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Vitamin B12 deficiency still persists, mainly caused by low intake of animal food products affecting vegetarians, vegans, and populations of underdeveloped countries. In this study, we investigate the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 by potential probiotic bacterium using an agroindustry residue, the liquid acid protein residue of soybean (LAPRS), as a low-cost, animal derivate-free alternative culture medium. Cultures of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii ATCC 13673 growing in LAPRS for vitamin B12 biosynthesis were studied using the Plackett-Burman experimental approach, followed by a central composite design 22 to optimize the concentration of significant variables. We also performed a proteolytic treatment of LAPRS and evaluated the optimized-hydrolyzed medium influence on the microbial growth and metabolism in shaker flask and bioreactor experiments. In this all-plant source medium, P. freudenreichii subsp. shermanii produced high concentrations of cells and high amounts of vitamin B12 (0.6 mg/g cells) after process optimization. These results suggest the possibility of producing vitamin B12 by a potential probiotic bacterium in a very cheap, animal derivate-free medium to address the needs of specific population groups, at the same time reducing the production costs of this essential vitamin.

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Technological processes mediated by microorganisms and enzymes are promising alternatives for treatment of recalcitrant residues. Keratinases hydrolyze keratin, the primary component of some wastes generated in many industrial activities. The present study was designed to evaluate strategies for obtaining keratinases produced by fungi using submerged fermentation and two residues as substrates, chicken feathers and swine hair. Two fungi isolated from feather residues showed potential for keratinase production, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus sp. These were subjected to submerged fermentation using chicken feathers and swine hair prepared in three conditions (microbial concentration reduction, sterilization and hydrogen peroxide). The residual mass was quantified and tested for keratinase production. The most potent enzymatic extract was used in the precipitation technique with salts and organic solvents. The best results of enzymatic activity were obtained using F. oxysporum, on the 6thday of fermentation, obtaining 243.25 U mL-1 using sterilized swine hair as the substrate. Aspergillus sp. showed the highest keratinolytic activity on the 9thday, 113.50 U mL-1 using feathers as the substrate. The highest degradation percentage was 59.20% (w/w) in swine hair and the precipitation technique, with relative activities close to 50%. The results are promising for the application of residues and microorganisms in biotechnological processes of economic and environmental interest.

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of mango pulp meal (MPM) as an ingredient for extruded diets for Nile tilapia juveniles. In the first trial, the digestibility of energy, dry matter, crude protein, and amino acids was determined, using 80 juveniles (average weight 25.00 ± 0.50 g), fed with a reference diet and a test diet containing the proportion of 70% of the reference diet and 30% of the MPM. Chromium oxide (Cr2O6) was used as an digestibility indicator and feces were collected using the Adapted Guelph System. The second assay assessed the growth performance; biochemical analysis; digestive enzyme activity; hematological variables for 300 juveniles fish (average weight 26.66 ± 0.17 g), fed for 45 days with balanced diets containing 0 (control), 40, 80, 120, and 160 g of MPM per kg-1. The dry matter, crude protein, and crude energy apparent digestibility coefficients of MPM were 39.26, 50.18, and 44.5%, respectively. The growth performance of the animals was negatively impacted by the MPM, however the hematological parameters and plasma concentrations of albumin, total proteins and cholesterol were not altered. However, the increase on hepatic glycogen reserves, glycemia, and alanine aminotransferase plasmatic enzyme activity demonstrated that MPM diet inclusion promoted oxidative metabolism conditions that could cause hepatocellular damage and affect fish health, if fed for long periods or at higher levels of MPM than analyzed in this study.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial do farelo de polpa de manga (FPM) como ingrediente para dietas extrusadas para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo. No primeiro ensaio, a digestibilidade da energia, matéria seca, proteína bruta e aminoácidos foi determinada, utilizando 80 juvenis (peso médio 25,00 ± 0,50 g) alimentados com uma dieta referencia e uma dieta teste contendo a proporção de 70% da dieta referencia e 30% do FPM. Foi utilizado o óxido de cromo (Cr2O6) como indicador de digestibilidade e as fezes foram coletadas por meio do Sistema de Guelph Adaptado. O segundo ensaio avaliou desempenho, analyses bioquimicas, atividades de enzimas digestivas e variáveis hematológicas de 300 jovens (peso médio 26,66 ± 0,17 g), alimentados com dietas balanceadas contendo 0 (controle), 40, 80, 120 e 160 g de FPM por kg de dieta por 45 dias. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta do MPM foram 39,26, 50,18 e 44,5%, respectivamente. O desempenho dos animais foi impactado negativamente pela FPM, porém os parametros hematologicos e concentrações plasmáticas de albumina, proteínas totais e cholesterol não foram alterados. O aumento ds reservas hepáticas de glicogênio, glicemia e atividade enzimática plasmática da alanina aminotransferase demonstraram que a inclusão da dieta MPM promoveu condições de metabolismo oxidativo que poderiam causar danos hepatocelulares e afetar a saúde dos peixes, se alimentados por longos períodos ou em níveis mais altos de MPM do que o analisado neste estudo.

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RESUMEN

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of mango pulp meal (MPM) as an ingredient for extruded diets for Nile tilapia juveniles. In the first trial, the digestibility of energy, dry matter, crude protein, and amino acids was determined, using 80 juveniles (average weight 25.00 ± 0.50 g), fed with a reference diet and a test diet containing the proportion of 70% of the reference diet and 30% of the MPM. Chromium oxide (Cr2O6) was used as an digestibility indicator and feces were collected using the Adapted Guelph System. The second assay assessed the growth performance; biochemical analysis; digestive enzyme activity; hematological variables for 300 juveniles fish (average weight 26.66 ± 0.17 g), fed for 45 days with balanced diets containing 0 (control), 40, 80, 120, and 160 g of MPM per kg-1. The dry matter, crude protein, and crude energy apparent digestibility coefficients of MPM were 39.26, 50.18, and 44.5%, respectively. The growth performance of the animals was negatively impacted by the MPM, however the hematological parameters and plasma concentrations of albumin, total proteins and cholesterol were not altered. However, the increase on hepatic glycogen reserves, glycemia, and alanine aminotransferase plasmatic enzyme activity demonstrated that MPM diet inclusion promoted oxidative metabolism conditions that could cause hepatocellular damage and affect fish health, if fed for long periods or at higher levels of MPM than analyzed in this study.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial do farelo de polpa de manga (FPM) como ingrediente para dietas extrusadas para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo. No primeiro ensaio, a digestibilidade da energia, matéria seca, proteína bruta e aminoácidos foi determinada, utilizando 80 juvenis (peso médio 25,00 ± 0,50 g) alimentados com uma dieta referencia e uma dieta teste contendo a proporção de 70% da dieta referencia e 30% do FPM. Foi utilizado o óxido de cromo (Cr2O6) como indicador de digestibilidade e as fezes foram coletadas por meio do Sistema de Guelph Adaptado. O segundo ensaio avaliou desempenho, analyses bioquimicas, atividades de enzimas digestivas e variáveis hematológicas de 300 jovens (peso médio 26,66 ± 0,17 g), alimentados com dietas balanceadas contendo 0 (controle), 40, 80, 120 e 160 g de FPM por kg de dieta por 45 dias. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta do MPM foram 39,26, 50,18 e 44,5%, respectivamente. O desempenho dos animais foi impactado negativamente pela FPM, porém os parametros hematologicos e concentrações plasmáticas de albumina, proteínas totais e cholesterol não foram alterados. O aumento ds reservas hepáticas de glicogênio, glicemia e atividade enzimática plasmática da alanina aminotransferase demonstraram que a inclusão da dieta MPM promoveu condições de metabolismo oxidativo que poderiam causar danos hepatocelulares e afetar a saúde dos peixes, se alimentados por longos períodos ou em níveis mais altos de MPM do que o analisado neste estudo.

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of mango pulp meal (MPM) as an ingredient for extruded diets for Nile tilapia juveniles. In the first trial, the digestibility of energy, dry matter, crude protein, and amino acids was determined, using 80 juveniles (average weight 25.00 ± 0.50 g), fed with a reference diet and a test diet containing the proportion of 70% of the reference diet and 30% of the MPM. Chromium oxide (Cr2O6) was used as an digestibility indicator and feces were collected using the Adapted Guelph System. The second assay assessed the growth performance; biochemical analysis; digestive enzyme activity; hematological variables for 300 juveniles fish (average weight 26.66 ± 0.17 g), fed for 45 days with balanced diets containing 0 (control), 40, 80, 120, and 160 g of MPM per kg-1. The dry matter, crude protein, and crude energy apparent digestibility coefficients of MPM were 39.26, 50.18, and 44.5%, respectively. The growth performance of the animals was negatively impacted by the MPM, however the hematological parameters and plasma concentrations of albumin, total proteins and cholesterol were not altered. However, the increase on hepatic glycogen reserves, glycemia, and alanine aminotransferase plasmatic enzyme activity demonstrated that MPM diet inclusion promoted oxidative metabolism conditions that could cause hepatocellular damage and affect fish health, if fed for long periods or at higher levels of MPM than analyzed in this study.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial do farelo de polpa de manga (FPM) como ingrediente para dietas extrusadas para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo. No primeiro ensaio, a digestibilidade da energia, matéria seca, proteína bruta e aminoácidos foi determinada, utilizando 80 juvenis (peso médio 25,00 ± 0,50 g) alimentados com uma dieta referencia e uma dieta teste contendo a proporção de 70% da dieta referencia e 30% do FPM. Foi utilizado o óxido de cromo (Cr2O6) como indicador de digestibilidade e as fezes foram coletadas por meio do Sistema de Guelph Adaptado. O segundo ensaio avaliou desempenho, analyses bioquimicas, atividades de enzimas digestivas e variáveis hematológicas de 300 jovens (peso médio 26,66 ± 0,17 g), alimentados com dietas balanceadas contendo 0 (controle), 40, 80, 120 e 160 g de FPM por kg de dieta por 45 dias. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta do MPM foram 39,26, 50,18 e 44,5%, respectivamente. O desempenho dos animais foi impactado negativamente pela FPM, porém os parametros hematologicos e concentrações plasmáticas de albumina, proteínas totais e cholesterol não foram alterados. O aumento ds reservas hepáticas de glicogênio, glicemia e atividade enzimática plasmática da alanina aminotransferase demonstraram que a inclusão da dieta MPM promoveu condições de metabolismo oxidativo que poderiam causar danos hepatocelulares e afetar a saúde dos peixes, se alimentados por longos períodos ou em níveis mais altos de MPM do que o analisado neste estudo.(AU)

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