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Global assessments of mycorrhizal symbiosis present large sampling gaps in rich biodiversity regions. Filling these gaps is necessary to build large-scale, unbiased mycorrhizal databases to obtain reliable analyses and prevent misleading generalizations. Underrepresented regions in mycorrhizal research are mainly in Africa, Asia, and South America. Despite the high biodiversity and endemism in these regions, many groups of organisms remain understudied, especially mycorrhizal fungi. In this Viewpoint, we emphasize the importance of inclusive and collaborative continental efforts in integrating perspectives for comprehensive trait database development and propose a conceptual framework that can help build large mycorrhizal databases in underrepresented regions. Based on the four Vs of big data (volume, variety, veracity, and velocity), we identify the main challenges of constructing a large mycorrhizal dataset and propose solutions for each challenge. We share our collaborative methodology, which involves employing open calls and working groups to engage all mycorrhizal researchers in the region to build a South American Mycorrhizal Database. By fostering interdisciplinary collaborations and embracing a continental-scale approach, we can create robust mycorrhizal trait databases that provide valuable insights into the evolution, ecology, and functioning of mycorrhizal associations, reducing the geographical biases that are so common in large-scale ecological studies.

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A better understanding of factors that can affect preferences and choices may contribute to more accurate decision-making. Several studies have investigated the effects of cognitive biases on decision-making and their relationship with cognitive abilities and thinking dispositions. While studies on behaviour, attitude, personality, and health worries have examined their relationship with human values, research on cognitive bias has not investigated its relationship to individual differences in human values. The purpose of this study was to explore individual differences in biased choices, examining the relationships of the human values self-direction, conformity, power, and universalism with the anchoring effect, the framing effect, the certainty effect, and the outcome bias, as well as the mediation of need for cognition and the moderation of numeracy in these relationships. We measured individual differences and within-participant effects with an online questionnaire completed by 409 Brazilian participants, with an age range from 18 to 80 years, 56.7% female, and 43.3% male. The cognitive biases studied consistently influenced choices and preferences. However, the biases showed distinct relationships with the individual differences investigated, indicating the involvement of diverse psychological mechanisms. For example, people who value more self-direction were less affected only by anchoring. Hence, people more susceptible to one bias were not similarly susceptible to another. This can help in research on how to weaken or strengthen cognitive biases and heuristics.

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Background: The use of heuristics in clinical decision-making processes increases in contexts of high uncertainty, such as those in Intensive Care Units (ICU. Given the impossibility of empirically studying their impact on real-world conditions, clinical vignettes were developed with the goal of identifying the use of heuristics in the care of critically ill patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in different clinical contexts. Methodology: Vignettes were designed by critical care physicians in Spain to assess the use of representativeness, availability, and status quo heuristics in the care of critically ill patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The construct, internal and external validity of the vignettes designed in Spain, the United States and Chile were evaluated. A questionnaire was piloted with the vignettes being validated in the three aforementioned countries through a computer application built for this purpose. Results: 16 study vignettes grouped into 5 models were created: each model included between 2 and 4 vignettes. The vignettes designed were closed-response vignettes with 2-3 possible alternatives. The vignettes, initially developed in Spain in Spanish, were translated to English and adapted to the Spanish used in Chile. The clinical content of the vignettes was not modified during the translation process. Conclusions: The vignettes allow for the study of the use of heuristics in critical care clinical decision making in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The piloting and validation process used can serve as a model for similar multinational studies exploring clinical decision making.

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Los sesgos cognitivos son un constructo que acuñaron Kahneman & Tveysky (1972) en su Enfoque de Sesgos dentro de la Psicología Cognitiva. Estos son atajos intelectuales que realizan siempre las personas, desde un razonamiento probabilístico intuitivo. El presente trabajo es una primera aproximación que intenta aplicar y describir algunos sesgos cognitivos en el complejo mundo de las representaciones mentales en la experiencia dolorosa, como la ilusión de control; del presente; la confirmación; representatividad; disponibilidad, entre otros. Los sesgos en dolor nos permiten comprender el procesamiento de información frente al dolor y utilizar estrategias comunicacionales más efectivas para su abordaje.

Cognitive biases are a construct coined by Kahneman & Tveysky (1972) in their Approach to Biases in Cognitive Psychology. These are intellectual shortcuts that people always carry out, from an intuitive probabilistic reasoning. An attempt is made to apply and describe some cognitive biases in the complex world of mental representations in the painful experience, like the illusion of control; of the present; the confirmation; representativeness; availability among others. Biases in pain allow us to understand the processing of information in the face of pain and use more effective communication strategies to address it.

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R E S U M E N Las ciencias cognitivas, en especial la psicología y la neurociencia social en los últimos años han ofrecido gracias a los avances investigativos del cerebro y a las técnicas no invasivas de neuroimagen métodos novedosos para comprender los mecanismos neurobiológicos subyacentes a la toma de decisiones. Por tanto, en este documento, se busca entender y comprender en qué medida los atajos heurísticos contribuyen a la toma de decisiones políticas, al contrastar los diferentes atajos mentales y sesgos cognitivos que asumen lo votantes a la hora de elegir candidatos o partidos políticos.

R E S U M O As ciências cognitivas, especialmente a psicologia e as neurociências sociais, têm nos últimos anos oferecido novos métodos para a compreensão dos mecanismos neurobiológicos subjacentes à tomada de decisões graças aos avanços na investigação cerebral e às técnicas de neuroimagem não invasivas. Portanto, este artigo procura compreender até que ponto os atalhos heurísticos contribuem para a tomada de decisões políticas, contrastando os diferentes atalhos mentais e os preconceitos cognitivos que os eleitores assumem quando escolhem candidatos ou partidos políticos.

A B S T R A C T Cognitive sciences, especially psychology and social neuroscience, have offered in recent years, thanks to advances in brain research and non-invasive neuroimaging techniques, novel methods to understand the neurobiological mechanisms underlying decision making. Therefore, this paper seeks to understand the extent to which heuristic shortcuts contribute to political decision making, by contrasting the different mental shortcuts and cognitive biases assumed by voters when choosing candidates or political parties.

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Los estudios de corte transversal (ECT) inician en la década de los 40 en países Europeos. Los ECT corresponden a investigaciones de tipo observacional que permiten estudiar prevalencia de enfermedad, determinar asociación entre variables y el desarrollo de un efecto de interés, conocer propiedades de una prueba diagnóstica, y censar poblaciones; describiendo las características de una población en un momento y lugar determinado. Esto implica, que no se requieren periodos de seguimiento, que no son prospectivos ni retrospectivos; características que permiten que sean más baratos y fáciles de realizar en relación a los estudios longitudinales. Por otro lado, al ser de carácter descriptivo sirven como insumo y evidencia preliminar para estudios de mayor complejidad metodológica, como estudios de cohortes. Sin embargo, tienen limitantes y sesgos que deben ser considerados por los investigadores. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue generar un documento de estudio para revisar características esenciales, fortalezas y debilidades; discutir cuestiones metodológicas de los ECT en ciencias de la salud; y proporcionar algunos ejemplos obtenidos de la literatura, para mejor comprensión del diseño.

SUMMARY: Cross-sectional studies (CSS) began European countries in the 1940s in. The CSSs correspond to observational-type investigations that allow studying the prevalence of disease, determining the association between variables and the development of an effect of interest, discovering the properties of a diagnostic test, and censusing populations, describing the characteristics of a population at a given time and place. This implies that follow-up periods are not required, and that they are neither prospective nor retrospective. These characteristics allow them to be cheaper and easier to perform in relation to longitudinal studies. On the other hand, being descriptive in nature, they serve as input and preliminary evidence for studies of greater methodological complexity, such as cohort studies. However, they have limitations and biases that must be considered by researchers. The aim of this manuscript was to generate a study document to review essential characteristics, strengths and weaknesses; discuss methodological issues of ECT in health sciences; and provide some examples obtained from the literature, for a better understanding of the design.

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Introducción: La investigación actual y los artículos rastreados sobre adversidad temprana y sesgos cognitivos en pacientes con trastorno límite de la personalidad (TLP) evidencian la relación entre estas variables y la gravedad de los síntomas clínicos de este trastorno. Objetivo: Revisar sistemáticamente la evidencia de la relación entre adversidad temprana, sesgos cognitivos y agudización de los síntomas del TLP. El vacío investigativo tiene que ver con el tipo específico de adversidad temprana y su relación con el tipo específico de sesgos cognitivos y el curso del TLP de pacientes con este diagnóstico. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura y para reportar la evidencia se utilizó la versión 2020 de la declaración Prisma. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science y PsycInfo. En la búsqueda también se incluyeron bases de datos de literatura gris como Google Académico, Open Gray y WorldCat. Resultados: En total se incluyeron en el estudio 13 artículos que satisficieron criterios de originalidad, temática estudiada (adversidad temprana, funcionamiento cognitivo y sintomatología límite) y población indicada (pacientes con diagnóstico de TLP). Conclusiones: Si bien existe evidencia de que la adversidad temprana en general es un factor de riesgo para el TLP, se necesita más investigación para comprender los tipos específicos de adversidad que pueden estar más fuertemente relacionados con el desarrollo del TLP. Si bien algunos estudios han identificado sesgos cognitivos en individuos con TLP, poco se conoce sobre el modo en que estos sesgos se desarrollan y cambian con el tiempo, o según la etapa de exposición del paciente a la adversidad temprana.

Introduction: Current research and articles on early adversity and cognitive biases in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) demonstrate the relationship between these variables and the severity of the clinical symptoms of this disorder. Objective: The aim was to systematically review the evidence of the relationship between early adversity, cognitive biases, and exacerbation of symptoms of borderline personality disorder. The research gap concerns the particular type of early adversity and its relationship with the specific type of cognitive biases and the course of BPD in patients with this diagnosis. Methodology: We conducted a systematic literature review, and the Prisma statement version 2020 was used to report the evidence. The databases consulted were Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, and PsycInfo. Gray literature databases, such as Google Scholar, Open Gray, and WorldCat, were also included in the search. Results: We included 13 articles in the study that met the criteria for originality, studied theme (early adversity, cognitive functioning, and borderline symptomatology), and target population (patients diagnosed with a personality disorder). Conclusions: We found that while there is evidence that early adversity, in general, is a risk factor for BPD, further research is needed to understand the specific types of adversity that may be more strongly related to the development of BPD. In addition, although some studies have identified cognitive biases in individuals with BPD, little is known about how these biases develop and change over time or according to the stage of the patient's exposure to early adversity.

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Abstract A better understanding of factors that can affect preferences and choices may contribute to more accurate decision-making. Several studies have investigated the effects of cognitive biases on decision-making and their relationship with cognitive abilities and thinking dispositions. While studies on behaviour, attitude, personality, and health worries have examined their relationship with human values, research on cognitive bias has not investigated its relationship to individual differences in human values. The purpose of this study was to explore individual differences in biased choices, examining the relationships of the human values self-direction, conformity, power, and universalism with the anchoring effect, the framing effect, the certainty effect, and the outcome bias, as well as the mediation of need for cognition and the moderation of numeracy in these relationships. We measured individual differences and within-participant effects with an online questionnaire completed by 409 Brazilian participants, with an age range from 18 to 80 years, 56.7% female, and 43.3% male. The cognitive biases studied consistently influenced choices and preferences. However, the biases showed distinct relationships with the individual differences investigated, indicating the involvement of diverse psychological mechanisms. For example, people who value more self-direction were less affected only by anchoring. Hence, people more susceptible to one bias were not similarly susceptible to another. This can help in research on how to weaken or strengthen cognitive biases and heuristics.

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Hypoxia is a prominent feature of head and neck cancer. However, the oxygen element characteristics of proteins and how they adapt to hypoxia microenvironments of head and neck cancer are still unknown. Human genome sequences and proteins expressed data of head and neck cancer were retrieved from pathology atlas of Human Protein Atlas project. Then compared the oxygen and carbon element contents between proteomes of head and neck cancer and normal oral mucosa-squamous epithelial cells, genome locations, pathways, and functional dissection associated with head and neck cancer were also studied. A total of 902 differentially expressed proteins were observed where the average oxygen content is higher than that of the lowly expressed proteins in head and neck cancer proteins. Further, the average oxygen content of the up regulated proteins was 2.54% higher than other. None of their coding genes were distributed on the Y chromosome. The up regulated proteins were enriched in endocytosis, apoptosis and regulation of actin cytoskeleton. The increased oxygen contents of the highly expressed and the up regulated proteins might be caused by frequent activity of cytoskeleton and adapted to the rapid growth and fast division of the head and neck cancer cells. The oxygen usage bias and key proteins may help us to understand the mechanisms behind head and neck cancer in targeted therapy, which lays a foundation for the application of stoichioproteomics in targeted therapy and provides promise for potential treatments for head and neck cancer.(AU)

A hipóxia é uma característica proeminente do câncer de cabeça e pescoço. No entanto, as características do elemento oxigênio das proteínas e como elas se adaptam aos microambientes de hipóxia do câncer de cabeça e pescoço ainda são desconhecidas. Sequências do genoma humano e dados expressos de proteínas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço foram recuperados do atlas de patologia do projeto Human Protein Atlas. Em seguida, comparou o conteúdo do elemento de oxigênio e carbono entre proteomas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço, e células epiteliais escamosas da mucosa oral normal, localizações do genoma, vias e dissecção funcional associada ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço também foram estudadas. Um total de 902 proteínas expressas diferencialmente foi observado onde o conteúdo médio de oxigênio é maior do que as proteínas expressas de forma humilde em proteínas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Além disso, o conteúdo médio de oxigênio das proteínas reguladas positivamente foi 2,54% maior do que das outras. Nenhum de seus genes codificadores foi distribuído no cromossomo Y. As proteínas reguladas positivamente foram enriquecidas em endocitose, apoptose e regulação do citoesqueleto de actina. O conteúdo aumentado de oxigênio das proteínas altamente expressas e reguladas pode ser causado pela atividade frequente do citoesqueleto e adaptado ao rápido crescimento e divisão das células cancerosas de cabeça e pescoço. O viés do uso de oxigênio e as proteínas-chave podem nos ajudar a entender os mecanismos por trás do câncer de cabeça e pescoço na terapia direcionada, o que estabelece uma base para a aplicação da estequioproteômica na terapia direcionada e oferece uma promessa para potenciais tratamentos para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço.(AU)

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Abstract Hypoxia is a prominent feature of head and neck cancer. However, the oxygen element characteristics of proteins and how they adapt to hypoxia microenvironments of head and neck cancer are still unknown. Human genome sequences and proteins expressed data of head and neck cancer were retrieved from pathology atlas of Human Protein Atlas project. Then compared the oxygen and carbon element contents between proteomes of head and neck cancer and normal oral mucosa-squamous epithelial cells, genome locations, pathways, and functional dissection associated with head and neck cancer were also studied. A total of 902 differentially expressed proteins were observed where the average oxygen content is higher than that of the lowly expressed proteins in head and neck cancer proteins. Further, the average oxygen content of the up regulated proteins was 2.54% higher than other. None of their coding genes were distributed on the Y chromosome. The up regulated proteins were enriched in endocytosis, apoptosis and regulation of actin cytoskeleton. The increased oxygen contents of the highly expressed and the up regulated proteins might be caused by frequent activity of cytoskeleton and adapted to the rapid growth and fast division of the head and neck cancer cells. The oxygen usage bias and key proteins may help us to understand the mechanisms behind head and neck cancer in targeted therapy, which lays a foundation for the application of stoichioproteomics in targeted therapy and provides promise for potential treatments for head and neck cancer.

Resumo A hipóxia é uma característica proeminente do câncer de cabeça e pescoço. No entanto, as características do elemento oxigênio das proteínas e como elas se adaptam aos microambientes de hipóxia do câncer de cabeça e pescoço ainda são desconhecidas. Sequências do genoma humano e dados expressos de proteínas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço foram recuperados do atlas de patologia do projeto Human Protein Atlas. Em seguida, comparou o conteúdo do elemento de oxigênio e carbono entre proteomas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço, e células epiteliais escamosas da mucosa oral normal, localizações do genoma, vias e dissecção funcional associada ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço também foram estudadas. Um total de 902 proteínas expressas diferencialmente foi observado onde o conteúdo médio de oxigênio é maior do que as proteínas expressas de forma humilde em proteínas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Além disso, o conteúdo médio de oxigênio das proteínas reguladas positivamente foi 2,54% maior do que das outras. Nenhum de seus genes codificadores foi distribuído no cromossomo Y. As proteínas reguladas positivamente foram enriquecidas em endocitose, apoptose e regulação do citoesqueleto de actina. O conteúdo aumentado de oxigênio das proteínas altamente expressas e reguladas pode ser causado pela atividade frequente do citoesqueleto e adaptado ao rápido crescimento e divisão das células cancerosas de cabeça e pescoço. O viés do uso de oxigênio e as proteínas-chave podem nos ajudar a entender os mecanismos por trás do câncer de cabeça e pescoço na terapia direcionada, o que estabelece uma base para a aplicação da estequioproteômica na terapia direcionada e oferece uma promessa para potenciais tratamentos para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço.

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Hypoxia is a prominent feature of head and neck cancer. However, the oxygen element characteristics of proteins and how they adapt to hypoxia microenvironments of head and neck cancer are still unknown. Human genome sequences and proteins expressed data of head and neck cancer were retrieved from pathology atlas of Human Protein Atlas project. Then compared the oxygen and carbon element contents between proteomes of head and neck cancer and normal oral mucosa-squamous epithelial cells, genome locations, pathways, and functional dissection associated with head and neck cancer were also studied. A total of 902 differentially expressed proteins were observed where the average oxygen content is higher than that of the lowly expressed proteins in head and neck cancer proteins. Further, the average oxygen content of the up regulated proteins was 2.54% higher than other. None of their coding genes were distributed on the Y chromosome. The up regulated proteins were enriched in endocytosis, apoptosis and regulation of actin cytoskeleton. The increased oxygen contents of the highly expressed and the up regulated proteins might be caused by frequent activity of cytoskeleton and adapted to the rapid growth and fast division of the head and neck cancer cells. The oxygen usage bias and key proteins may help us to understand the mechanisms behind head and neck cancer in targeted therapy, which lays a foundation for the application of stoichioproteomics in targeted therapy and provides promise for potential treatments for head and neck cancer.

A hipóxia é uma característica proeminente do câncer de cabeça e pescoço. No entanto, as características do elemento oxigênio das proteínas e como elas se adaptam aos microambientes de hipóxia do câncer de cabeça e pescoço ainda são desconhecidas. Sequências do genoma humano e dados expressos de proteínas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço foram recuperados do atlas de patologia do projeto Human Protein Atlas. Em seguida, comparou o conteúdo do elemento de oxigênio e carbono entre proteomas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço, e células epiteliais escamosas da mucosa oral normal, localizações do genoma, vias e dissecção funcional associada ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço também foram estudadas. Um total de 902 proteínas expressas diferencialmente foi observado onde o conteúdo médio de oxigênio é maior do que as proteínas expressas de forma humilde em proteínas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Além disso, o conteúdo médio de oxigênio das proteínas reguladas positivamente foi 2,54% maior do que das outras. Nenhum de seus genes codificadores foi distribuído no cromossomo Y. As proteínas reguladas positivamente foram enriquecidas em endocitose, apoptose e regulação do citoesqueleto de actina. O conteúdo aumentado de oxigênio das proteínas altamente expressas e reguladas pode ser causado pela atividade frequente do citoesqueleto e adaptado ao rápido crescimento e divisão das células cancerosas de cabeça e pescoço. O viés do uso de oxigênio e as proteínas-chave podem nos ajudar a entender os mecanismos por trás do câncer de cabeça e pescoço na terapia direcionada, o que estabelece uma base para a aplicação da estequioproteômica na terapia direcionada e oferece uma promessa para potenciais tratamentos para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço.

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Abstract Hypoxia is a prominent feature of head and neck cancer. However, the oxygen element characteristics of proteins and how they adapt to hypoxia microenvironments of head and neck cancer are still unknown. Human genome sequences and proteins expressed data of head and neck cancer were retrieved from pathology atlas of Human Protein Atlas project. Then compared the oxygen and carbon element contents between proteomes of head and neck cancer and normal oral mucosa-squamous epithelial cells, genome locations, pathways, and functional dissection associated with head and neck cancer were also studied. A total of 902 differentially expressed proteins were observed where the average oxygen content is higher than that of the lowly expressed proteins in head and neck cancer proteins. Further, the average oxygen content of the up regulated proteins was 2.54% higher than other. None of their coding genes were distributed on the Y chromosome. The up regulated proteins were enriched in endocytosis, apoptosis and regulation of actin cytoskeleton. The increased oxygen contents of the highly expressed and the up regulated proteins might be caused by frequent activity of cytoskeleton and adapted to the rapid growth and fast division of the head and neck cancer cells. The oxygen usage bias and key proteins may help us to understand the mechanisms behind head and neck cancer in targeted therapy, which lays a foundation for the application of stoichioproteomics in targeted therapy and provides promise for potential treatments for head and neck cancer.

Resumo A hipóxia é uma característica proeminente do câncer de cabeça e pescoço. No entanto, as características do elemento oxigênio das proteínas e como elas se adaptam aos microambientes de hipóxia do câncer de cabeça e pescoço ainda são desconhecidas. Sequências do genoma humano e dados expressos de proteínas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço foram recuperados do atlas de patologia do projeto Human Protein Atlas. Em seguida, comparou o conteúdo do elemento de oxigênio e carbono entre proteomas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço, e células epiteliais escamosas da mucosa oral normal, localizações do genoma, vias e dissecção funcional associada ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço também foram estudadas. Um total de 902 proteínas expressas diferencialmente foi observado onde o conteúdo médio de oxigênio é maior do que as proteínas expressas de forma humilde em proteínas de câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Além disso, o conteúdo médio de oxigênio das proteínas reguladas positivamente foi 2,54% maior do que das outras. Nenhum de seus genes codificadores foi distribuído no cromossomo Y. As proteínas reguladas positivamente foram enriquecidas em endocitose, apoptose e regulação do citoesqueleto de actina. O conteúdo aumentado de oxigênio das proteínas altamente expressas e reguladas pode ser causado pela atividade frequente do citoesqueleto e adaptado ao rápido crescimento e divisão das células cancerosas de cabeça e pescoço. O viés do uso de oxigênio e as proteínas-chave podem nos ajudar a entender os mecanismos por trás do câncer de cabeça e pescoço na terapia direcionada, o que estabelece uma base para a aplicação da estequioproteômica na terapia direcionada e oferece uma promessa para potenciais tratamentos para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço.

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Los sesgos cognitivos son fallas en el razonamiento que pueden alterar los resultados de la investigación. Se presenta brevemente la historia de éstos y ejemplos para facilitar la comprensión y la reflexión en torno a esta "trampa del pensamiento".

Cognitive biases are flaws in reasoning that can alter research outcomes. The history of these biases is briefly presented, along with examples to facilitate understanding and reflection on this 'thinking trap'."

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El objetivo de este documento es mostrar una síntesis de los principales sesgos que pueden aparecer en el estudio de la salud del trabajo, sus orígenes y consecuencias. Para ello, se realizó una revisión documental de libros y artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años en inglés y español. Se dejó fuera aquellos documentos que no estuvieran publicados en revistas con comité editorial y en caso de los libros, que no tuvieran registro ISBN. Se incluyeron 7 libros y 14 artículos. Un sesgo es un error sistemático, que sucede en el proceso de investigación y que pueden darse durante la planeación, recolección y procesamiento de datos. Se revisarán dos tipos principales de sesgos: 1) Selección y 2) Información y/o medición, en cada caso se describe la definición, potencial impacto en los resultados y se plantean una serie de ejemplos que ayudan a su compresión. Uno de los efectos principales de la presencia de sesgos en investigación es que ocasiona un error de clasificación en los participantes, que puede ser diferencial o no, esto impacta los resultados al sobre o subestimarlos, en otras palabras, se encuentran efectos mayores a los reales o peor, no los encontramos cuando si existen. Para ilustrar el impacto de los sesgos, se revisan distintos escenarios que ejemplifican los casos de sobreestimación y subestimación que originan resultados poco confiables(AU)

This document aims to show a synthesis of the main biases that can be present in occupational health studies, their origins and their consequences. For this purpose, a documentary review was conducted of books and articles published in the last 10 years in English and Spanish. Excluding those documents that were not published in journals with an editorial board and, in the case of books, that did not have an ISBN registry. A total of 7 books and 14 articles were included. A bias is a systematic error that occurs in the research process and can occur during the data planning, collection, and processing. Two main types of biases will be reviewed: 1) Selection and 2) Information and/or measurement biases, in each case their definition and, their possible impact on the results are described, a series of examples that may help to understand them are provided. One of the main effects of the presence of biases in research is that they cause an error in the classification of participants, which can be differential or not, and this has an impact on the results by overestimating or underestimating them, i.e., finding stronger effects than the real ones, or worse, not finding them when they exist. To illustrate the impact of biases, different scenarios were reviewed that provide examples of cases of overestimation and underestimation that lead to unreliable results(AU)

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Linked administrative data offer a rich source of information that can be harnessed to describe patterns of disease, understand their causes and evaluate interventions. However, administrative data are primarily collected for operational reasons such as recording vital events for legal purposes, and planning, provision and monitoring of services. The processes involved in generating and linking administrative datasets may generate sources of bias that are often not adequately considered by researchers. We provide a framework describing these biases, drawing on our experiences of using the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort (100MCohort) which contains records of more than 131 million people whose families applied for social assistance between 2001 and 2018. Datasets for epidemiological research were derived by linking the 100MCohort to health-related databases such as the Mortality Information System and the Hospital Information System. Using the framework, we demonstrate how selection and misclassification biases may be introduced in three different stages: registering and recording of people's life events and use of services, linkage across administrative databases, and cleaning and coding of variables from derived datasets. Finally, we suggest eight recommendations which may reduce biases when analysing data from administrative sources.

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Anxiety disorders are the most frequent type of mental disorder. Threat-conditioning memory plays a central role in anxiety disorders, impacting complex cognitive systems by modifying behavioral responses to fearful stimuli and inducing an overestimation of potential threats. Here, we analyzed the reminder-dependent amnesia on physiological responses, unconditioned stimulus (US) expectancy ratings, and measures of cognitive bias towards the threat of a threat-conditioning memory. Subjects received differential threat-conditioning. Twenty-four hours later, after reactivation of the memory of threat-conditioning, one group performed a high demand working memory task (HWM) and a second group a low demand working memory task (LWM). A third group only performed the HWM task. Retention of conditioned threat memory was tested on Day 3 in an extinction session followed by a reinstatement test. Tasks targeting stimulus representation, valuation, and attentional bias towards threat were performed. We show that the reminder-dependent intervention with an HWM weakened memory retention as expressed in skin conductance response (SCR) and faded the representation and valuation towards the threat, but it did not affect US expectancy or attentional bias. Our findings provide evidence for the experimental psychopathology approach opening the possibility to weaken both Threat conditioning memory and the systems associated with the maintenance of anxiety features.

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When people seek to understand concepts from an incomplete set of examples and counterexamples, there is usually an exponentially large number of classification rules that can correctly classify the observed data, depending on which features of the examples are used to construct these rules. A mechanistic approximation of human concept-learning should help to explain how humans prefer some rules over others when there are many that can be used to correctly classify the observed data. Here, we exploit the tools of propositional logic to develop an experimental framework that controls the minimal rules that are simultaneously consistent with the presented examples. For example, our framework allows us to present participants with concepts consistent with a disjunction and also with a conjunction, depending on which features are used to build the rule. Similarly, it allows us to present concepts that are simultaneously consistent with two or more rules of different complexity and using different features. Importantly, our framework fully controls which minimal rules compete to explain the examples and is able to recover the features used by the participant to build the classification rule, without relying on supplementary attention-tracking mechanisms (e.g. eye-tracking). We exploit our framework in an experiment with a sequence of such competitive trials, illustrating the emergence of various transfer effects that bias participants' prior attention to specific sets of features during learning.

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