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Digital adherence technologies are increasingly used to support tuberculosis (TB) treatment adherence. Using microcosting, we estimated healthcare system costs (in 2022 US dollars) of 2 digital adherence technologies, 99DOTS medication sleeves and video-observed therapy (VOT), implemented in demonstration projects during 2018-2021. We also obtained cost estimates for standard directly observed therapy (DOT). Estimated per-person costs of 99DOTS for drug-sensitive TB were $98 in Bangladesh (n = 719), $119 in the Philippines (n = 396), and $174 in Tanzania (n = 976). Estimated per-person costs of VOT were $1,154 in Haiti (87 drug-sensitive), $304 in Moldova (173 drug-sensitive), $452 in Moldova (135 drug-resistant), and $661 in the Philippines (110 drug-resistant). 99DOTS costs may be similar to or less expensive than standard DOT. VOT is more expensive, although in some settings, labor cost offsets or economies of scale may yield savings. 99DOTS and VOT may yield savings to local programs if donors cover infrastructure costs.

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Measles infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality in human and monkey populations. The endemicity of measles in human populations and viral circulation within populations of free-living monkeys may have important repercussions for potential zoonotic transmission events and for the long-term health of monkey populations. Yet, there has not yet been a rigorous investigation of the dynamics of measles transmission where human and monkey populations coexist. In this study, to determine the difference in seroprevalence of the measles virus across different contexts of human-monkey contact, we analyzed serum samples collected from 56 apparently healthy Macaca mulatta monkeys who occupied diverse contexts, with different degrees of human-monkey contact, in Bangladesh. This is the first report of measles virus seroprevalence in monkeys in Bangladesh. We found a clear association between measles virus seropositivity in monkeys and the context in which they interact with humans. Seroprevalence was the lowest in wild areas (0.0%) and increased in shrines (4.8%), urban areas (5.9%), and was highest among monkeys who are used as performance animals (50.0%). This work suggests that a One Health approach informed by local interspecies transmission dynamics is necessary to develop strategies that both improve measles vaccination coverage, achieve long-term surveillance in monkey populations, and prevent measles spillback to monkeys. This approach aims to inform conservation efforts and protect the long-term health of human and monkey populations.

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Objective: Sexual dysfunction among women with diabetes is a common but neglected health issue worldwide. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and its associated factors among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional comparative study comprises 150 women with diabetes and 100 healthy women without diabetes who visited the endocrinology outpatient department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH). The data were collected from July to December 2019. Sexual dysfunction was assessed by the 19-item Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Informed consent was obtained before participation. Collected data were analysed by SPSS 26. Results: More women with diabetes than control subjects reported sexual dysfunction (79% vs. 72%; p = 0.864). The global FSFI score was lower among the diabetes patients than among the healthy controls (20.8 ± 7.2 vs. 23.7 ± 4.8; p < 0.001). Patients with T2DM scored significantly lower in the domains of desire (p = 0.04), lubrication (p = 0.01), orgasm (p = 0.01), and satisfaction (p < 0.001), but not the domain of arousal (p = 0.09). A prolonged duration of diabetes was the primary contributor to orgasm problems (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.7) and painful intercourse (aOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1- 1.5). Conclusion: Sexual problems are frequent in women with diabetes. Inclusion of sexual health in comprehensive diabetes management is crucial to address this problem as well as to improve the quality of life of female diabetes patients.

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Objective: The purpose of this paper is to find out the gender-based disparities in trust in the public health measures taken in Bangladesh during the post-COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study design and quantitative research approach were used to collect primary data. A total of 742 students from different socioeconomic backgrounds participated in the survey randomly by filling up a structured questionnaire from 15 June 2022 to 10 July 2022. The Wilks' λ statistic, MANOVA, and Regression analysis were performed in this study to find out the gender-based differences in trust in the public health measures taken in Bangladesh during the post-COVID-19 pandemic. Results: In a multivariate test, the p-value is 0.018 (p<0.05), which implies a significant difference between the trust of males and females among youths about public health measures during the post-COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. This study provides that overall infrastructure, responsiveness, and attachments have a significant correlation with youth trust as all the p-values < 0.001. Conclusions: Health infrastructure and youths' attachment to the various networks and institutions have more impact on determining the level of trust in government health measures during the post-pandemic than the way of government responsiveness; policymakers and advocates will get significant insight from the findings of the study during post-COVID-19. Without gender-sensitive health policy measures, gaining citizens' trust in the government will be difficult.

Objetivo: descobrir as disparidades de confiança baseadas em gênero nas medidas de saúde pública tomadas em Bangladesh, durante a pandemia pós-COVID-19. Métodos: um desenho de estudo transversal e abordagem de pesquisa quantitativa foram usados para coletar dados primários. Um total de 742 estudantes de diferentes origens socioeconômicas participaram da pesquisa aleatoriamente, preenchendo um questionário estruturado de 15 de junho de 2022 a 10 de julho de 2022. A estatística λ de Wilks, MANOVA e a análise de regressão foram realizadas neste estudo para descobrir o sexo - diferenças baseadas na confiança nas medidas de saúde pública tomadas em Bangladesh, durante a pandemia pós-COVID-19. Resultados: em um teste multivariado, o p-valor é 0,018 (p<0.05), o que implica uma diferença significativa entre a confiança de homens e mulheres entre jovens sobre medidas de saúde pública durante a pandemia pós-COVID-19 em Bangladesh. Este estudo fornece que a infraestrutura geral, a capacidade de resposta e os vínculos têm uma correlação significativa com a confiança dos jovens, pois todos os valores de p < 0.001. Conclusões: a infraestrutura de saúde e o vínculo dos jovens às várias redes e instituições têm mais impacto na determinação do nível de confiança nas medidas governamentais de saúde durante o pós-pandemia do que na forma de resposta do governo; os formuladores de políticas e defensores obterão uma visão significativa das descobertas do estudo durante o período pós-COVID-19. Sem medidas de política de saúde sensíveis ao gênero, será difícil ganhar a confiança dos cidadãos para o governo.

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ABSTRACT Objective: Sexual dysfunction among women with diabetes is a common but neglected health issue worldwide. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and its associated factors among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional comparative study comprises 150 women with diabetes and 100 healthy women without diabetes who visited the endocrinology outpatient department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH). The data were collected from July to December 2019. Sexual dysfunction was assessed by the 19-item Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Informed consent was obtained before participation. Collected data were analysed by SPSS 26. Results: More women with diabetes than control subjects reported sexual dysfunction (79% vs. 72%; p = 0.864). The global FSFI score was lower among the diabetes patients than among the healthy controls (20.8 ± 7.2 vs. 23.7 ± 4.8; p < 0.001). Patients with T2DM scored significantly lower in the domains of desire (p = 0.04), lubrication (p = 0.01), orgasm (p = 0.01), and satisfaction (p < 0.001), but not the domain of arousal (p = 0.09). A prolonged duration of diabetes was the primary contributor to orgasm problems (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.7) and painful intercourse (aOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.5). Conclusion: Sexual problems are frequent in women with diabetes. Inclusion of sexual health in comprehensive diabetes management is crucial to address this problem as well as to improve the quality of life of female diabetes patients.

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Objectives Extracranial to intracranial (EC-IC) bypass is an important part of the armamentarium of a neurosurgeon in managing different vascular and neoplastic pathologies. Here, we report our initial experiences of EC-IC bypasses as experiences in the 'learning curve', including preparation and training of the surgeon, getting cases, patient selection, imaging, operative skills and microtechniques, complications, follow-up, and outcome. Lessons learned from the 'learning curve experiences' can be very useful for young vascular neurosurgeons who are going to start EC-IC bypass or have already started to perform and find themselves in the learning curve. Methods From July 2009 to September 2018, 100 EC-IC bypasses were performed. We looked back to these cases of EC-IC bypass as our initial or 'learning curve' experiences. The recorded data of patient management (EC-IC bypass patient) were reviewed retrogradely. Our preparation for EC-IC bypass was described briefly. Case selection, indications, preparation of the patient for operation, techniques and technical experiences, preoperative difficulties and challenges, postoperative follow-up, complications, patency status of the bypass, and ultimate results were reviewed and studied. Result A total of 100 bypasses were performed in 83 patients, of which 43 were male and 40 were female. The age range was from 04 to 72 years old (average 32 years old). Eleven patients were lost to follow-up postoperatively after 3 months and they were not even available for telephone follow-up. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 120 months (average of18.4 months). Eight bypasses were high flow bypasses, whereas the number of low flow STA-MCA bypasses was 92. Indication of bypass were (in 83 cases):1. Arterial stenosis/occlusion/dissection causing cerebral ischemia (middle cerebral artery [MCA] stenosis/occlusion-05, MCA dissection-04, internal carotid artery [ICA] occlusion-19); 2. Intracranial aneurysm-30; 3. Moya-Moya disease-21; and 4. Direct carotid cavernous fistula [CCF]-04. Common clinical presentation was hemiparesis & dysphasia in ischemic group with history of transient ischemic attack (H/O TIA) (including Moya Moya disease). Features of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were the presenting symptoms in intracranial aneurysm group. The average ischemic time, due to clamping of recipient artery, was 28 minutes (range: 20­60 minutes). There was no clamp-related infarction. Two anastomoses were found thrombosed intraoperatively. One preoperatively ambulant patient deteriorated neurologically in the postoperative period. She developed hemiplegia but improved later. Here, the cause seemed to be hyperperfusion. Headache resolved in all cases. TIA and seizures were also gone postoperatively. Ophthalmoplegia recovered in all cases in which it was present, except in one CCF, in which abducent nerve palsy persisted. Complete unilateral total blindness developed in one patient postoperatively (due to ophthalmic artery occlusion), where high flow bypass with ICA occlusion were performed. Red eye and proptosis were cured in CCF cases. Motor and sensory dysphasia improved in all cases in which it was present, except for one case in which preoperative global aphasia converted to sensory aphasia in the postoperative period. Three patients died in the postoperative period. The rest of the patients improved postoperatively. All patients were ambulant with static neurostatus and without new stroke/TIA until the last follow-up. All bypasses were patent until the last follow-up. Conclusion The initial experiences of 100 cases of EC-IC bypass revealed even in inexperienced hand mortality and morbidity in properly indicated cases were low and result were impressive according to the pathological group and aim of bypass. Lessons learned from these experiences can be very helpful for new and beginner bypass neurosurgeons.

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Bangladesh suffered disruptions in the utilization of essential health and nutrition services (EHNS) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The magnitude of the pandemic has been documented, but little is known from the perspectives of health administrators. A rapid qualitative assessment of division-level capacity identified successes and bottlenecks in providing EHNS- and COVID-19-related services during the first months of the pandemic in Bangladesh. Semi-structured interviews were held with the Health and Family Planning Divisional Directors of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The Primary Health Care System Framework guided the content analysis, focusing on (i) service delivery, (ii) communication and community outreach, and (iii) surveillance and service monitoring. Our findings identified low care seeking due to fears of getting infected and unawareness that EHNS were still available. Adaptations to telemedicine were highly heterogeneous between divisions, but collaboration with NGOs were fruitful in reinstating outreach activities. Guidelines were centered on COVID-19 information and less so on EHNS. The inflexibility of spending capacities at divisional and clinic levels hindered service provision. Misinformation and information voids were difficult to handle all around the country. Community health workers were useful for outreach communication. EHNS must be guaranteed during sanitary emergencies, and Bangladesh presented with both significant efforts and areas of opportunity for improvement.

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The present study aimed to assess the levels of heavy metals and metalloids present in six seaweeds and their potential impact on consumption. The highest concentration of 11 metals, i.e., Be (0.47 mg/kg), Co (4.34 mg/kg), Cr (23.46 mg/kg), Cu (11.96 mg/kg), Fe (2290.26 mg/kg), Li (11.55 mg/kg), Ni (13.75 mg/kg), Pb (6.67 mg/kg), Ti (736.62 mg/kg), Tl (0.14 mg/kg), and V (33.09 mg/kg) were observed in Enteromorpha intestinalis (green seaweeds). Besides, the highest concentration of Ca (1071.09 mg/kg), Cd (5.81 mg/kg), Mn (1003.41 mg/kg), Sr (2838.86 mg/kg), and Zn (41.95 mg/kg) were found in Padina tetrastromatica (brown seaweeds). Eight metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Fe) have been used to assess the potential health risk for adults, but no potential health risk was detected (HQ value > 1). The HI value of E. intestinalis and P. tetrastromatica were >1, implying that these two seaweeds are not safe for human consumption as there is a carcinogenic health risk for adults.

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BACKGROUND: Many low- and middle-income countries cannot measure maternal mortality to monitor progress against global and country-specific targets. While the ultimate goal for these countries is to have complete civil registrations systems, other interim strategies are needed to provide timely estimates of maternal mortality. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to inform on potential options for measuring maternal mortality. METHODS: This paper uses a case study approach to compare methodologies and estimates of pregnancy-related mortality ratio (PRMR)/maternal mortality ratio (MMR) obtained from four different data sources from similar time periods in Bangladesh, Mozambique, and Bolivia-national population census; post-census mortality survey; household sample survey; and sample vital registration system (SVRS). RESULTS: For Bangladesh, PRMR from the 2011 census falls closely in line with the 2010 household survey and SVRS estimates, while SVRS' MMR estimates are closer to the PRMR estimates obtained from the household survey. Mozambique's PRMR from household survey method is comparable and shows an upward trend between 1994 and 2011, whereas the post-census mortality survey estimated a higher MMR for 2007. Bolivia's DHS and post-census mortality survey also estimated comparable MMR during 1998-2003. CONCLUSIONS: Overall all these data sources presented in this paper have provided valuable information on maternal mortality in Bangladesh, Mozambique, and Bolivia. It also outlines recommendations to estimate maternal mortality based on the advantages and disadvantages of several approaches. CONTRIBUTION: Recommendations in this paper can help health administrators and policy planners in prioritizing investment for collecting reliable and contemporaneous estimates of maternal mortality while progressing toward a complete civil registration system.

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The paper aims to identify the factors that cause prospective tourists' hesitation to travel. The study also examines whether this relationship is mediated by the tourist perception in Bangladesh. The study is of quantitative design, and the relationships between tourist knowledge, tourist health risk, and destination personality with tourist hesitation were explored using a sample of 322 Bangladeshi prospective tourists. The three relationships were also examined through tourist perception. By using cross-sectional data, the researchers hypothesized that tourist knowledge, tourist health risk, and destination personality have a positive and significant effect on tourist hesitation. Besides, the researchers also hypothesized that tourist perception mediates the relationships between tourist knowledge, tourist health risk, and destination personality with tourist hesitation. In this respect, the Smart PLS 3.0 was employed to analyze the data. The results of the study confirm findings of previous related studies by not only highlighting the importance of tourist perception in shaping tourist hesitation but also indicating the way each dimension of tourism either enhances or inhibits the tourist hesitation. The results of the study also reveal a positive and significant relationship between tourist knowledge and tourist health risk with tourist hesitation. The analysis of data showed no conventional relationship between destination personality and tourist hesitation. Accordingly, this study identified the extent to which tourist perception mediates the relationship between tourist knowledge and destination personality with tourist hesitation. Meanwhile, the results of the study indicate the absence of any mediation role of tourist perception between tourist health risk and tourist hesitation. The study outcomes would encourage the government, policymakers, and tourism managements in creating a tailor-made responsiveness program by building a scenario that could offer more prominent sustainable tourism establishments. Besides, the results may assist stakeholders of tourist destinations in understanding tourist perception and the causes of tourist's hesitation.

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Abstract Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a correctable inborn error of metabolism which causes lethal intellectual delay and neurobehavioral anomalies. A screening package, especially for early recognition can support to regulate the PKU process of most patients. New-born screening program in any country focuses at the earliest detection of inheritance deficiency disorders in order to avoid the most severe repercussion by appropriate medication. This screening program needs a concomitant diagnosis and involves additional clinical research. Strategies from developed countries recommend that new-born screening should be done as soon as possible after birth before hospital/clinic discharge because if detected later, it conveys to significantly increase in disability as well as morbidity. Although exact protocol differs among different countries, testing procedures for PKU should be followed universally recognized in the developed world. Unfortunately, new-born screening program in Bangladesh is in lying-in room or possibly in pilot study in particular hospital, because the health-care system is classically targeted mortality (like childbirth complications) and transmittable morbidities (such as COVID-19) but not inborn frailties. Although policies and management of childbirth complications have been successfully lowered infant and mother mortality rates, the number of disabled babies increased tremendously. The study aims to investigate the current status of new-born screening (NBS) program of PKU in the Rajshahi Division Bangladesh, and focus on future plans to manage with life-long treatment. The primary challenges such as financial support for newborn screening, publicity, should be identified and implemented for national PKU-NBS policy as a role model of Bangladesh for developing countries.

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Salmonella is one of the most important foodborne zoonotic pathogens, and becoming multidrug-resistant (MDR), which represents a serious public health concern worldwide. This study aimed to identify the circulating MDR strains of Salmonella through cutting edge molecular techniques including gene specific PCR, RAPD-PCR, ribosomal gene sequencing, and multilocus sequence types (MLST) in the poultry industry of Bangladesh. Two hundred Salmonella isolates were retrieved from 154 samples comprising droppings (n = 60), cloacal swabs (n = 60), feeds (n = 14), feeding water (n = 14), and handler's swab (n = 6) from 14 commercial layer farms of Bangladesh. The isolates were confirmed as Salmonella through invA gene specific PCR, and further genotyping was done by RAPD-PCR, and 16S rRNA sequencing. The isolates were distributed into 18 different genotypes according to RAPD typing. The phylogenetic analysis identified three diverging phylogroups such as S. enterica Litchfield, S. enterica Enteritidis and S. enterica Kentucky with 11, 8, and 6 strains, respectively. The in vitro antibiogram profiling the Salmonella isolates through disc diffusion method using 13 commercially available antibiotics revealed highest resistance against doxycycline (91.5%) followed by tetracycline and ampicillin (86.0%, in each), and 72.0% isolates as MDR, being resistant to ≥ 5 antibiotics. The MLST typing was carried out based on the PCR amplification of seven housekeeping genes (aroC, hisD, hemD, purE, secA, thrA, and dnaN). MLST typing also revealed three sequence types (STs) such as ST11, ST198, and ST214 in these isolates, and eBURST analysis showed ST11 as the founder genotype. The three STs were highly resistant to tetracyclines and quinolone group of antibiotics, and all of the isolates harboring S. enterica Litchfield showed the highest resistance. Circulating common MLSTs with MDR properties in different farms confirmed the possibility of a common route of intra-farm transmission. We report for the first time of the association serovar Litchfield (ST11) in avian salmonellosis with MDR properties which is an urgent public health concern in Bangladesh.

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Fertilizer, though one of the most essential inputs for increasing agricultural production, is a leading cause of nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture, contributing significantly to global warming. Therefore, understanding factors affecting farmers' use of fertilizers is crucial to develop strategies to improve its efficient use and to minimize its negative impacts. Using data from 2528 households across the Indo-Gangetic Plains in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, this study examines the factors affecting farmers' use of organic and inorganic fertilizers for the two most important cereal crops - rice and wheat. Together, these crops provide the bulk of calories consumed in the region. As nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the major source of global warming and other environmental effects, we also examine the factors contributing to its overuse. We applied multiple regression models to understand the factors influencing the use of inorganic fertilizer, Heckman models to understand the likelihood and intensity of organic fertilizer (manure) use, and a probit model to examine the over-use of N fertilizer. Our results indicate that various socio-economic and geographical factors influence the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers in rice and wheat. Across the study sites, N fertilizer over-use is the highest in Haryana (India) and the lowest in Nepal. Across all locations, farmers reported a decline in manure application, concomitant with a lack of awareness of the principles of appropriate fertilizer management that can limit environmental externalities. Educational programs highlighting measures to improving nutrient-use-efficiency and reducing the negative externalities of N fertilizer over-use are proposed to address these problems.

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BACKGROUND: Water-borne arsenic (As) exposure is a global health problem. Once ingested, inorganic As (iAs) is methylated to mono-methyl (MMA) and dimethyl (DMA) arsenicals via one-carbon metabolism (OCM). People with higher relative percentage of MMA (MMA%) in urine (inefficient As methylation), have been shown to have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and several cancers but appear to have a lower risk of diabetes and obesity in populations from the US, Mexico, and Taiwan. It is unknown if this opposite pattern with obesity is present in Bangladesh, a country with lower adiposity and higher As exposure in drinking water. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the association between body mass index (BMI) and As methylation in Bangladeshi adults and adolescents participating in the Folic Acid and Creatine Trial (FACT); Folate and Oxidative Stress (FOX) study; and Metals, Arsenic, and Nutrition in Adolescents Study (MANAS). METHODS: Arsenic species (iAs, MMA, DMA) were measured in urine and blood. Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI. The associations between concurrent BMI with urine and blood As species were analyzed using linear regression models, adjusting for nutrients involved in OCM such as choline. In FACT, we also evaluated the prospective association between weight change and As species. RESULTS: Mean BMIs were 19.2/20.4, 19.8/21.0, and 17.7/18.7 kg/m2 in males/females in FACT, FOX, and MANAS, respectively. BMI was associated with As species in female but not in male participants. In females, after adjustment for total urine As, age, and plasma folate, the adjusted mean differences (95% confidence) in urinary MMA% and DMA% for a 5 kg/m2 difference in BMI were -1.21 (-1.96, -0.45) and 2.47 (1.13, 3.81), respectively in FACT, -0.66 (-1.56, 0.25) and 1.43 (-0.23, 3.09) in FOX, and -0.59 (-1.19, 0.02) and 1.58 (-0.15, 3.30) in MANAS. The associations were attenuated after adjustment for choline. Similar associations were observed with blood As species. In FACT, a 1-kg of weight increase over 2 to 10 (mean 5.4) years in males/females was prospectively associated with mean DMA% that was 0.16%/0.19% higher. DISCUSSION: BMI was negatively associated with MMA% and positively associated with %DMA in females but not males in Bangladesh; associations were attenuated after plasma choline adjustment. These findings may be related to the role of body fat on estrogen levels that can influence one-carbon metabolism, e.g. by increasing choline synthesis. Research is needed to determine whether the associations between BMI and As species are causal and their influence on As-related health outcomes.

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Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the CFR and RDR of COVID-19 disease during the second wave in Bangladesh and also intended to predict the trend of COVID-19 infected and death cases, case fatality rate (CFR) and recovery-to-death ratio (RDR) using Facebook Prophet Model (FPM). Methods: Daily time series data of COVID-19 cases for 512 days used in this study was taken from worldometer. The FPM was used to predict the daily infections, deaths, CFR, and RDR of COVID-19 disease in Bangladesh as of August 01, 2021. Results: About 71% male and 29% female people were infected, most susceptible age group to be infected was 21 to 30 (27.6%) and below 10 (2.9%) was the least infected group as of August 01, 2021. The oldest age group (>60) was the most endanger to death (55.2%) and the youngest (<10) was the least death (0.3%) age group. Overall CFR was found at 1.654% which is less than the world CFR (2.13%) on August 01, 2021. The RDR was estimated at 52.269 which is below the world RDR 42.36 on August 01, 2021, in Bangladesh. Predicted infections and deaths exhibited an upward trend, daily CFR designates roughly constant trend, and daily RDR indicates a downward trend in Bangladesh at this ongoing second wave. Conclusion: The male people are more prone to be infected and dead. The oldest age group is more threatened to death and the youngest is least due to COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Both the predicted infections and deaths increasing, daily CFRs are roughly constant and daily RDR is decreasing in the second wave in Bangladesh due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar o CFR e RDR da doença COVID-19 durante a segunda onda em Bangladesh e também prever a tendência de casos de infecção e morte por COVID-19, taxa de letalidade (CFR) e taxa de mortalidade de recuperação (RDR) usando o Facebook Prophet Model (FPM). Métodos: Dados de séries temporais diárias dos casos COVID-19 para 512 dias usados neste estudo foram retirados do worldometer. O FPM foi usado para prever as infecções diárias, mortes, CFR e RDR da doença COVID-19 em Bangladesh a partir de 01 de agosto de 2021. Resultados: Cerca de 71% dos homens e 29% das mulheres estavam infectados. A faixa etária mais suscetível a ser infectada era de 21 a 30 (27,6%) e abaixo de 10 (2,9%) era o grupo menos infectado em 01 de agosto de 2021. O mais velho A faixa etária (> 60) era a que apresentava maior risco de morte (55,2%) e a mais jovem (<10) era a com menor risco de morte (0,3%). O CFR geral foi encontrado em 1,654%, que é menor do que o CFR mundial (2,13%) em 01 de agosto de 2021. O RDR foi estimado em 52,269, que está abaixo do RDR mundial de 42,36 em 01 de agosto de 2021, em Bangladesh. As infecções e mortes previstas exibiram uma tendência ascendente, o CFR diário indica uma tendência quase constante e o RDR diário indica uma tendência descendente em Bangladesh nesta segunda onda em curso. Conclusão: Os homens são mais propensos a serem infectados e mortos. A faixa etária mais velha está mais ameaçada de morte e a mais jovem é a menos devido ao COVID-19 em Bangladesh. Tanto as infecções previstas quanto as mortes aumentam, os CFRs diários são quase constantes e o RDR diário está diminuindo na segunda onda em Bangladesh devido à pandemia de COVID-19.

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Wheat blast caused by the Triticum pathotype of Pyricularia oryzae was first reported in 1985 in Brazil and recently spread to Bangladesh. We tested whether Rmg8 and RmgGR119, recently identified resistance genes, were effective against Bangladeshi isolates of the pathogen. Common wheat accessions carrying Rmg8 alone (IL191) or both Rmg8 and RmgGR119 (GR119) were inoculated with Brazilian isolates (Br48, Br5, and Br116.5) and Bangladeshi isolates (T-108 and T-109). Br48, T-108, and T-109 carried the eI type of AVR-Rmg8 (the avirulence gene corresponding to Rmg8) while Br5 and Br116.5 carried its variants, eII and eII' types, respectively. Detached primary leaves of IL191 and GR119 were resistant to all isolates at 25°C. At a higher temperature (28°C), their resistance was still effective against the eI carriers but was reduced to a low level against the eII/eII' carriers. A survey of databases and sequence analyses revealed that all Bangladeshi isolates carried the eI type which induced a higher level of resistance than the eII/eII' types. The resistance of IL191 (Rmg8/-) to the eI carriers was maintained even at the heading stage and at the higher temperature. In addition, GR119 (Rmg8/RmgGR119) displayed higher levels of resistance than IL191 at this stage. These results suggest that Rmg8 combined with RmgGR119 will be useful in breeding for resistance against wheat blast in Bangladesh.

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Urban environments marked by violence create fear that can have real impacts on the urban poor, particularly women and girls. Any efforts to tackle poverty and promote health must address the impacts to their access to livelihoods and education, healthcare, markets, and social support that underlie wellbeing. This study aimed to elucidate specific impacts that violence and fear have on the very poor in rapidly growing cities and the coping strategies employed. This multi-country qualitative study was conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Participants in all three cities employed similar tactics to avoid violence. People adjusted how, when, and where they travel and how they interact with people who threaten them. These coping strategies led participants to spend more money on goods and to restrict access to livelihood opportunities, education, healthcare, and social activities. Women are impacted more than men in all spheres and city specific differences are highlighted. Residents of urban slums, particularly women, in these three cities cope with urban violence in many ways, suffering consequences in a range of categories - leading to significant impacts to their own health and well-being and their families.

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Objectives: This study aimed to reveal the prevalence of COVID-19 and investigate the patterns of deaths due to novel coronavirus in Bangladesh. Methods: The data about daily incidences, sex and deaths by the geography of COVID-19 for Bangladesh as of August 29, 2020 have been collected from the daily press releases of the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) and Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS). Case fatality rates (CFR), doubling time, correlation coefficient and graphical presentation were used to investigate the prevalence and patterns of infection and deaths. Results: Infection to tests, recovery to infections and death to infection rates due to novel coronavirus in Bangladesh until August 29, 2020 was 20.25%, 64.37% and 1.36% respectively. The correlation coefficient between daily tests and infections has found 0.978 with a 95% confidence interval 0.971 to 0.984. About 78.46% male and only 21.54% of females have died. Most deaths were found in the Dhaka division (48.26%) and the least deaths in the Mymensingh division (2.12%). The sex ratio of males to females in deaths was 364.23%. The age below 10 has found the least prevalent (0.45%) to deaths and above 60 has found most vulnerable (49.26%) to death. Conclusions: This study showed a strong positive relationship between daily tests and infections. The doubling time of infections and deaths in Bangladesh increased over time maintaining very low differences. Male people are more vulnerable to death compare to females. Aged people are extremely vulnerable to death. The most deaths geographical division is Dhaka and the least deaths in Mymensingh.

Objetivos: o objetivo deste estudo foi revelar a prevalência de COVID-19 e investigar os padrões de mortes por novos coronavírus em Bangladesh. Métodos: os dados sobre incidências diárias, sexo e mortes por geografia de COVID-19 para Bangladesh em 29 de agosto de 2020 foram coletados dos comunicados de imprensa diários do Instituto de Epidemiologia, Controle e Pesquisa de Doenças (IEDCR) e da Diretoria Geral de Serviços de Saúde (DGHS). As taxas de letalidade (CFR), o tempo de duplicação, o coeficiente de correlação e a apresentação gráfica foram usados para investigar a prevalência e os padrões de infecção e mortes. Resultados: as taxas de infecção para testes, recuperação de infecções e morte por infecção devido a novo coronavírus em Bangladesh até 29 de agosto de 2020 foram de 20,25%, 64,37% e 1,36%, respectivamente. O coeficiente de correlação entre os testes diários e infecções encontrou 0,978 com intervalo de confiança de 95% 0,971 a 0,984. Cerca de 78,46% homens e apenas 21,54% mulheres morreram. A maioria das mortes foi encontrada na divisão de Dhaka (48,26%) e menos mortes na divisão Mymensingh (2,12%). A proporção do sexo entre homens e mulheres nas mortes foi de 364,23%. A faixa etária abaixo de 10 apresentou menor prevalência (0,45%) aos óbitos e acima de 60 foi considerada mais vulnerável (49,26%) ao óbito. Conclusões: este estudo mostrou uma forte relação positiva entre testes diários e infecções. O tempo de duplicação de infecções e mortes em Bangladesh aumentou com o tempo, mantendo diferenças muito baixas. Os homens são mais vulneráveis à morte do que as mulheres. Pessoas idosas são extremamente vulneráveis à morte. A divisão geográfica com mais mortes é Dhaka e menos mortes é Mymensingh.

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BACKGROUND: Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella Typhi, follows a fecal-oral transmission route and is a major global public health concern, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. Increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious issue; the list of treatments for typhoid fever is ever-decreasing. In addition to IncHI1-type plasmids, Salmonella genomic island (SGI) 11 has been reported to carry AMR genes. Although reports suggest a recent reduction in multidrug resistance (MDR) in the Indian subcontinent, the corresponding genomic changes in the background are unknown. RESULTS: Here, we assembled and annotated complete closed chromosomes and plasmids for 73 S. Typhi isolates using short-length Illumina reads. S. Typhi had an open pan-genome, and the core genome was smaller than previously reported. Considering AMR genes, we identified five variants of SGI11, including the previously reported reference sequence. Five plasmids were identified, including the new plasmids pK91 and pK43; pK43and pHCM2 were not related to AMR. The pHCM1, pPRJEB21992 and pK91 plasmids carried AMR genes and, along with the SGI11 variants, were responsible for resistance phenotypes. pK91 also contained qnr genes, conferred high ciprofloxacin resistance and was related to the H58-sublineage Bdq, which shows the same phenotype. The presence of plasmids (pHCM1 and pK91) and SGI11 were linked to two H58-lineages, Ia and Bd. Loss of plasmids and integration of resistance genes in genomic islands could contribute to the fitness advantage of lineage Ia isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Such events may explain why lineage Ia is globally widespread, while the Bd lineage is locally restricted. Further studies are required to understand how these S. Typhi AMR elements spread and generate new variants. Preventive measures such as vaccination programs should also be considered in endemic countries; such initiatives could potentially reduce the spread of AMR.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of research on knowledge/attitudes regarding the dangers of exposure to secondhand smoking (SHS) among women. The relationship between exposure to SHS, socioeconomic status (SES) and knowledge/attitudes regarding the risks of SHS has often been ignored. We therefore aimed to examine (1) whether SES and exposure to SHS were independently associated with knowledge/attitudes regarding the risks of SHS; and (2) whether women with low SES and exposure to SHS were uniquely disadvantaged in terms of deficient knowledge and more dismissive attitudes towards the risks of SHS. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in the Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. METHODS: A total of 541 women were interviewed. Knowledge of and attitudes towards the risks of SHS were the outcomes of interest. RESULTS: A majority of the respondents were exposed to SHS at home (49.0%). Only 20.1% had higher levels of knowledge, and only 37.3% had non-dismissive attitudes towards the risks of SHS. Participants in the low SES group and those exposed to SHS had lower odds of higher knowledge and their attitudes towards the risks of SHS were more dismissive. Regarding deficient levels of knowledge and scores indicating more dismissive attitudes, women in the low SES group and who were exposed to SHS were not uniquely disadvantaged. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to SHS and low SES were independently associated with deficient knowledge and scores indicating more dismissive attitudes. Regarding knowledge/attitudes, the negative effect of exposure to SHS extended across all socioeconomic backgrounds and was not limited to women in either the low or the high SES group.

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