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INTRODUCTION: Professionalism is fundamental to the existence of professions. In pharmacy, interest in this theme improved with events that examined the resocialization of pharmacists in care. With this, evaluating professionalism can help the operationalization of the theme and, consequently, the development of strategies for pharmacy consolidation before its challenges. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the professionalism of Brazilian pharmacists. METHODS: To meet the objective, a cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2022 and August 2023. Data were collected using the Brazilian version of the "Modification of Hall's Professionalism Scale for Use with Pharmacists". The scale has 39 items grouped into the domains: autonomy, vocation, professional council, self-regulation, continuing education, and altruism. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and an ANOVA analysis of variance with post-hoc Hochberg or Games-Howell tests with Bootstrapping was conducted to verify differences between groups. RESULTS: 600 pharmacists participated in this study. The majority (69%) was female and carried out their professional activities in community pharmacies (50%). Professionalism scores ranged between 14 and 29 points, with an average of 22.8 points. Pharmacists working in outpatient clinics had higher scores in most factors, namely, altruism, continuing education, professional council, vocation, and autonomy. This indicates that the inclination of pharmacists to occupy areas focused on care can be significant to assess professionalism. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained indicate that pharmacists working in outpatient clinics had higher professionalism scores compared to others. This corroborates the worldwide trend experienced by pharmacy in recent decades, which is the execution of increasingly patient-centered practice models.

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Intergenerational justice entitles the maximum retention of Earth's biodiversity. The 2022 United Nations COP 15, "Ecological Civilisation: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth", is committed to protecting 30% of Earth's terrestrial environments and, through COP 28, to mitigate the effects of the climate catastrophe on the biosphere. We focused this review on three core themes: the need and potential of reproduction biotechnologies, biobanks, and conservation breeding programs (RBCs) to satisfy sustainability goals; the technical state and current application of RBCs; and how to achieve the future potentials of RBCs in a rapidly evolving environmental and cultural landscape. RBCs include the hormonal stimulation of reproduction, the collection and storage of sperm and oocytes, and artificial fertilisation. Emerging technologies promise the perpetuation of species solely from biobanked biomaterials stored for perpetuity. Despite significant global declines and extinctions of amphibians, and predictions of a disastrous future for most biodiversity, practical support for amphibian RBCs remains limited mainly to a few limited projects in wealthy Western countries. We discuss the potential of amphibian RBCs to perpetuate amphibian diversity and prevent extinctions within multipolar geopolitical, cultural, and economic frameworks. We argue that a democratic, globally inclusive organisation is needed to focus RBCs on regions with the highest amphibian diversity. Prioritisation should include regional and international collaborations, community engagement, and support for RBC facilities ranging from zoos and other institutions to those of private carers. We tabulate a standard terminology for field programs associated with RBCs for publication and media consistency.

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Resumen (analítico) En Colombia no existen estudios consolidados que muestren la existencia de conductas prosociales y menos indicadores que reflejen cómo estas conductas pueden influir en la reducción de los comportamientos agresivos. Lo que sí se sabe por estudios previos es que las conductas de naturaleza altruista parecen incompatibles con la agresividad. El artículo recoge los resultados de una investigación que describe las conductas prosociales de los niños de este contexto. El estudio de tipo transversal se realizó con 587 niños entre los 9 y 12 años. Los resultados evidencian niveles elevados de prosocialidad y diferencias significativas a favor de las niñas en casi todas las dimensiones evaluadas. Con la presencia de estos comportamientos se puede inferir que la prosocialidad representa un activo muy importante para prevenir manifestaciones agresivas en las escuelas.

Abstract (analytical) In Colombia there are no consolidated studies that evidence the existence of prosocial behavior. There are very few indicators that measure how these behaviors can help reduce levels of aggression and violence. What is known from previous studies is that altruistic behaviors seem incompatible with aggression. This article summarizes the results of an investigation that describes the prosocial behaviors of children in the Colombian context. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 587 children between 9 and 12 years of age. The results show high levels of prosocial behavior among girls and significant differences among members of this gender group in almost all of the dimensions that were evaluated. Based on these results, it can be inferred that prosocial behavior represents a very important asset that helps prevent acts of aggression in schools.

Resumo (analítico) Na Colômbia, não existem estudos consolidados que mostrem a existência de comportamentos pró-sociais e poucos indicadores que reflitam como esses comportamentos podem influenciar na redução de comportamentos agressivos. O que se sabe de estudos anteriores é que comportamentos de natureza altruísta parecem incompatíveis com a agressividade. O artigo recolhe os resultados de uma investigação que descreve os comportamentos pró-sociais de crianças neste contexto. O estudo transversal foi realizado com 587 crianças entre 9 e 12 anos de idade. Os resultados mostram altos níveis de pró-socialidade e diferenças significativas a favor das meninas em quase todas as dimensões avaliadas. Com a presença desses comportamentos, pode-se inferir que a pró-socialidade representa um recurso muito importante para prevenir manifestações agressivas nas escolas.

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OBJECTIVES: Currently, there is a growing interest on the benefits of volunteering. Nevertheless, there is scarce evidence for non-volunteering altruistic behaviors. This study aims to investigate the role of both altruism and volunteering on the cognitive performance of older individuals followed for four years. METHODS: This was cohort study carried out in 180 Brazilian older adults assessed in three different timepoints (baseline [2015-2016], 2 years of follow-up [2017-2018] and 4 years of follow-up [2019-2020]). Composite cognitive score was calculated based on the Mini-Mental State Examination, Verbal Fluency, Clock-Drawing test, and CERAD Word-List. Altruism was assessed through the Self-reported Altruism Scale and self-reported volunteering status. Mixed ANCOVAS were performed. RESULTS: For altruism, there were significant differences in all time points (Baseline, 2 years and 4 years) favoring higher cognitive scores for higher levels of altruism. However, no differences were observed for volunteering in all time points. CONCLUSIONS: Having higher levels of altruism was significantly associated with better cognitive scores. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Altruism, even without volunteering, seem to have positive effects on the cognitive functioning of older adults. Health professionals who take care of older adults might take account of the presence or absence of altruistic behaviors of their patients in their formulations and recommendations.

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Background: The mobile campaigns of altruistic blood donation are one of the main actions of the Blood Bank of the Hospital de Especialidades "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez". With the arrival of the new normal, after the COVID-19 pandemic, it was necessary to reactivate these actions according to the population's characteristics. Objective: To identify socio-cultural characteristics that enhance or limit voluntary or altruistic blood donation. Material and methods: Qualitative exploratory research, through a semi-structured interview with stratified sampling, universe of partial population of those attending blood donation; only altruistic donors were considered randomly, and representative proportions of the population subgroup were determined. Results: Most of the donors interviewed were preliminary donors who approached the blood donation tent without focused promotion. Health professionals showed greater identification to altruistic blood donation. Donors declared a lack of donation culture as the main factor limiting this human activity. Finally, they considered the accessibility to the blood donation tent as determinant for altruistic blood donation. Conclusions: Twelve recommendations were established to the Blood Bank, with which the intention is to propose strategies and establish research channels that increase the impact on the promotion of altruistic blood donation in future campaigns.

Introducción: las campañas móviles de donación altruista de sangre son una de las acciones principales del Banco de Sangre del Hospital de Especialidades "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez". Con la llegada de la nueva normalidad, después de la pandemia por COVID-19, fue necesario reactivar estas acciones conforme a las características de la población. Objetivo: identificar características socioculturales que potencien o limiten la donación voluntaria o altruista de sangre. Material y métodos: investigación exploratoria de corte cualitativo mediante entrevista semiestructurada, con muestreo estratificado, universo de población parcializado de los asistentes a donación de sangre; se consideraron únicamente donantes altruistas de forma aleatoria y se determinaron proporciones representativas del subgrupo poblacional. Resultados: la mayoría de los donantes entrevistados fueron donantes preliminares que acudieron a la campaña itinerante sin promoción focalizada. Los profesionales de la salud mostraron mayor identificación con la donación de sangre de tipo altruista. Los donantes declararon una falta de cultura de la donación como el factor principal que limita esta actividad humana. Finalmente, consideraron la accesibilidad del módulo itinerante como determinante para la donación altruista de sangre. Conclusiones: se establecieron doce recomendaciones al Banco de Sangre, con las que se busca plantear estrategias y establecer canales de investigación que incrementen el impacto en el fomento de la donación altruista de sangre en campañas futuras.

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Objetivo: Dar a conocer las estadísticas relacionadas con la donación de sangre humana a nivel mundial. Métodos: El estudio es de tipo descriptivo comparativo exploratorio de carácter unidimensional. La información fue recopilada de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, World Population Review and Statistical. Para el análisis de la información se empleó la técnica multivariada de clúster. Resultados: Alemania presenta la mayor tasa de donación de sangre, seguido de Dinamarca. En general se aprecia que en los países de Europa existe mayor cultura de donación, mientras en naciones ubicadas en África y algunos países de Asia, se dan las estadísticas más bajas en relación al tema. Conclusiones: Es fundamental incentivar en las naciones programas de educación relacionados con la importancia de donar sangre, asegurando una buena comunicación para derribar algunas barreras entre los posibles donantes.

Objective: To report statistics related to human blood donation worldwide. Methods: the study is a one-dimensional exploratory comparative descriptive study. The information was compiled from the World Health Organization, World Population Review and Statistical. The multivariate clustering technique was used for data analysis. Results: Germany has the highest blood donation rate, followed by Denmark. In general, it can be seen that in European countries there is a greater culture of donation, while in countries located in Africa and some Asian countries, there are lower statistics on the subject. Conclusions: It is essential to encourage education programs in the countries related to the importance of donating blood, ensuring good communication to break down some barriers among potential donors.

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Positive psychology is vital in increasing prosocial behavior and reducing bullying. However, limited studies have analyzed the influence of positive personal characteristics on the prosocial behaviors of bystanders in bullying. The present study examined direct and indirect relationships between spirituality, happiness, altruism, and prosocial bystander behavior in bullying. Participants in this study were 685 students from Northwestern Mexico; 51% were male and 49% female, between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.3 years, SD = 1.68). A structural equation model (SEM) was calculated. The results indicate that happiness and altruism were related to prosocial bystander behavior. Spirituality and happiness have an indirect relationship by increasing prosocial bystander behavior through the positive effects of altruism. The SEM explained 48% of the variance of the prosocial bystander. The implications for improving defensive behavior in bullying and reducing school violence are discussed.

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Social media has the potential to encourage prosocial behaviors at scale, yet very little causal evidence exists on the impact of related efforts. Blood donation is a particularly difficult, but essential prosocial behavior that is often critically undersupplied. We examine the effect of Facebook's blood donation tool on voluntary blood donation. We partnered with four major blood banks in the United States covering 363 collection facilities in 46 states and Washington, D.C. We tracked the tool's impact on blood donations during its staggered rollout on a sample of more than 47,000 facility-date observations from March 2019 to September 2019. The tool caused an increase of 0.55 total donations per facility per day (+4.0% [95% CI: 0.04%-8.0%]), and an increase of 0.15 donations from first-time donors per facility per day (+18.9% [95% CI: 4.7%-33.1%]). Longitudinal evidence from Brazil and India suggests the share of donors who both received a message from the tool and stated they were influenced by Facebook to donate increased from 0% to 14.1% [95% CI: 12.1%-16.2%] in the first year of the tool's deployment (i.e., September 2018 to August 2019). These meaningful increases, especially from first-time donors, demonstrate that social media platforms can play an important role in fostering offline prosocial behaviors that benefit the health and well-being of societies around the world.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: actualmente la sangre continúa siendo un elemento vital para la vida, su fabricación aún no ha sido optimizada, por lo tanto, solo puede obtenerse a través de donaciones humanas. Por ello, para los Bancos de Sangre, contar con personas de confianza que aporten sangre constituye uno de los principales problemas éticos. Actualmente existen tres tipos de donación de sangre: la donación voluntaria y altruista, la donación de reposición o familiar y la donación remunerada, siendo esta última inaceptable en términos económicos y sanitarios, además de estar prohibida en el marco legal vigente en nuestro país. OBJETIVOS: analizar la problemática de la donación de sangre, haciendo énfasis en los tipos de donaciones que existen en nuestro país, considerando cuál es el tipo de donación más seguro para el receptor y cuáles son los menores de las pruebas de tamizaje inmunoserológico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio transversal analítico, retrospectivo, en el que se revisaron las historias clínicas y los formularios electrónicos de trabajo utilizados en la recolección de datos de las donaciones de sangre obtenidas en el Banco de Sangre. de la seguridad social. Para el análisis estadístico se realizó la media y la varianza. RESULTADOS: de un total de 7787 personas que se presentaron a donar sangre, solo 5166 realizaron una donación efectiva. El resto fueron diferidos temporalmente por causas subsanables, 147 fueron diferidos definitivamente por enfermedades e infecciones que pudieran suponer un riesgo para el receptor y en 19 de ellos la extracción de sangre fue difícil por dificultad de acceso venoso. Según el tipo de donaciones, el 52,8 % fueron donaciones solidarias de reposición, el 43,3 % donación exijida y el 3,71 % donación voluntaria. Finalmente, el 68 % del total de las donaciones de sangre provino de hombres. CONCLUIONES: los datos obtenidos demuestran porcentajes muy bajos de donantes voluntarios y valores altos de donantes obligados a donar, muy en relación a países con programas deficientes de donación voluntaria y altruista de sangre.

INTRODUCTION: currently blood is a vital element for life, its manufacture has not yet been optimized, therefore, it can only be obtained through human donations. For this reason, for Blood Banks, having reliable people who provide blood constitutes one of the main ethical problems. There are currently three types of blood donation: voluntary and altruistic donation, replacement or family donation, and paid donation, the latter being unacceptable in economic and health terms, as well as being prohibited under the current legal framework in our country. OBJECTIVES: analyze the problem of blood donation, emphasizing the types of donations that exist in our country, considering what is the safest type of donation for the recipient and what are the minors of immunoserological screening tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: this was a retrospective, analytical cross-sectional study, in which, we reviewed clinical histories and electronic work forms used in the collection of data on blood donations obtained in the Blood Bank. of social security. For statistical analysis we performed the mean and variance. RESULTS: in a total of 7787 people who presented themselves to donate blood, only 5166 made an effective donation. The rest were temporarily deferred for rectifiable reasons, 147 were permanently deferred due to diseases and infections that could cause a risk to the recipient and in 19 of them it was difficult to draw blood due to difficult venous access. According to the type of donations, 52.8 % were solidarity replacement donations, 43.3 % required donation, and 3.71 % voluntary donation. Finally, 68 % of the total blood donations came from men. CONCLUSIONS: the data obtained show very low percentages of voluntary donors and high values of required donors, these results are in accordance with countries with deficient voluntary and altruistic blood donation programs.

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Intergroup and long-distance relationships are both central features of human social life, but because intergroup relationships are emphasized in the literature, long-distance relationships are often overlooked. Here, we make the case that intergroup and long-distance relationships should be studied as distinct, albeit related, features of human sociality. First, we review the functions of both kinds of relationship: while both can be conduits for difficult-to-access resources, intergroup relationships can reduce intergroup conflict whereas long-distance relationships are especially effective at buffering widespread resource shortfalls. Second, to illustrate the importance of distinguishing the two relationship types, we present a case study from rural Bolivia. Combining ethnography and two different experimental techniques, we find that the importance of intergroup relationships-and the salience of group membership itself-varies across populations and across methods. Although ethnography revealed that participants often rely on long-distance relationships for resource access, we were unable to capture participant preferences for these relationships with a forced-choice technique. Taken together, our review and empirical data highlight that (1) intergroup and long-distance relationships can have different functions and can be more or less important in different contexts and (2) validating experimental field data with ethnography is crucial for work on human sociality. We close by outlining future directions for research on long-distance relationships in humans.

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Background: The unmet neurosurgical need has remained patent in developing countries, including Peru. However, continuous efforts to overcome the lack of affordable care have been achieved, being neurosurgical missions one of the main strategies. We chronicle the humanitarian labor of organizations from high-income countries during their visit to Peru, the contributions to local trainees' education, and the treatment of underserved patients. Furthermore, we discuss the embedded challenges from these missions and the future perspective on long-term partnerships and sustainability. Methods: This is a narrative review. We searched the literature in PubMed and Google Scholar about neurosurgical missions conducted in Peru. Results: Since 1962, twelve organizations from high-income countries have delivered humanitarian help in Peru by training local neurosurgeons, treating low-income patients, and providing surgical instrumentation. Out of the three main regions of Peru, cities on the coast and highlands have hosted most of these missions, with no reported outreach in the amazon area. About 75% of the organizations are headquartered in the United States, followed by Canada, Luxembourg, and Spain. In addition, 50% of the organizations have an active partnership. The predominant focus of these missions has been pediatrics, neuro-oncology, and spine surgery. Conclusion: Neurosurgical missions have represented a strategy to close the disparity in education and treatment in Peru. However, additional efforts must be conducted to improve long-term partnership and sustainability, such as adopting standardized indicators for progress tracking, incorporating remote technologies for continuous training and communication, and expanding partnerships in less attended areas.

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This study aims to investigate whether altruism and volunteering are associated differently with cognitive functioning in community-dwelling older adults. A 2-year longitudinal study of 291 Brazilian older adults was conducted. In the baseline analysis, altruism, but not volunteering, was associated with higher scores for the composite cognitive score, the Mini-Mental State Examination, the verbal fluency and the CERAD Recall. Concerning the longitudinal analyses, volunteering at baseline, but not altruism, was associated with verbal fluency and CERAD Word List Recall after 2 years of follow up. Same results were obtained while investigating changes in score. Altruism and volunteering were associated with cognitive tests, albeit in different ways. Volunteering, but not altruism, was associated with lower cognitive decline. However, altruism, but not volunteering, was associated with higher absolute score on these tests. These findings can further understanding of this new field of health research.

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Se tiene presente el principio martiano de que "Educar es depositar en cada hombre toda la obra humana, es ponerlo a nivel de su tiempo, es preparar al hombre para la vida", por eso, esta semblanza es un homenaje a la ilustre académica Alicia Evarista Fernández Hernández, quien con 12 años edad comenzó su labor como educadora al incorporarse a la Campaña de Alfabetización y a otras tareas asignadas por la Revolución; martiana ferviente, educadora por excelencia, ha transmitido durante más de cuatro décadas sus experiencias y sus doctrinas de amor y sabiduría a distintas generaciones de estudiantes de Enfermería, Medicina, profesores, profesionales de la salud de Cuba y otros pueblos del mundo. Es objetivo de esta semblanza referir los aspectos más relevantes de su magistral obra educativa, académica y revolucionaria, apoyados en testimonios, revisión de documentos, entrevistas a familiares y compañeros, que, sin dudas, describen de modo fehaciente su trayectoria como estudiante, enfermera, profesora, académica e investigadora. Alicia Fernández constituye un referente teórico-práctico, ejemplo de dedicación, altruismo y un modelo de conducta a seguir por las nuevas generaciones de galenos, enfermeros, profesores y otros profesionales de la salud que se forman integralmente en las universidades de las Ciencias Médicas cubanas(AU)

We keep in mind Marti's principle that "to educate is to deposit all human work in each man, to put him at the level of his time, and to prepare him for life"; therefore, this semblance is a tribute to the illustrious academician Alicia Evarista Fernández Hernández who began her work as an educator at the age of twelve by joining the literacy campaign and other tasks assigned by the Revolution. She has been a passionate defender of Marti's ideas and an educator par excellence who has passed her experiences and doctrines of love and wisdom to different generations of nursing and medical students, professors and other health professionals from Cuba and other peoples of the world for more than four decades. The objective of this semblance is to present the most relevant aspects of her masterful educational, academic and revolutionary work supported by evidence, document reviews, and interviews with family members and colleagues which undoubtedly describe her career as a student, nurse, professor, academician, and researcher. Alicia Fernández is a theoretical and practical referent, an example of dedication and altruism, and a behavior model to the new generations of doctors, nurses, professors and other health professionals who are fully trained in the Cuban universities of Medical Sciences(AU)

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Resumo Esta pesquisa objetivou sistematizar as variáveis descritivas citadas na literatura analítico-comportamental sobre o altruísmo. Foram realizadas buscas em bases de dados e periódicos brasileiros especializados em Análise do Comportamento. Descritores relacionados à Análise do Comportamento foram combinados com as palavras altruísmo e altruísta, resultando em 19 artigos. As análises indicaram que o altruísmo foi abordado como uma classe de comportamentos com topografias variadas, desde simpáticas até agressivas, que ocorre sob o controle antecedente de regras e autorregras, e de operações estabelecedoras, como a empatia. Como consequências que podem manter o comportamento altruísta, foram identificadas consequências imediatas (produção de reforçadores positivos, remoção de eventos aversivos), e também consequências reforçadoras positivas atrasadas, que caracterizariam o altruísmo como um padrão comportamental molar e autocontrolado.

Abstract This research aimed to systematize the descriptive variables cited in the behavior-analytic literature about altruism. Searches were performed in databases and Brazilian journals specialized in Behavior Analysis. Descriptors related to Behavior Analysis were combined with the words altruism and altruistic, resulting in 19 articles. The analyses indicated that altruism was approached as a class of behaviors with varied topographies, from sympathetic to aggressive ones, occurring under the antecedent control of rules and self-rules, and of establishing operations such as empathy. As consequences that can maintain altruistic behavior, immediate consequences were identified (production of positive reinforcers, removal of aversive events), and also delayed positive reinforcing consequences, which would characterize altruism as a molar and self-controlled behavioral pattern.

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Abstract: Introduction: Medicine is a prestigious profession, therefore, although competition for admission is fierce and studies require dedication and sacrifices, thousands of young people face the challenge of becoming doctors every year. Objective: Describe the reasons why medical school students chose Medicine as a profession and their concerns about the job perspective. Method: Quantitative descriptive and documentary research, through the application of a questionnaire with sociodemographic and specific questions. Result: A high percentage of the female gender stood out, with 63.31% of the participants. The main reasons for choosing Medicine as a profession were altruism (71.75%), financial stability (59.42%) and personal accomplishment (58.77%). However, there was a decrease in the preference for altruism during internship (p<0.01). The biggest concern after training was "Doing a good job / Being a good professional" (79.87%) and, in relation to the "job market" and "devaluation of the profession", there was an increase in the concern during internship (p <0.001). The majority (91.92%) expressed the intention to become a specialist physician, with the specialty of Gynecology and Obstetrics being the most sought after. Regarding the way of working, 51.3% expressed the desire to be a self-employed professional, 55.52% a public or private employee and 7.92% a liberal professional. The greatest difficulty expected in the profession was competition (57.70%) and the most important requirement for professional practice was "Medicine as a means to be useful or help people" (98.38%). Regarding the feelings experienced as a student, the levels of anxiety, stress and feeling of overload were high, respectively 80.52%, 79.55% and 73.38%. Conclusion: At the beginning of the course, there is a more idealized view of Medicine and throughout the development of phases, as contact with medical practice occurs, the students better understand their difficulties and increase their concerns, especially with the job market and the devaluation of the profession, causing, in some, the reduction of the humanistic ideals that motivated the choice of the profession, an aspect to be valued by medical schools during professional training.

Resumo: Introdução: A medicina é uma profissão de prestígio, e, por isso, embora a concorrência para a admissão seja acirrada e os estudos exijam dedicação e sacrifícios, todos os anos milhares de jovens enfrentam o desafio de se tornarem médicos. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever as razões pelas quais os acadêmicos de um curso de Medicina escolheram a medicina como profissão e suas preocupações quanto à perspectiva laboral. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva e documental, realizada por meio da aplicação de questionário com questões sociodemográficas e específicas. Resultado: Destacou-se elevada percentagem do gênero feminino, com 63,31% dos participantes. As principais razões de escolha da medicina como profissão foram altruísmo (71,75%), estabilidade financeira (59,42%) e realização pessoal (58,77%). Entretanto, houve diminuição da preferência pelo altruísmo durante o internato (p < 0,01). A maior preocupação após a formação foi "realizar um bom trabalho/ser um bom profissional" (79,87%), e, em relação ao "mercado de trabalho" e à "desvalorização da profissão", verificou-se aumento da preocupação durante o internato (p < 0,001). A maioria (91,92%) manifestou a intenção de tornar-se médico especialista, sendo mais desejada a especialidade ginecologia e obstetrícia. Em relação à forma de trabalho, 51,3% apontaram que gostariam de trabalhar como profissionais autônomos, 55,52% manifestaram o desejo de ter um emprego público ou particular, e 7,92% mencionaram a atuação como profissionais liberais. A maior dificuldade esperada na profissão foi a concorrência (57,70%), e o requisito mais importante para o exercício profissional foi a "medicina como meio para ser útil ou ajudar pessoas" (98,38%). Sobre os sentimentos experimentados como estudante, os níveis de ansiedade, estresse e sensação de sobrecarga foram elevados, respectivamente 80,52%, 79,55% e 73,38%. Conclusão: No início do curso, existe uma visão mais idealizada da medicina, e, no desenvolver das fases, conforme ocorre o contato com a prática médica, os acadêmicos percebem melhor as dificuldades e aumentam suas preocupações, sobretudo com o mercado de trabalho e a desvalorização da profissão, provocando, em alguns, a diminuição dos ideais humanísticos que motivaram a escolha da profissão, aspecto a ser valorizado pelas escolas de Medicina durante o ensino.

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Resumo Uma variedade de comportamentos altruístas diferenciados tem sido evidenciada na infância. O presente artigo objetivou sistematizar estudos empíricos produzidos nos anos de 2010 a 2015 sobre o altruísmo infantil. Após a elaboração e aplicação de um protocolo sistematizado de seleção, foram encontrados 14 artigos, os quais foram analisados na íntegra. Os estudos contemplaram o altruísmo infantil (1 a 11 anos de idade) em associação a diferentes variáveis, tais como avaliação moral, custos de resposta, renda familiar, distância social, capacidade de abster-se de prêmios imediatos, eventos adversos, representações de apego, dominância social, composição genética, entre outras. Concluiu-se que crianças ainda muito jovens em contextos variados demonstram altruísmo por meio de ações topograficamente diversas à medida que encontram oportunidades para isso.

Abstract A variety of altruistic behaviors differentiated has been evidenced in childhood. This article aimed to systematize empirical studies produced in the years 2010 to 2015 about child altruism. After the elaboration and application of a systematic selection protocol, were found 14 articles were fully analyzed. The studies have examined the child altruism (1 to 11 years old) in association with different variables such as moral evaluation, response costs, family income, social distance, ability to abnegate immediate awards, adverse events, representations of attachment, social dominance, genetic composition, among others. It was concluded that children still very young and in different contexts demonstrate altruism through different topographic actions if they find opportunities for this.

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains the most common cardiovascular disease in young adults and adolescents in need of heart surgery in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The mean age of patients is 20-25 years, often much younger. By contrast, the few patients with chronic RHD in developed countries present a mean age of around 55 years. It is absolutely fundamental to differentiate these two types of population. Pathology, lesions and surgical methods are different, and the results should not be compared. It is not all the same! A certain enthusiasm for mitral repair has recently surged, with several reports showing excellent results in children and young adults, resulting from the renewed interest of cardiac surgeons, also based on new and modified techniques developed in the meantime. While surgery is easily accessible to patients in developed countries, the situation in LMICs is often dramatic, with countries where there is a complete absence of or few surgical facilities absolutely unable to meet gigantic demands. Many foreign surgical teams conduct humanitarian missions in several of these countries. They are just a "drop of water in the ocean" of needs. In some cases, however, these missions led to the establishment of local teams that now work independently and, in some cases, outperform the foreign teams still visiting.

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Altruism (a costly action that benefits others) and reciprocity (the repayment of acts in kind) differ in that the former expresses preferences about the outcome of a social interaction, whereas the latter requires, in addition, ascribing intentions to others. Interestingly, an individual's behavior and neurophysiological activity under outcome- versus intention-based interactions has not been compared directly using different endowments in the same subject and during the same session. Here, we used a mixed version of the Dictator and the Investment games, together with electroencephalography, to uncover a subject's behavior and brain activity when challenged with endowments of different sizes in contexts that call for an altruistic (outcome-based) versus a reciprocal (intention-based) response. We found that subjects displayed positive or negative reciprocity (reciprocal responses greater or smaller than that for altruism, respectively) depending on the amount of trust they received. Furthermore, a subject's late frontal negativity differed between conditions, predicting responses to trust in intentions-based trials. Finally, brain regions related with mentalizing and cognitive control were the cortical sources of this activity. Thus, our work disentangles the behavioral components present in the repayment of trust, and sheds light on the neural activity underlying the integration of outcomes and perceived intentions in human economic interactions.

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Abstract Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains the most common cardiovascular disease in young adults and adolescents in need of heart surgery in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The mean age of patients is 20-25 years, often much younger. By contrast, the few patients with chronic RHD in developed countries present a mean age of around 55 years. It is absolutely fundamental to differentiate these two types of population. Pathology, lesions and surgical methods are different, and the results should not be compared. It is not all the same! A certain enthusiasm for mitral repair has recently surged, with several reports showing excellent results in children and young adults, resulting from the renewed interest of cardiac surgeons, also based on new and modified techniques developed in the meantime. While surgery is easily accessible to patients in developed countries, the situation in LMICs is often dramatic, with countries where there is a complete absence of or few surgical facilities absolutely unable to meet gigantic demands. Many foreign surgical teams conduct humanitarian missions in several of these countries. They are just a "drop of water in the ocean" of needs. In some cases, however, these missions led to the establishment of local teams that now work independently and, in some cases, outperform the foreign teams still visiting.

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BACKGROUND: We examined the association between social capital score, motivator factors and demographic and donation characteristics and donor return at three Brazilian blood centres in Recife, São Paulo and Belo Horizonte. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 5974 donors were interviewed about motivation factors to donate and cognitive and structural social capital just before an effective donation in three Brazilians blood centres in 2009. We assessed the return to a new donation within 2 years for each of these donors. Demographic and donation characteristics, motivators and scores of social capital and their association with donors' return were assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 3123 (52.3%) of the study subjects returned for a blood donation at least once. Predictors of donors' return were male gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.6, 1.3-1.9, for replacement and AOR = 1.3, 1.2-1.6, for community donors), previous donation (AOR = 2.7, 2.3-3.3, for replacement and AOR = 2.9, 2.5-3.5, for community donors) and high altruism (AOR = 1.3, 1.1-1.7, for replacement and AOR = 1.2, 1.0-1.5, for community donors). Altruism was the only motivator associated with return behaviour. Donors from Recife and São Paulo were more likely to return for replacement and/or for community donations than donors from Belo Horizonte. There was no association between social capital score and donor return behaviour. CONCLUSION: The likelihood to return for a subsequent blood donation is dependent upon characteristics of individual donors and also varies in different regions of Brazil. However, social capital was not associated with the likelihood of return behaviour. A better understanding of altruistic categories and appeals may help to improve donor recruitment and retention.

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