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The responses of tumor stem cells and various populations of CD4 and CD8 T cells of young and aged C57BL/6 mice were studied in a lung cancer model. Using Lewis lung carcinoma cell line, an orthotopic model of lung cancer was modeled. Cancer stem cells, circulating tumor cells, and various populations of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the blood and lung tissue were studied by cytometry. We revealed age-related differences in the content of various populations of CD4 and CD8 T cells in the blood and lungs of intact young and aged mice. Age-related features of the reaction of various populations of cancer stem cells and CD4 and CD8 T cells in the blood and lungs of animals in the Lewis lung carcinoma were shown.

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In recent years, more and more attention of researchers has been paid to the study of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP). The prevalence of this disease in older age groups is higher than previously thought, and the course of the disease is associated with a worse prognosis and treatment difficulties. Researchers are considering various signaling molecules whose expression changes are associated with myocardial damage and the development of DCMP; evaluation of changes in the expression of melatonin and its receptors in DCMP requires further study. The aim of the study was to study the age-related features of the expression of melatonin and its receptors (MT1, MT2) in the myocardium and their changes depending on the presence of dilated cardiomyopathy. Immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate the expression of melatonin and its MT1, MT2 receptors in myocardial autopsy material and cardiomyocyte cultures of people of different ages with and without cardiovascular pathology. The study revealed age-associated changes in the form of a decrease in the expression of melatonin and its MT1 and MT2 receptors in the myocardium. In individuals with DCMP of all age groups, a more significant decrease in expression was noted: melatonin by 1,6-1,7 times in old age and 3,2 times in old age; MT1 by 1,8 and 2 times, respectively; MT2 by 1,4 and 4 times, respectively. The relationship between the decrease in the expression of melatonin and its receptors in myocardial tissues with age and the presence of DCMP was revealed. The data obtained allow us to clarify age-dependent changes in melatonin and its receptors, as well as to assume their important role in the development of DCMP, which requires further study.

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THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: to establish gender and age characteristics of the prevalence and risk of developing hypertension (AH) among outpatients living in the city of Tambov, according to electronic medical records (EMR). The information from the EMC of 47,113 people aged 20-99 living in Tambov was used. The prevalence rate (per 100 people) and the relative risk of developing (RR) hypertension in different sex and age groups were calculated. The prevalence of hypertension among people aged 20-99 was 45.7 cases, in women it is higher than in men by 23% (50.1 vs 38.4 cases). With age, there is an increase in the prevalence of hypertension from 1.7% in 20-24 to 86.8% in 70-74 years old people. In the transition from a smaller age group to a larger one, the increase in the prevalence of hypertension among the female cohort averaged 22.5%, among the male cohort - an average of 17.2%. The RR for the development of hypertension among the female cohort aged 20-99 years is 1.2 times higher compared to the male cohort of the same age. At the age of 25-34, the OR for the development of hypertension prevails among the male cohort, at 45-89 years old - among the female cohort. The high level and established differences in the prevalence and risk of developing hypertension determine the need to develop recommendations for hypertension screening among the population, stratification into risk groups, prevention and treatment, focused on different age and gender groups.

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Traumatic damages to the oral mucosa are the main predisposing factor for the development of the oncostomatological pathology among the old people. The aim of the investigation was to study the occurrence of traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa among people of old age groups and estimate the effectiveness of their treatment using modern domestic remedies. 967 people (569 males and 398 females) from 19 to 82 years old were examined to determine the occurrence of traumatic oral mucosal pathology. Value of effectiveness while treatment of 83 elderly patients using modern domestic agents «ASEPTA® adhesive balm for gums¼ and «ASEPTA® gel for gums with propolis¼ was assessed in comparison with vinylin for internal use. It is found that 9,41 and 9,52% of cases are traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa respectively among elderly and senile people respectively. The cause of them in 96,7-97,1% cases are traumatic factors while using removable dental prostheses; the untimely treatment of these factors in 7,9% leads to the formation of prosthetic fibroms. A comparative evaluation of the treatment effectiveness of prosthetic-etiology-traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa showed the advisability of using modern domestic agents like «ASEPTA® adhesive balm for gums¼ during the first 2 days from the start of therapy and then «ASEPTA® gel for gums with propolis¼ until complete healing of traumatic injuries, compared to the using of vinylin for internal use for the same purposes, which efficiency remains high. Timely detection and treatment of the traumatic defeats of oral mucosa are an important factors of prevention of oncostomatological pathologies among elderly and senile persons.

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A necessary condition for public health maintenance is regular physical activity. A significant increase in the number of musculoskeletal injuries, occurring during physical education and sport activities, actualizes the development of effective measures for their prevention. Early diagnosis of injury predisposition, based on identification of connective tissue dysplasia indicators specific for different age periods, is of particular importance for the prevention of such injuries. The study, performed in accordance to STROBE guidelines, included 78 persons separated into two age subgroups: Group 1 (age 22-35) and Group 2 (age 36-47). Morphometric signs of connective tissue dysplasia and clinical symptoms associated with predisposition to chronic injury were assessed. For persons in Group 1, these indicators included: asthenic body type, joint hypermobility, thin elastic skin, keloid scars, and soft auricles. For the second group: kyphosis, skin hyperpigmentation above the spine, flatfeet, valgus installation, rectus muscles diastasis, atrophic striae, recurrent hernias, and lower-limb varicosity. Universal pathognomonic indicators, such as "crunching" in the temporomandibular joint, gothic palate, altered chest shape, scoliosis, and X- and O-shaped legs are significant at any age. The established pathognomonic indicators will promote early diagnosis of injury predisposition help, and develop effective measures of their prevention and public health preservation during physical activity.

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Background: The problem of vitamin D deficiency is particularly relevant for the entire territory of Russia, since most parts of the country are located above the 42nd geographical latitude and the residents are therefore at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Despite the urgency of the problem, a comprehensive study of the molecular and genetic mechanisms and exogenous factors of vitamin D deficiency in children living in various geographical areas of the Russian Federation has not been conducted. Different variants in the loci of the genes responsible for the synthesis, hydroxylation, and transport of vitamin D (such as DHCR7, CYP2R1, CYP24A1, and GC), as well as VDR gene polymorphisms may also be associated with the risk of vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of exogenous factors on the blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in children of three regions of the Russian Federation, as well as the relationship of blood 25(OH)D levels with polymorphic variants of cytochrome P450 genes and VDR gene. Methods: We conducted blood 25(OH)D level analysis in 333 healthy children and adolescents in three regions located in different geographical zones of the Russian Federation. We studied the polymorphic variants c.1075A>C (I359L, rs1057910, CYP2C9 * 3) and c.430C>T (R144C, rs1799853, CYP2C9 * 2) in the CYP2C9 gene, c.1334T>C (M445T, rs4986910, CYP3A4 * 3), and CYP3A4 * 1B (c.-392C>T, rs2740574) in the CYP3A4 gene, 1846G>A, (rs3892097, CYP2D6 * 4) in the CYP2D6gene, TaqI (NM_000376.2: c.1056T>C; rs731236), FokI (NM_000376.2:c.2T>C; (rs2228570), and BsmI (NM_000376.2: c.1024+283G>A; rs1544410) in the VDR gene. We also analyzed the influence of exogenous factors on the level of 25(OH)D in children of the three study regions, as well as the relationship of the level of 25(OH)D with variants CYP2C9 * 2 (c.430C>T; R144C), CYP2C9 * 3 (c,1075A>C; I359L), CYP2D6 * 4 (1846G>A), CYP3A4 * 3 (c.1334T>C), and CYP3A4 * 1B (c.-392C>T) and rs731236, rs2228570 and rs1544410 in the VDR gene. Results: We found that the blood level of 25(OH)D depended on the geographical location and the number of sunny days per year. The average blood level of 25(OH)D in adolescent boys was statistically significantly lower than in girls of this age group. The level of 25(OH)D also significantly depended on the prophylactic dose of cholecalciferol administered to the subjects. In the study, it was shown that a dose of cholecalciferol ≥1,000 IU per day can achieve a normal level of 25(OH)D in healthy children. We found no statistically significant association between single-nucleotide polymorphic variants of cytochrome P450 genes (CYP2C9 * 3, CYP3A4 * 3, CYP2C9 * 2, CYP2D6 * 4, and CYP3A4 * 1B) and blood level of 25(OH)D in the subjects. We also did not find a relationship between the TaqI, FokI, and BsmI polymorphisms of the VDR gene and serum 25(OH)D concentration. Conclusion: Exogenous factors (time of year, place of residence, and prophylactic administration of cholecalciferol), as well as endogenous factors (age and sex), play a determining role in the development of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency; in contrast to genetic factors-polymorphic variants of the genes of xenobiotic phase 1 enzymes (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) and the VDR gene-which do not play such role. This study shows the need to create a diagnostic algorithm for Vitamin D deficiency based on the age, season of the year, and prophylactic dose of cholecalciferol.

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Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). From 2016 to 2018, prophylactic doses of vitamin D were prescribed for the patients of the Russian cystic fibrosis Center in accordance with the National cystic fibrosis consensus and they were informed about the role of vitamin D deficiency. The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the frequency of deficiency and insufficiency of vitamin D in children with CF of different ages in Moscow region in 2016 and 2018. Material and methods. The study involved 115 patients with CF at the age of 0-18 in 2016 and 211 children of the same age in 2018. All children underwent determination of 25(OH)D in blood serum by ELISA. Results and discussion. The frequency of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency [25(OH)D level <30 ng/ml] in CF patients in 2016 was 64.3%, and in 2018 - 48.7%. Among children of 0-3 years normal serum 25(OH)D levels (>30 ng/ml) were registered in 62.5% in 2016 and in 62.2% in 2018, in children of 4-11 years - 28.8% in 2016 and 58.1% in 2018, among adolescents (11-18 years) - 11.8 and 30.2%, respectively. Conclusion. Comparative analysis showed a positive dynamics in reducing the proportion of CF patients with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency against the background of continuous use of prophylactic doses of cholecalciferol and educational work for the period from 2016 to 2018. However, in a significant proportion of patients (48.7%), vitamin D level did not reach the norm in 2018 that requires the correction of preventive doses and increase in patient compliance.

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The features of submandibular lymph node (LN) reactions after lower jaw tissue damage at old rats were studied by method of light microscopy. In LN of old rats for all terms of observation, including intact control, the volume of connective tissue is considerable increased. Besides, old animals in LN have of more change duration of a cortical plateau volume, less - of paracortex and lymphoid nodules without light centers. Features of cellular element number consisted in considerable decrease in quantity of lymphocytes, mitotic figures, immunoblasts and plasmablasts against increase in keeping of macrophages, cells with destruction, stromal elements and erythrocytes.

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The aim of the present review is to bring into focus the issues regarding terminological and demographic aspects of comorbidity we come across in the modern literature. In this review we gave definitions for the most widely used terms «comorbidity¼, «polymorbidity¼, and «multimorbidity¼. We also considered the historical aspects of their origin and showed the differences between the concepts. The interaction of illnesses can modify the clinical picture and course of illnesses, the nature and severity of complications, reduce the length and quality of life of the patient. The number of comorbid conditions increases significantly with age and contributes to the development of multiple functional disorders leading to polyfunctional failure. In order to choose the most appropriate diagnostic and treatment pattern in elderly and senile patients, it is necessary to take into account all chronic conditions (somatic and mental) accumulated by the patient throughout his life. In order to assess the prevalence and impact on population prognosis and to make health care costs estimation it is more appropriate to use the terms «comorbidity¼ and «multimorbidity¼.

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