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Vascular anomalies include a wide range of tumors and malformations. Hemangioma is the most frequent vascular defect. Hemangiomas are benign endothelial cell tumors most frequently detected in children but uncommon in adults. Most of them affect the neck and head regions but rarely involve the palate, lips, tongue, and buccal mucosa. Treatment for oral hemangiomas should begin as soon as possible because they are clinically significant. Patients are at an increased risk of developing tongue hemangiomas due to the tongue's high flexibility and muscular structure, which makes it more vulnerable to trauma and its effects. They grow and proliferate within a few weeks of birth, with the majority of their components undergoing involution. Females are more likely than males to develop hemangiomas. Hemangiomas are treated with surgery, laser therapy, radiofrequency, sclerosing agents, radiation treatment, cryosurgery, corticosteroids, embolization, electrocauterization, and interferon. When assessing treatment options for hemangiomas, it is crucial to consider various criteria, such as the lesion's hemodynamics, the patient's age, and the location, size, and feasibility of the planned procedure. This report describes a case of a 19-year-old female diagnosed with a hemangioma located on the middle third of the dorsal aspect of the right lateral border of the tongue.

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Myxomas are a group of benign tumors that have a common histologic appearance of fibrous and myxoid ground substance. According to literature, myxomas often occur between the ages of 30 and 50 years. Very often, intraoral soft tissue myxoma can be misinterpreted as malignant and is difficult to differentiate from other tumors with myxoid stroma. Of the different variants of soft tissue myxoma, intraoral is an extremely rare, slow-growing, benign ectomesenchymal tumor. We report a case of a 75-year-old female who presented with soft tissue swelling in the upper front tooth region. No history of pain over the lesion or bleeding was seen during brushing. On intraoral examination, a lesion measuring 2 x 3 cm was seen in the interdental papilla involving the attached gingiva of 22 and 23. An excisional biopsy of the lesion using a diode laser followed by low-level laser therapy revealed oral soft tissue fibromyxoma without odontogenic origin. A case of oral soft tissue myxoma is presented for its rarity and differential diagnosis of localized oral cavity lesions.

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INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Primary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a rare subgroup of mesenchymal tumors. Gastric localization is extremely rare, and patients may present with abdominal pain and a palpable abdominal mass. Here, we present a case of gastric inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor revealed by abdominal pain, which was treated with wide local excision. CASE PRESENTATION: This report illustrates the case of a 55-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain. Imageology and gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a posterior gastric mass, which was treated with wide local excision. Immunohistochemical analysis of the specimen confirmed the diagnosis of inflammatory myofibroblastic gastric tumor. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and she remained in remission after 6 months of follow-up. DISCUSSION: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a very rare mesenchymal tumor that usually affects children and young adults. Gastric localization is also very rare and does not typically cause specific clinical symptoms. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, and resection depends on the size and location of the lesion. The definitive diagnosis is confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis of the specimen. CONCLUSION: Myofibroblastic tumor is a rare subgroup of mesenchymal tumor. Gastric localization is an uncommon presentation. Surgery is the mainstay of the treatment. Histological analysis of the surgical specimen is essential for a final diagnosis.

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Laryngeal rare tumors include benign and malignant tumors of epithelial, non-epithelial, or mesenchymal origin. Chondrosarcomas are the most common mesenchymal malignant tumors of the larynx. We performed a literature review (Pubmed/Medline; PRISMA 2020) to detect the frequency of published studies from 2021 to April 2024 regarding benign and malignant epithelial, non-epithelial, or mesenchymal rare tumors of the larynx, emphasizing laryngeal chondrosarcoma (LC) cases. Articles including cases discussed before 2021 were excluded and articles without available English translations. We included 154 articles investigating rare tumors of the larynx, the majority of them discussed non-epithelial or mesenchymal entities (75 %). Specifically, a high proportion of studies examined benign non-epithelial or mesenchymal tumors (79.5 %) or mesenchymal rare malignancies (72 %) of the larynx concerning epithelial tumors in the last three years. Sarcomas were discussed in 74 % of mesenchymal laryngeal malignancies and more than 50 % of rare laryngeal tumor studies, and LC was discussed in ∼50 % of laryngeal sarcoma studies. LC studies reported 174 cases, 21 % of them of high-grade LC (II), including a new case of LC presented here in the supraglottic (grade II), which showed intense staining for the S100 marker. Our study highlights the awareness of rare laryngeal tumors emphasizing non-epithelial benign tumors and laryngeal sarcomas, including chondrosarcomas, as pathologic entities of the larynx. Although the majority of LC included low-grade neoplasms, a markedness proportion of LC cases was evaluated as high-grade. Future research approaches, including a range of low and high-grade tumors, would reveal prognostic markers or therapeutic targets for LC and other rare laryngeal malignancies of non-epithelial or mesenchymal origin.

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Simple bone cysts (SBCs) are the most common osteolytic lesions in children, often leading to pathological fractures of non-weight-bearing bones. These benign tumors primarily arise in the proximal humerus, femur, or calcaneus. The cystic cavity is filled with serous or serosanguineous fluid and lined by a thin fibrovascular connective tissue membrane. The etiological factors include disturbances in bone growth, local venous obstruction, synovial origin disorders, and genetic predispositions. SBCs are most frequently observed in individuals from birth to 20 years of age. The report presented a case of a 12-year-old male patient who was admitted to the hospital with a history of a mass on his left upper arm. The mass had an acute onset and gradually progressed to its current size over three to four weeks, after which it became nonprogressive. The patient had been healthy until the age of four, after which he experienced frequent fractures of the left arm following trivial trauma. Multiple traumas led to the gradual formation of a diffuse mass over the upper part of the humerus. Radiological imaging modalities, such as X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging, are crucial in diagnosing bone cysts and evaluating their clinical conditions. Treatment can involve the injection of bone marrow or steroids into the cyst to facilitate the healing process.

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Neurofibroma are rare occurrences in the oral cavity with the tongue as the most common location in the oral cavity being affected by neurofibroma. Neurofibroma are usually asymptomatic, irregular tissue masses of benign nature with a small rate of malignant conversion. Recurrence rates are also low in the neurofibromas of the oral cavity. It is rare in India with only a few cases reported to date. Hence, we report this case of a 63-year-old female with a tissue mass present on the right side of her tongue for the last five years, with a progressive nature. The mass was associated with pain during chewing food for the last three months. She was managed by a wide local incision and was reported well recovering at a three-month follow-up.

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We present an adult patient, a 39-year-old female, with chief complaints of pain in the umbilical region. The patient was further evaluated by radiological investigations and was diagnosed with small bowel intussusception caused by submucosal lipoma as the lead point. She had undergone ileal resection and anastomosis of the affected segment. The postoperative period was uncomplicated, and the patient continued with regular oral intake. The histopathological analysis revealed it to be adipose tissue with no features of atypia. This case shows the rare presentation of small bowel intussusception due to a submucosal lipoma. It emphasizes the significance of diagnostic imaging tools for diagnosis and the need for surgery for proper administration.

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Hemangiomas are benign tumors characterized by the proliferation of dilated blood vessels, typically capillaries and veins. They primarily occur in infancy and childhood, with the majority affecting the head and neck region. Oral hemangiomas, though relatively rare, can affect areas such as the lips, tongue, buccal mucosa, and palate. Despite their benign nature, managing vascular malformations is crucial due to potential functional loss and lifelong aesthetic concerns. This case report involves a 76-year-old woman presenting with a soft reddish-blue mass on the dorsal aspect of her tongue, causing functional impairment. While various treatment options exist for oral vascular malformations, including sclerotherapy and cryosurgery, surgical excision was chosen in this case, considering the patient's age and the associated risks of the condition.

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Lipomas are benign soft tissue tumors that are ubiquitous in nature. Available literature suggests that benign tumors are harmless unless they increase in size, resulting in compression of vital structures. This case report discusses the case of a 52-year-old man who presented to the clinic with a painless, growing lump on the right side of his mouth. The patient's symptoms included difficulty swallowing and speaking, which led the doctors to recommend surgical excision of the mass. There were no issues during the mass removal surgery, and the incision healed without compromising the lingual or hypoglossal nerves or Wharton's duct, as observed during follow-up visits. Patient history, symptoms, preoperative examination, treatment strategy, and surgical technique are all included in this case study, which focuses on the extremely unusual development of lipomas in the oral cavity, particularly on the floor of the mouth.

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Canalicular adenoma (CA) is a rare benign tumor of the salivary glands, predominantly affecting elderly females, with a strong predilection for the upper lip. While CA commonly arises in the minor salivary glands, its occurrence in the parotid gland is exceptionally rare. In this report, we present a unique case of CA in the parotid gland, adding to the scant literature with only 8 documented instances. The patient, a 57-year-old Asian male, presented with a painless swelling in the left parotid gland that had been persisting for 8 years. Clinical examination and imaging studies identified a lobulated mass, prompting surgical intervention. The patient underwent a superficial parotidectomy, and pathological examination of the excised tissue confirmed the diagnosis of CA, with no signs of malignancy. This case illustrates the diagnostic and management challenges associated with CA, particularly given its rare presentation in the parotid gland. Accurate diagnosis is reliant on surgical biopsy, and careful surgical planning is imperative, especially considering the proximity of the facial nerve. Our case underscores the need for heightened awareness of CA's unique presentations, particularly within the Asian population. Given the potential for recurrence, long-term follow-up is essential. Further research is needed to elucidate the biological behavior of CA and to refine management strategies for optimal patient outcomes.

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Objective: To provide a comprehensive review of nonsurgical approaches for the management of Warthin's tumors (WTs) and evaluate their safety and efficacy as alternatives to surgical intervention. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases using specific keywords related to WT and nonsurgical treatments. Studies published before 2012, non-English publications, and mixed methodology articles were excluded. The selection process involved title and abstract screening, followed by a thorough assessment of the remaining articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data regarding study characteristics, participants, interventions, and outcomes were collected. Results: A total of 1582 records were analyzed, and 6 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies evaluated different nonsurgical interventions for WT management, including microwave ablation, radiofrequency ablation, and ultrasound-guided ethanol sclerotherapy. The findings demonstrated that microwave ablation and radiofrequency ablation led to a significant reduction in tumor size and improved cosmetic appearance. Ultrasound-guided ethanol sclerotherapy also resulted in a notable decrease in tumor size without complications. The included studies supported the safety and efficacy of these nonsurgical options for the treatment of WTs. Conclusion: Nonsurgical approaches, such as microwave ablation, radiofrequency ablation, and ultrasound-guided ethanol sclerotherapy, have emerged as viable alternatives to surgical intervention for the management of WTs. These interventions offer promising outcomes in terms of tumor size reduction and cosmetic improvement. Further research with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up is warranted to validate these findings and establish standardized protocols for nonsurgical management of WTs.

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Benign tumors of the liver and biliary tract are rare entities, and some of them require surgical management to prevent their malignant transformation. Tumors from the biliary tract with malignant potential are treated either by hepatic resection, for mucinous cystic neoplasm and ciliated hepatic foregut cysts, or by biliary resections, for biliary papillary neoplasm and type I and IV choledochal cysts. The pathologies requiring prophylactic cholecystectomy are polyps larger than 10 mm, porcelain gallbladder and pancreaticobiliary maljunction. Finally, hepatocellular adenoma over 5cm, occurring in male patients, or exon 3 mutated beta-catenin, should lead to prophylactic resection by hepatic segmentectomy. This article describes these different pathologies and their management.

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Background: Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are osteolytic, non-malignant, vascular lesions of the bone. Pathological fractures can be a manifestation of the ABCs, which occur in about 8% of ABCs. Different treatments have been described in the literature, but, nowadays, an optimal management of the pathological fractures in patients with ABCs is still a matter of debate and there are no standard guidelines for treatment nor any shared indication about the best surgical intervention. The aim of our study is to review the current literature available on this matter exploring and confronting different surgical treatments for pathological fractures in ABC in order to clarify the surgical approach to these patients. Methods: A systematic review of the literature indexed in PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases was carried out. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematically Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were followed. Results: A total of 37 articles were relevant and were finally included in the study. In total, we reached a population of 140 patients. Of the 140 patients included in the review, 124 patients (88.6%) underwent curettage surgery, 15 patients (10.7%) underwent en bloc resection surgery. A total of 47% of patients (70) underwent synthesis surgery with a plate, screw, nail, or external fixator. Adjuvant treatments were used in 8.6% of patients (12). Complications involved 20.7% of the patients (29). Conclusions: In conclusion, the treatment of pathological fractures in aneurysmal bone cysts requires careful patient assessment, considering factors such as age, the presence of open growth plates, the location of the lesion, and the surgeon's expertise.

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Benign cartilaginous lesions called enchondromas usually appear in the long bones of the limbs. This case report, however, draws attention to an uncommon and unusual appearance of enchondroma near the medial end of clavicle. Because of the unusual location, the diagnostic process was very complex, which presented a challengefor the physicians. We provide the clinical, radiological and histological results that finally allowed for an accurate diagnosis. This example highlights the need of taking into account atypical location for benign lesions and highlights the necessity of a thorough diagnostic approach in unexpected clinical settings. Since the occurrence of clavicular enchondromas is a rare entity and can at times mislead the clinician, healthcare providers must be vigilant enough to guarantee a prompt and accurate diagnosis for timely intervention.

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INTRODUCTION: Surgery is currently the only effective treatment for retroperitoneal tumors that do not involve any specific organ. The use of robots for removing both benign and malignant retroperitoneal tumors is considered safe and feasible. However, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether robotic retroperitoneal tumor resection (RMBRs) is superior to open retroperitoneal malignant resection (OMBRs). This study compares the short-term outcomes of robotic excision of benign and malignant retroperitoneal tumors with open excision of the same-sized tumors. METHODS: The study compared demographics and outcomes of patients who underwent robotic resection (n = 54) vs open resection (n = 54) of retroperitoneal tumors between March 2018 and December 2022. A 1:1 matching analysis was conducted to ensure a fair comparison. RESULTS: The study found that RBMRs resulted in reduced operative time (OT), estimated blood loss (EBM), and postoperative hospital stay (PSH) when compared to OBMRs. Additionally, RBMRs reduced EBL, PHS, and OT for patients with malignant tumor involvement in major vessels. No significant differences were found in tumor size, blood transfusion rate, and morbidity rate between the RBMRs and OBMRs groups. CONCLUSION: When comparing RMBRs to OMBRs, it was observed that RMBR was associated with lower (EBL), shorter postoperative hospital stays (PHS), and reduced operative time (OT) in a specific group of patients with both benign and malignant tumors.

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Wilm's tumor (WT) accounted for the vast majority of renal tumors in children (92%). However, there are many atypical or rare forms of kidney cancer, and it is certainly useful to have a diagnostic orientation in imaging to differentiate between the different diagnoses, guiding that way the therapeutic management. We report the cases of 3 patients who were initially diagnosed with nephroblastoma on the basis of radiological data (via PACS search), underwent pre-operative chemotherapy and then nephrectomy, and whose anatomopathological evidence came back in favor of benign renal tumors. Nephroblastoma is the most common renal tumor in children, but other benign tumors should not be neglected, radiological signs that may point to this entity should be taken into account, so that neoadjuvant chemotherapy with its enfeebling side effects can be avoided.

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BACKGROUND: Cardiac myxomas (CM) are the most prevalent type of primary cardiac tumour. The majority of primary cardiac tumours, including CM, are found to be benign. In the context of this study, the objective was to investigate and analyse the experience of CM over a period of 10 years, specifically in Bahrain. By examining this particular subset of cardiac tumours, valuable insights can be gained regarding their prevalence, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, treatment approaches, and outcomes in the Bahraini population. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of 20 patients who presented with CM at the Mohammed bin Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa Specialist Cardiac Centre in the Kingdom of Bahrain from January 2010 to January 2021. All patients had transthoracic echocardiography to establish a preoperative diagnosis. All of the patients underwent an operation using the median sternotomy, and a histopathology examination confirmed the final diagnosis. RESULTS: The mean age at the time of presentation was 57 (± 18.1) years, ranging from 17 to 80 years, and 55% (12 patients) were female. Dyspnea (n=8, 40%) and peripheral embolism (n=4, 20%), which include cerebrovascular accidents and acute monocular vision loss, were the most frequently observed symptoms. The largest diameter of the myxoma was 5.1 cm (±1.7). The left atrium was the predominant location for myxoma formation (n=16, 80%), with the majority of the myxomas attached to the atrial septum. CONCLUSION: CM poses a significant risk of cardiac and systemic complications. Early detection and timely gross-complete resection result in excellent early and long-term outcomes.

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An increasing amount of molecular imaging studies are ordered each year for an oncologic population that continues to expand and increase in age. The importance of these studies in dictating further care for oncologic patients underscores the necessity of differentiating benign from malignant findings, particularly for a population in whom incidental findings are common. The aim of this review is to provide pictorial examples of benign musculoskeletal pathologies which may be found on molecular imaging and which may be mistaken for malignant processes. Imaging examples are provided in the form of radiographs, bone scintigraphy, computed tomography, and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) scans. Special attention is paid to specific features that help narrow the differential diagnosis and distinguish benign from malignant processes, with the goal of avoiding unnecessary invasive procedures.

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Circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas are rare and benign tumors but often have a progressive course and are complicated by retinal detachment and glaucoma. The effectiveness of external radiation for large tumors that are difficult to treat with photodynamic therapy was recently reported; however, few studies have conducted long-term follow-ups. We encountered a case of localized choroidal hemangioma that was treated with proton beam therapy and followed up for 15 years. A 37-year-old man was diagnosed with a 10 × 4 mm circumscribed choroidal hemangioma involving the macular area with retinal detachment. Proton beam therapy was performed at 26.4 Gy relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in 8 fractions. The choroidal hemangioma gradually shrank over three years, and the retinal detachment also improved. A cataract developed on the affected side 11 years after irradiation, and eye coordination issues developed 15 years after irradiation. Glaucoma was not observed during the follow-up period; however, visual acuity did not recover, and the patient developed light perception. Although vision was not preserved, proton beam therapy effectively shrank the tumor and maintained quality of life.

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Benign tumors of the chest wall are rare tumors that might arise from all the tissues of the chest: vessels, nerves, bones, cartilage, and soft tissues. Despite benign features, these tumors can have several histological characteristics and different behaviors. Even if they do not influence life expectancy, rarely they may have a potential risk of malignant transformation. They can cause several, oft, unspecific symptoms but more than 20% of affected patients are asymptomatic and are being diagnosed incidentally on chest radiograph or computed tomography scan. Pain is the most common described symptom. Together with a detailed medical history, a rigorous and meticulous clinical and radiological assessment is mandatory. If radiological features are unclear or in case surgery could not be performed, a biopsy should be indicated to establish a diagnosis. Radical surgical resection can often be offered to resect and cure these neoplasms, but this is might not be true for all types of tumors and, in some cases, their dimension or position might contra-indicate surgery. Given the rarity of these tumors, there is a lack of treatment's guidelines and prospective trials that include a significant number of patients. This review discusses, according to the latest evidence, the histological features and the best treatment of several chest wall benign tumors.