive alternatives have been exhausted, and should be complemented by a bone marrow aspiration for microbiological studies.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Estudo retrospectivo que visa analisar a utilidade da biópsia de medula óssea (BMO) bilateral na infiltração de medula óssea (MO) por linfoma difuso de grandes células B (LDGCB). Nossos objetivos foram avaliar a incidência de infiltração unilateral de MO por LDGCB e comparar o comprimento dos fragmentos obtidos entre as amostras positivas e negativas para infiltração. Além disso, verificamos se houve diferença entre os casos com infiltração unilateral versus bilateral, correlacionando com desidrogenase láctica (DHL) e estadiamento tomográfico. Avaliamos 268 casos de LDGCB e observamos infiltração medular em 34 casos (13 por cento). Não foi possível a avaliação de seis casos, restando 28 casos para análise. Foram revisados no total 70 fragmentos de MO sobre presença ou ausência de infiltração e comprimento. A média do número de fragmentos por casos foi 2,5; a média do comprimento dos fragmentos foi 11,01 mm (± 5,12 mm), e a média do comprimento dos fragmentos por caso foi 27,53 mm. Foi observado que em seis casos (21,4 por cento) havia infiltração unilateral. Não foram evidenciadas diferenças nas médias do comprimento dos fragmentos em relação à presença versus ausência de infiltração 10,95 mm (± 5,1 mm) versus 11,57 mm (± 5,2 mm), p > 0,05, respectivamente. Não foram evidenciadas diferenças em 23 casos entre a comparação da infiltração medular unilateral versus bilateral com DHL e estadiamento tomográfico. Concluímos que a BMO bilateral foi superior à unilateral, pois pode aumentar a detecção de infiltração de MO em 21,4 por cento dos casos.

This retrospective study aims to analyze the usefulness of bilateral bone marrow biopsy in bone marrow infiltration by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Our objectives were to assess the incidence of unilateral BM involvement by DLBCL and compare fragment length obtained from positive and negative samples for infiltration. Furthermore, we compared the differences between unilateral and bilateral infiltration correlating with lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and computerized tomography (CT) staging. We evaluated 268 cases of DLBCL and observed medullary infiltration in 34 cases (13 percent). It was not possible to evaluate 6 out of 34 cases. 70 BM fragments were reviewed as to the presence or absence of infiltration and length. The mean number of fragments per case was 2.5; the mean BM fragment length was 11.01 mm (± 5.12 mm) and the mean BM fragment length per case was 27.53 mm. There was unilateral BM infiltration in six cases (21.4 percent). There were no differences in the mean fragment length as to the presence/absence of infiltration 10.95 mm (± 5.2 mm) versus 11.57 mm, p > 0.05, respectively. There were no differences in 23 cases between the comparison of unilateral medullary infiltration versus bilateral with lactic dehydrogenase and CT staging. We concluded that bilateral bone marrow biopsy was superior to unilateral because it may increase by 21.4 percent the detection of BM involvement by DLBCL.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Five cases of megakaryoblastic leukemia, presenting as "de novo" acute leukemias are reported. They represented 7.2% of all cases of adult acute non-lymphoblastic leukemias (ANLL) seen in our Hematology Service during the past 30 months. These cases showed features of predominantly blast proliferation with a marked increase of reticulin fibres in the bone marrow. One case had features of acute leukemia with trilineage myelodysplasia and one had a more chronic evolution with splenomegaly initially resembling a myeloproliferative syndrome. In all cases, the definitive diagnosis was made on bone marrow histology as cytology was poor and the blast cells were positive for factor VIII with the immunoperoxidase technique. The importance of bone marrow histology is emphasized.