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Manganese (Mn), an essential metal in trace amounts, and chromium (Cr), a nonessential metal to algae, are often found in effluent discharges and may co-occur in contaminated aquatic environments. Therefore, we investigated the effects of Mn and Cr, and their mixtures, on a freshwater Chlorophyceae, Raphidocelis subcapitata, using a multiple endpoint approach. Regarding the single exposure of metals, Mn was 4 times more toxic (median inhibitory concentration at 72 h [IC5072 h ] = 4.02 ± 0.45 µM Mn) than Cr (IC5072 h = 16.42 ± 4.94 µM Cr) for microalgae, considering the effects on the relative growth rate. Moreover, this species was the most sensitive to Mn, according to the species sensitivity distribution curve. Overall, the tested metals did not lead to significant changes in reactive oxygen species production, cellular complexity, and cell relative size but significantly decreased the algal growth and the mean cell chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence at the highest concentrations (3.64-14.56 µM of Mn and 15.36-19.2 µM of Cr). The decreased mean cell Chl a fluorescence indicates an impact on pigment synthesis, which may be related to the observed growth inhibition. In the mixture tests, the reference models concentration addition and independent action were used to analyze the data, and the independent action model was the best fit to describe our results. Therefore, the Mn and Cr mixture was noninteractive, showing additive effects. This is the first study to address the combined toxicity of Mn and Cr regarding freshwater Chlorophyceae. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1004-1015. © 2022 SETAC.

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COVID-19 pandemic poses a serious threat to human health; it has completely disrupted global stability, making vaccine development an important goal to achieve. Monoclonal antibodies play an important role in subunit vaccines strategies. In this work, nine murine MAbs against the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were obtained by hybridoma technology. Characterization of purified antibodies demonstrated that five of them have affinities in the order of 108 L/mol. Six MAbs showed specific recognition of different recombinant RBD-S antigens in solution. Studies of the additivity index of anti-RBD antibodies, by using a novel procedure to determine the additivity cut point, showed recognition of at least five different epitopes. The MAbs CBSSRBD-S.11 and CBSSRBD-S.8 revealed significant neutralizing capacity against SARS-CoV-2 in an ACE2-RBD binding inhibition assay (IC50 = 85.5pM and IC50 = 122.7pM, respectively) and in a virus neutralizing test with intact SARS-CoV-2 (VN50 = 0.552 nM and VN50 = 4.854 nM, respectively) when D614G strain was used to infect Vero cells. Also CBSSRBD-S.11 neutralized the SARS-CoV-2 strains Alpha and Beta: VN50 = 0.707 nM and VN50 = 0.132 nM, respectively. The high affinity CBSSRBD-S.8 and CBSSRBD-S.7 recognized different epitopes, so they are suitable for the development of a sandwich ELISA to quantitate RBD-S recombinant antigens in biomanufacturing processes, as well as in pharmacokinetic studies in clinical and preclinical trials.

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The application of herbicide tank mixtures is a common practice in agricultural settings, especially for controlling weed communities with mono and eudicotyledons species occurring simultaneously. Therefore, thisstudy was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness and interaction of dicamba-haloxyfop tank mixtures used to control four weed species. For this, four different experiments were conducted, each with one of the plant species, namely: sourgrass (Digitaria insularis), horseweed (Conyza spp.), morning glory (Ipomoea triloba) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica). In each experiment, the experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, in a 4x4 factorial scheme of treatments, totaling 16 treatments with five replications, i.e., 80 plots of each species. Four doses of the herbicide dicamba (480, 240, 120 and 0 g ha-1) and four doses of the herbicide haloxyfop (60, 30, 15 and 0 g ha-1) were adopted. Percentage control was evaluated at 14 and 28 days after application (DAA) and mass of dry matter was evaluated at 28 DAA. Antagonistic, additive and synergistic effects were observed for dicamba-haloxyfop tank mixtures, with a greater preponderance of additive effects. Considering all four plant species, in different doses and dates of evaluation, 72 dicamba-haloxyfop interactions were evaluated, in which 50 were considered additives.

A aplicação de misturas de herbicidas é uma prática recorrente no ambiente agrícola, sobretudo para controle de comunidades mistas de plantas daninhas, quando há ocorrência simultânea de espécies mono e eudicotiledôneas. Assim sendo, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia e a interação de misturas dos herbicidas haloxyfop (graminicida) e dicamba (latifolicida) para controle de quatro espécies de plantas daninhas.  Para tanto, quatro experimentos distintos foram realizados, cada um com uma espécie vegetal, a saber: capim-amargoso (Digitaria insularis), buva (Conyza spp.), corda-de-viola (Ipomoea triloba) e capim-pé-de-galinha (Eleusine indica). Em cada experimento, foi adotado modelo experimental de blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 4x4, totalizando 16 tratamentos e cinco repetições, ou seja, 80 parcelas de cada espécie. Foram utilizadas quatro doses do herbicida dicamba (480, 240, 120 e 0 g ha-1) e quatro doses do herbicida haloxyfop (60, 30, 15 e 0 g ha-1). Foi avaliado o controle percentual das parcelas aos 14 e 28 dias após aplicação (DAA) e massa seca residual aos 28 DAA. Foram observados efeitos antagônicos, aditivos e sinérgicos para misturas entre dicamba e haloxyfop, com maior preponderância de efeitos aditivos. Considerando-se todas as quatro espécies vegetais, em diferentes doses e datas de avaliação, foram avaliadas 72 misturas

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RESUMEN

The application of herbicide tank mixtures is a common practice in agricultural settings, especially for controlling weed communities with mono and eudicotyledons species occurring simultaneously. Therefore, thisstudy was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness and interaction of dicamba-haloxyfop tank mixtures used to control four weed species. For this, four different experiments were conducted, each with one of the plant species, namely: sourgrass (Digitaria insularis), horseweed (Conyza spp.), morning glory (Ipomoea triloba) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica). In each experiment, the experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, in a 4x4 factorial scheme of treatments, totaling 16 treatments with five replications, i.e., 80 plots of each species. Four doses of the herbicide dicamba (480, 240, 120 and 0 g ha-1) and four doses of the herbicide haloxyfop (60, 30, 15 and 0 g ha-1) were adopted. Percentage control was evaluated at 14 and 28 days after application (DAA) and mass of dry matter was evaluated at 28 DAA. Antagonistic, additive and synergistic effects were observed for dicamba-haloxyfop tank mixtures, with a greater preponderance of additive effects. Considering all four plant species, in different doses and dates of evaluation, 72 dicamba-haloxyfop interactions were evaluated, in which 50 were considered additives.(AU)

A aplicação de misturas de herbicidas é uma prática recorrente no ambiente agrícola, sobretudo para controle de comunidades mistas de plantas daninhas, quando há ocorrência simultânea de espécies mono e eudicotiledôneas. Assim sendo, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia e a interação de misturas dos herbicidas haloxyfop (graminicida) e dicamba (latifolicida) para controle de quatro espécies de plantas daninhas.  Para tanto, quatro experimentos distintos foram realizados, cada um com uma espécie vegetal, a saber: capim-amargoso (Digitaria insularis), buva (Conyza spp.), corda-de-viola (Ipomoea triloba) e capim-pé-de-galinha (Eleusine indica). Em cada experimento, foi adotado modelo experimental de blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 4x4, totalizando 16 tratamentos e cinco repetições, ou seja, 80 parcelas de cada espécie. Foram utilizadas quatro doses do herbicida dicamba (480, 240, 120 e 0 g ha-1) e quatro doses do herbicida haloxyfop (60, 30, 15 e 0 g ha-1). Foi avaliado o controle percentual das parcelas aos 14 e 28 dias após aplicação (DAA) e massa seca residual aos 28 DAA. Foram observados efeitos antagônicos, aditivos e sinérgicos para misturas entre dicamba e haloxyfop, com maior preponderância de efeitos aditivos. Considerando-se todas as quatro espécies vegetais, em diferentes doses e datas de avaliação, foram avaliadas 72 misturas(AU)

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The objective of this study was to analize the inheritance of characters in wheat using multivariate analysis of variance. Sixteen genetic constitutions were evaluated between commercial cultivars and progenies F1 and F2. Treatments were arranged in completely randomized blocks, with three replicates. Five characters were evaluated. Multivariate analysis of variance and multivariate contrasts were then performed to test the hypotheses. The significant differences, obtained for comparison between parents and progenies F1, may be evidence of heterosis occurrence. However, only comparisons between progenies P1_P3 (F1) vs. P1_P3 (F2) and P4_P2 (F1) vs. P4_P2 (F2) showed significant differences. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that inheritance of the characters studied is predominantly of the additive type. It is possible that, this occurred due to the degree of relationship between parents who reunited identical alleles at the same locus, by ancestry, as a result of inbreeding effects. The knowledge of additive inheritance may represent a faster incorporation of resistance or quality characteristics in new cultivars.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a herança de caracteres em trigo utilizando análise de variância multivariada. Foram avaliadas dezesseis constituições genéticas, entre cultivares comerciais e progênies F1 e F2. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em blocos completos casualizados, com três repetições. Cinco caracteres foram mensurados. Para testar as hipóteses foi realizada análise de variância multivariada, e posteriormente contrastes multivariados. As diferenças significativas obtidas para as comparações entre os genitores e as progênies F1, podem ser indícios da ocorrência de heterose. No entanto, somente as comparações entre as progênies P1_P3 (F1) vs. P1_P3 (F2) e P4_P2 (F1) vs. P4_P2 (F2) apresentaram diferenças significativas. A análise de variância multivariada revelou que a herança dos caracteres estudados é predominantemente do tipo aditiva. Isto ocorreu, possivelmente pelo grau de parentesco entre os genitores que reuniram alelos idênticos no mesmo loco por ascendência, como resultado dos efeitos da endogamia. O conhecimento da herança aditiva pode representar a incorporação mais rápida de resistência ou de características de qualidade em novas cultivares.

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The objective of this study was to analize the inheritance of characters in wheat using multivariate analysis of variance. Sixteen genetic constitutions were evaluated between commercial cultivars and progenies F1 and F2. Treatments were arranged in completely randomized blocks, with three replicates. Five characters were evaluated. Multivariate analysis of variance and multivariate contrasts were then performed to test the hypotheses. The significant differences, obtained for comparison between parents and progenies F1, may be evidence of heterosis occurrence. However, only comparisons between progenies P1_P3 (F1) vs. P1_P3 (F2) and P4_P2 (F1) vs. P4_P2 (F2) showed significant differences. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that inheritance of the characters studied is predominantly of the additive type. It is possible that, this occurred due to the degree of relationship between parents who reunited identical alleles at the same locus, by ancestry, as a result of inbreeding effects. The knowledge of additive inheritance may represent a faster incorporation of resistance or quality characteristics in new cultivars.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a herança de caracteres em trigo utilizando análise de variância multivariada. Foram avaliadas dezesseis constituições genéticas, entre cultivares comerciais e progênies F1 e F2. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em blocos completos casualizados, com três repetições. Cinco caracteres foram mensurados. Para testar as hipóteses foi realizada análise de variância multivariada, e posteriormente contrastes multivariados. As diferenças significativas obtidas para as comparações entre os genitores e as progênies F1, podem ser indícios da ocorrência de heterose. No entanto, somente as comparações entre as progênies P1_P3 (F1) vs. P1_P3 (F2) e P4_P2 (F1) vs. P4_P2 (F2) apresentaram diferenças significativas. A análise de variância multivariada revelou que a herança dos caracteres estudados é predominantemente do tipo aditiva. Isto ocorreu, possivelmente pelo grau de parentesco entre os genitores que reuniram alelos idênticos no mesmo loco por ascendência, como resultado dos efeitos da endogamia. O conhecimento da herança aditiva pode representar a incorporação mais rápida de resistência ou de características de qualidade em novas cultivares.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to analize the inheritance of characters in wheat using multivariate analysis of variance. Sixteen genetic constitutions were evaluated between commercial cultivars and progenies F1 and F2. Treatments were arranged in completely randomized blocks, with three replicates. Five characters were evaluated. Multivariate analysis of variance and multivariate contrasts were then performed to test the hypotheses. The significant differences, obtained for comparison between parents and progenies F1, may be evidence of heterosis occurrence. However, only comparisons between progenies P1_P3 (F1) vs. P1_P3 (F2) and P4_P2 (F1) vs. P4_P2 (F2) showed significant differences. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that inheritance of the characters studied is predominantly of the additive type. It is possible that, this occurred due to the degree of relationship between parents who reunited identical alleles at the same locus, by ancestry, as a result of inbreeding effects. The knowledge of additive inheritance may represent a faster incorporation of resistance or quality characteristics in new cultivars.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a herança de caracteres em trigo utilizando análise de variância multivariada. Foram avaliadas dezesseis constituições genéticas, entre cultivares comerciais e progênies F1 e F2. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em blocos completos casualizados, com três repetições. Cinco caracteres foram mensurados. Para testar as hipóteses foi realizada análise de variância multivariada, e posteriormente contrastes multivariados. As diferenças significativas obtidas para as comparações entre os genitores e as progênies F1, podem ser indícios da ocorrência de heterose. No entanto, somente as comparações entre as progênies P1_P3 (F1) vs. P1_P3 (F2) e P4_P2 (F1) vs. P4_P2 (F2) apresentaram diferenças significativas. A análise de variância multivariada revelou que a herança dos caracteres estudados é predominantemente do tipo aditiva. Isto ocorreu, possivelmente pelo grau de parentesco entre os genitores que reuniram alelos idênticos no mesmo loco por ascendência, como resultado dos efeitos da endogamia. O conhecimento da herança aditiva pode representar a incorporação mais rápida de resistência ou de características de qualidade em novas cultivares.

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Pyrethroids are neurotoxic insecticides used in a variety of indoor and outdoor applications. Previous research characterized the acute dose-effect functions for 11 pyrethroids administered orally in corn oil (1 mL/kg) based on assessment of motor activity. OBJECTIVES: We used a mixture of these 11 pyrethroids and the same testing paradigm used in single-compound assays to test the hypothesis that cumulative neurotoxic effects of pyrethroid mixtures can be predicted using the default dose-addition theory. METHODS: Mixing ratios of the 11 pyrethroids in the tested mixture were based on the ED30 (effective dose that produces a 30% decrease in response) of the individual chemical (i.e., the mixture comprised equipotent amounts of each pyrethroid). The highest concentration of each individual chemical in the mixture was less than the threshold for inducing behavioral effects. Adult male rats received acute oral exposure to corn oil (control) or dilutions of the stock mixture solution. The mixture of 11 pyrethroids was administered either simultaneously (2 hr before testing) or after a sequence based on times of peak effect for the individual chemicals (4, 2, and 1 hr before testing). A threshold additivity model was fit to the single-chemical data to predict the theoretical dose-effect relationship for the mixture under the assumption of dose additivity. RESULTS: When subthreshold doses of individual chemicals were combined in the mixtures, we found significant dose-related decreases in motor activity. Further, we found no departure from the predicted dose-additive curve regardless of the mixture dosing protocol used. CONCLUSION: In this article we present the first in vivo evidence on pyrethroid cumulative effects supporting the default assumption of dose addition.

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